Penalty shootout (football)
Encyclopedia
A penalty shoot-out, referred to as kicks from the penalty mark in the Laws of the Game, is the FIFA
official term for a method used in association football to decide which team progresses to the next stage of a tournament (or wins the tournament) following a tied game. Kicks during a shoot-out are governed by different laws from a penalty kick
, which are part of normal play during a match.
Generally, shoot-outs are used only in knockout "cup" ties
, as opposed to round-robin "leagues"
. The shoot-out thus decides who will progress to the next stage of a tournament, or who will win it. Usually extra time has been played first; exceptions include the Copa Libertadores and the Football League Trophy
, both of which use shoot-outs straight after the end of normal time.
Exceptionally, a shoot-out after a league match may be provided for, in the rules for the group phase of multi-round tournaments: if the opposing teams in a final-day match finish the group with identical records, they can immediately play a shoot-out. This happened in Group A of the 2003 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship
. The prospect was discussed of this rule applying after the Turkey
–Czech Republic
match in Group A of Euro 2008
, if it ended in a draw; in the event, Turkey won so no shoot-out was required. This rule is a recent innovation, and for example did not apply in Group F of the 1990 World Cup, where the Republic of Ireland
and the Netherlands
were separated by drawing of lots immediately after finishing their final-day match in a draw.
In the late 1980s, a number of European football leagues, including Hungary
, Yugoslavia
, and Norway
, experimented with penalty shoot-outs immediately after drawn league matches, with the winner gaining one point more than the loser. This was soon abandoned. In the United States
, Major League Soccer
initially also had a shoot-out immediately following the end of full-time, even during league matches although these shoot-outs differed from standard penalty shoot-outs (see below). Similarly, Japan
's J. League
used shoot-outs after drawn games to determine a winner when that league began. These have also since been abandoned.
from 1952, the Coppa Italia
from 1958–59, and the Swiss inter-regional Youth Cup from 1959–60. International examples include the 1962 Uhrencup
(at the suggestion of its founder Kurt Weissbrodt),
the final of the 1962 Ramón de Carranza Trophy
(at the suggestion of journalist Rafael Ballester), and a silver medal playoff match between amateur teams representing Venezuela
and Bolivia
in the 1965 Bolivarian Games
.
In major competitions, when a replay
or playoff
was not possible, ties were previously decided by drawing of lots. Examples include Italy
's win over the USSR
in the semi-final of the 1968 European Championship (the final, also drawn, went to a replay).
Israel
i Yosef Dagan is credited with originating the modern shoot-out, after watching the Israeli team
lose a 1968 Olympic quarter-final
by drawing of lots. Michael Almog, later president of the Israel FA, described Dagan's proposal in a letter published in FIFA News in August 1969. Koe Ewe Teik, the Malaysian FA's member of the referee's committee, led the move for its adoption by FIFA. FIFA's proposal was discussed on 20 February 1970 by a working party of the International Football Association Board
(IFAB), which recommended its acceptance, although "not entirely satisfied" with it. It was adopted by the IFAB's annual general meeting on 27 June 1970. In 2006, Deutsche Presse-Agentur
reported a claim by former referee Karl Wald (b.1916), from Frankfurt am Main, that he had first proposed the shoot-out in 1970 to the Bavaria
n FA.
, Hull
between Hull City
and Manchester United
during the semi-final of the Watney Cup
, and was won by Manchester United. The first player to take a kick was George Best
, and the first to miss was Denis Law
. Ian McKechnie
, who saved Law's kick, was also the first goalkeeper to take a kick; he blasted the ball over the bar, putting Hull City out of the Cup.
Penalty shoot-outs were used to decide matches in UEFA's European Cup
and Cup Winners' Cup
in the 1970–71 season. The first ever European Cup shoot out was between Everton FC and Borussia Monchengladbach, with Everton winning 4–3. On 30 September, after a 4–4 aggregate draw in the first round of the Cup Winners' Cup, Honvéd
won the first shoot-out 5–4 against Aberdeen
, when Jim Forrest's shot hit the bar.
In the first round of the European Cup 1972–73, the referee prematurely ended a shoot-out between CSKA Sofia
and Panathinaikos
, with CSKA leading 3–2 but Panathinaikos having taken only four kicks. Panathinaikos complained to UEFA and the match was annulled and replayed the following month, with CSKA winning without the need for a shoot-out.
The final of the 1973 Campeonato Paulista
ended in similar circumstances. Santos were leading Portuguesa
2–0 with each team having taken three shoot-out kicks, when referee Armando Marques declared Santos the winners. Portuguesa manager Otto Glória
quickly led his team out of the stadium; this was allegedly to ensure the shoot-out could not resume once the mistake was discovered, and that instead the match would be replayed, giving Portuguesa a better chance of victory. When Santos counter-objected to a replay, Paulista FA president Osvaldo Teixeira Duarte annulled the original match and declared both teams joint champions.
The first major international tournament to be decided by a penalty shoot-out was the 1976 European Championship final between Czechoslovakia
and West Germany
. UEFA had made provision for a final replay two days later, but the teams decided to use a shoot-out instead. Czechoslovakia won 5–3, and the deciding kick was converted by Antonín Panenka
with a "chip" after Uli Hoeneß had put the previous kick over the crossbar.
The first penalty shoot-out in the World Cup
was on 9 January 1977, in the first round of African qualifying, when Tunisia
beat Morocco
. The first shoot-out in the finals tournament was in 1982
, when West Germany
beat France
in the semifinal. If the 1982 final
had been drawn, penalties would not have applied unless the replay was also drawn; from 1986
, penalties were scheduled after the final as for the earlier knockout rounds.
competitions have gone to penalty shoot-outs. The first two of these took place in the same stadium, the Rose Bowl
in Pasadena, California
, USA
.
Goalkeepers have been known to win shoot-outs by their kicking. For example, in a UEFA Euro 2004 quarter-final match, Portugal
goalkeeper Ricardo
saved a kick (without gloves) from England's
Darius Vassell
, and then scored the winning shot. Another example is Vélez Sársfield
's José Luis Chilavert
in the Copa Libertadores 1994
finals (it should be noted that Chilavert had a reputation as a dead-ball specialist and scored 41 goals during his club career).
Antonín Panenka
(Czechoslovakia
) decided the penalty shoot-out at the final of the 1976 European Football Championship against West Germany by famous chip to the middle of the goal.
The English
, and, to a slightly lesser extent, the Dutch
and Italian
national teams are known for their poor records in penalty shoot-outs. England has lost five penalty shoot-outs in major tournament finals, including losses to Germany in the semifinals of the 1990 FIFA World Cup
and UEFA Euro 96 (the only two times England has reached the last four of a major competition since the 1960s). The only victory was against Spain in the Euro 96 quarter-final.
The Netherlands, meanwhile, lost four consecutive shoot-outs against Denmark in Euro 92, France in Euro 96, Brazil in the 1998 World Cup, and Italy in Euro 2000, before finally winning one against Sweden in Euro 2004.
The Italians, like England, have lost five shoot-outs in major championships, notably being eliminated from three consecutive World Cup finals on penalties (1990–1998). However, they have also won two shoot-outs, including the 2006 World Cup Final.
In the FA Cup
, penalty kicks were used in the 1972 edition of the short-lived third-place playoff
. They were introduced more generally in the 1991–92 season
to decide matches still level after one replay and extra time. Previously there was no limit on the number of replays, which led to fixture disruption, especially disliked by the top clubs. Replays were often two or three days after the drawn match, which conflicted with the increased planning required after the Football Spectators Act 1989
. The first team eliminated from the FA Cup on penalties was Scunthorpe United
, beaten on 26 October 1991 by Rotherham United
after a first-round replay. A shoot-out was first used in the FA Cup Final
in 2005, when Arsenal
beat Manchester United
5–4. The following year, Liverpool
beat West Ham United
in the FA Cup Final's second ever penalty shoot-out.
On 31 August 2005, a new English record was established when a shoot-out between Tunbridge Wells
and Littlehampton Town
in an FA Cup replay involved 40 kicks being taken, with Tunbridge Wells winning 16-15.
The Community Shield
is also settled using penalties, following the normal 90 minutes of play, but no extra time. Manchester United
have won the shield three times via a shoot-out, beating Arsenal
in 2003
, Chelsea
in 2007
, and Portsmouth
in 2008
. Manchester United lost the 2009
match on penalties to Chelsea.
On 16 November 2005, a place in the World Cup was directly determined by a penalty shoot-out for the first time. The 2006 FIFA World Cup
qualifying playoff between Australia and Uruguay
ended 1–1 on aggregate, with Uruguay winning the first leg 1–0 at home and Australia winning the second leg at home by the same score. A scoreless 30 minutes of extra time was followed by a shoot-out, which Australia won 4–2.
During the 2006 FIFA World Cup
in Germany, Switzerland
set a unwanted new record in the Round of 16 shoot-out against Ukraine
by failing to convert any of their penalties, losing 3–0. The goalkeeper Oleksandr Shovkovsky
(Ukraine
) became the first goalie who did not concede a single goal in the penalty shoot-out while personally able to catch three of the Swiss attempts. The Switzerland
's elimination also meant that they became the first nation to be eliminated from the World Cup without conceding any goals (and, moreover, the only nation to participate in a World Cup finals tournament without conceding a goal).
The same competition featured a shoot-out between Germany and Argentina, the two most successful teams up to that point in terms of World Cup finals penalty shoot-outs: each team had competed in 3 shoot-outs and won all of them. Germany won this shoot-out, leaving Germany alone with a 4–0 record in World Cup finals.
On 20 June 2007, a new UEFA record was established. The semi-final of the European under-21 Championships in Heerenveen
between the Netherlands
and England
team finished in 1–1. Thirty-two penalties had to be taken before the tie was decided. The Netherlands eventually won 13–12.
In the 1986 European Cup Final
, FC Barcelona
missed four consecutive shoot-out penalties, to lose against FC Steaua Bucharest, who had also contrived to miss two, before ultimate success.
The 2008 UEFA Champions League Final
between Manchester United
and Chelsea
went to penalties, when John Terry
missed a penalty which would have won Chelsea the match (and the Champions League). His standing leg slipped as he took his kick, and the ball hit the post. Chelsea lost the shoot-out 6–5, to which Terry reacted by breaking down in tears.
On 2 May 2009, a record was established during the final of the Greek Cup
when Olympiacos beat AEK Athens and won the trophy. The score was 4–4 After Extra Time, and the score on penalties resulted in an unbelievable 15–14 victory to Olympiacos. A total of 34 penalties were taken in the shoot-out, with AEK Athens missing three, and Olympiacos missing two.
On July 20th 2011, during the 2011 Copa America tournament in Argentina, Brazil shockingly missed 4 penalties in a row which allowed Paraguay to reach the semi-finals 2–0.
The current World Record for the most penalties scored consecutively in a shoot out stands at 27, in a Johnstones Paint Trophy first round match between Leyton Orient F.C.
and Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.
on 7 September 2011, in which the 28th penalty was saved allowing Dagenham to win the shootout 14-13.
The current world record for the longest penalty shoot-out in a first class match is 48 penalties during the 2005 Namibian Cup
. when KK Palace beat Civics 17–16
, the two matches are still considered either as two draws or as one win and one loss; in the case of a single match, it is still considered as a draw. This contrasts with a fixture won in extra time, where the score at the end of normal time is superseded. In college soccer
in the United States, the NCAA
treated a shoot-out win as a match win for the 2002 season, but otherwise its statistics treat the match as drawn.
In the calculation of UEFA coefficients, shoot-outs are ignored for club coefficients, but not national team coefficients, where the shoot-out winner gets 20,000 points: more than the shoot-out loser, who gets 10,000 (the same as for a draw) but less than the 30,000 points for winning a match outright. In the FIFA World Rankings
, the base value of a win is three points; a win on penalties is two; a draw and a loss on penaties are one; a loss is zero. The more complicated ranking system
FIFA used from 1999 to 2006 gave a shoot-out winner the same points as for a normal win and a shoot-out loser the same points as for a draw; goals in the match proper, but not the shoot-out, were factored into the calculation.
Paul Doyle describes shoot-outs as "exciting and suspense-filled" and the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final shoot-out
as "the perfect way to end a wonderful ... final". Richard Williams compares the spectacle to "a public flogging in the market square".
The result is often seen as a lottery
rather than a test of skill; manager
s Luiz Felipe Scolari
and Roberto Donadoni
described them as such after their teams had respectively won and lost shoot-outs. Others disagree. Mitch Phillips called it "the ultimate test of nerve and technique." Paul Doyle emphasised the psychological element.
Only a small subset of a footballer's skills is tested by a shoot-out. Ian Thomsen likened deciding the 1994 World Cup by shoot-out
to deciding the Masters golf tournament via a minigolf game. The shoot-out is a test of individuals which may be considered inappropriate in a team sport; Sepp Blatter
has said "Football is a team sport and penalties is not a team, it is the individual".
Some teams have regarded, or been accused of regarding, a loss on penalties as an honourable result or "no defeat at all."
Inferior teams are tempted to play for a scoreless draw, calculating that a shoot-out offers their best hope of victory. Red Star Belgrade
's performance beating Olympique Marseille in the 1991 European Cup Final
is often condemned for having "played for penalties" from the kick-off; a tactic coach Ljupko Petrović
freely admitted to. On the other hand, the increased opportunity for giant-killing may also be seen as an advantage, increasing the romance of a competition like the FA Cup
.
Historically, one of the first tie-breaking procedures was contained in the Sheffield Rules between 1862 and 1871, with the concept of the rouge, scorable when the ball went narrowly wide of the goal. Rule 14 stated "A goal outweighs any number of rouges. Should no goals or an equal number be obtained, the match is decided by rouges". Rouges are still used in Canadian football
. Similarly, the try
in rugby football
was used from 1875 as a tie-breaker if teams were level on goals.
A drawn result may be allowed to stand, unless the fixture determines which team qualifies for a later round. Before 1993 (except in 1974
) the FA Charity Shield
was shared if the match was drawn. When the third place playoff of the 1972 Olympic tournament between the USSR
and East Germany
ended 2–2 after extra time, the bronze medal was shared by the two teams.
During the qualification process
for the 1962 World Cup, Morocco and Tunisia formed a two-team group. They both won 2–1 at home, so they played a third match at a neutral location. When this ended in a 1–1 draw after extra time, Morocco advanced on a coin toss to the next round of qualification. This scenario was repeated in during the qualification process
for the 1970 World Cup
, when the same two teams were tied after three matches and extra time. Again, Morocco advanced on a coin toss. Tunisia did have better luck with the coin toss in the intervening years; during the 1965 African Cup of Nations
, they reached the final at the expense of Senegal by winning a coin toss after three group matches had left Tunisia and Senegal tied with a win (over Ethiopia) and a draw (against each other).
Current alternatives include replaying a match that has ended in a draw. This still occurs in the quarter-finals and earlier rounds of the English FA Cup
. Until 1991, any number of replays were permitted, with a record of five. (Since then, a draw in the (first) replay has been resolved by a penalty-shoot-out.) Only once, in 1974
, did the European Cup
final go to a replay.
Golden goal
(sudden death) and silver goal (where the extra time was split into two 15-minute periods; if one team led after the first 15-minute period, the game ended) methods to encourage a result without resort to penalties have been tried. However, the International Football Association Board
(IFAB) discontinued their use in 2004.
Other suggestions have included using elements of match play such as most shots on goal, most corner kick
s awarded, fewest cautions and sendings-off
, or having ongoing extra time with teams compelled to remove players at progressive intervals (similar to regular season hockey in North America
, where players play 4-on-4 — or 3-on-3 — in the extra time). These proposals have not yet been authorised by the IFAB. However, after the 2006 World Cup, Sepp Blatter stated that he wants no more penalty shoot-outs in the Final of the World Cup, tentatively suggesting either a replay or "Maybe to take players away and play golden goal".
Henry Birtles' "Advantage" proposal is for the shoot-out to be held before extra-time, and only acting as a tiebreak if the game remains a draw after the full 120 minutes. Proponents of this idea state that it would lead to a more offensive extra-time as one of the teams would know they have to score and there would never be a match in which both teams are simply waiting for penalties. Another advantage is that players who have missed would have a chance to redeem themselves in extra-time. The obvious flaw is that the team that wins the penalty shoot-out would be inclined to play defensively in extra time in the knowledge that a draw would put them through. However, the advantage of the Advantage proposal is that for a team that would risk that the one goal is the difference between winning and losing. As opposed to a team which defends a single goal lead whereby a conceded goal is the difference between winning and drawing.
Attacker Defender Goalkeeper (ADG) is an alternative developed by Timothy Farrell in 2008. ADG features a series of ten contests, in which an attacker has thirty seconds to score a goal against a defender and goalkeeper. At the completion of the ten contests, the team with the most goals is the winner.
in the 1970s and then Major League Soccer
in the 1990s experimented with a variation of the shoot-out procedure.
Instead of a straight penalty kick, the shoot-out started 35 yards from the goal and having five seconds to attempt a shot. The player could make as many moves as he could in a breakaway situation in the five seconds, then attempt a shot. This procedure is similar to that used in an ice hockey penalty shot
. As with a standard shoot-out, this variation used a best-of-five-kicks model, and if the score was still level, the tiebreaker would head to an extra round of one attempt per team.
This format rewarded player skills, as players were able to attempt to fake out goalkeepers in an attempt to make the shot, as in a one-on-one skills contest.
MLS abandoned this experiment in 2000. If penalties are required to determine a winner during the playoffs, MLS now uses the shoot-out procedure specified by the IFAB.
FIFA
The Fédération Internationale de Football Association , commonly known by the acronym FIFA , is the international governing body of :association football, futsal and beach football. Its headquarters are located in Zurich, Switzerland, and its president is Sepp Blatter, who is in his fourth...
official term for a method used in association football to decide which team progresses to the next stage of a tournament (or wins the tournament) following a tied game. Kicks during a shoot-out are governed by different laws from a penalty kick
Penalty kick
A penalty kick is a type of direct free kick in association football, taken from twelve yards out from goal and with only the goalkeeper of the defending team between the penalty taker and the goal.Penalty kicks are performed during normal play...
, which are part of normal play during a match.
Overview
Penalty shoot-outs do not follow the penalty kick law. However, they follow similar procedure to penalty kicks and are popularly referred to as "penalties". During a shoot-out, players other than the kicker and the defending goalkeeper must remain in the centre circle (other than the kicking team's goalkeeper, who stands on the junction of goal line and penalty area near to the assistant referee). Goals scored during the shoot-out are not included in the final score, nor are they added to the goalscoring records of the players involved. Strictly speaking, kicks from the penalty mark do not result in a match winner. The match remains a draw and the result of the kicks is merely used to select a winner to progress to the next stage of the tournament (or win it in the case of the final). However, in popular usage a team is often said to have "won on penalties", and such matches have their result recorded as (for example): "Team A 2–2 Team B pens., Team B won 5–4 on penalties".Generally, shoot-outs are used only in knockout "cup" ties
Single-elimination tournament
A single-elimination tournament, also called a knockout, cup or sudden death tournament, is a type of elimination tournament where the loser of each match or bracket is immediately eliminated from winning the championship or first prize in the event...
, as opposed to round-robin "leagues"
Round-robin tournament
A round-robin tournament is a competition "in which each contestant meets all other contestants in turn".-Terminology:...
. The shoot-out thus decides who will progress to the next stage of a tournament, or who will win it. Usually extra time has been played first; exceptions include the Copa Libertadores and the Football League Trophy
Football League Trophy
The Football League Trophy, currently known as the Johnstone's Paint Trophy for sponsorship reasons, is an annual English association football knock-out competition open to the 48 clubs in Football League One and Football League Two, the bottom two divisions in the four fully professional top...
, both of which use shoot-outs straight after the end of normal time.
Exceptionally, a shoot-out after a league match may be provided for, in the rules for the group phase of multi-round tournaments: if the opposing teams in a final-day match finish the group with identical records, they can immediately play a shoot-out. This happened in Group A of the 2003 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship
UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship
The UEFA European Women's Under-19 Championship is a competition in women's football for European national teams of players under 19 years of age. It is also a FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup qualifying competition...
. The prospect was discussed of this rule applying after the Turkey
Turkey national football team
The Turkey national football team represents Turkey in association football and is controlled by the Turkish Football Federation, the governing body for football in Turkey. They are affiliated with UEFA...
–Czech Republic
Czech Republic national football team
The Czech Republic national football team represents the Czech Republic in association football and is controlled by the Football Association of the Czech Republic, the governing body for football in the Czech Republic. Their current head coach is Michal Bílek...
match in Group A of Euro 2008
UEFA Euro 2008 Group A
Group A of the 2008 UEFA European Championships is one of four groups competing of nations at UEFA Euro 2008. The group's first round of matches was played on 7 June, with the final round played on 15 June. All six group matches were played at venues in Switzerland, in Basel and Geneva...
, if it ended in a draw; in the event, Turkey won so no shoot-out was required. This rule is a recent innovation, and for example did not apply in Group F of the 1990 World Cup, where the Republic of Ireland
Republic of Ireland national football team
The Republic of Ireland national football team represents Ireland in association football. It is run by the Football Association of Ireland and currently plays home fixtures at Aviva Stadium in Dublin, which opened in May 2010....
and the Netherlands
Netherlands national football team
The Netherlands National Football Team represents the Netherlands in association football and is controlled by the Royal Dutch Football Association , the governing body for football in the Netherlands...
were separated by drawing of lots immediately after finishing their final-day match in a draw.
In the late 1980s, a number of European football leagues, including Hungary
Hungary national football team
The Hungary national football team represents Hungary in international football and is controlled by the Hungarian Football Federation....
, Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia national football team
The Yugoslavia national football team represented the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in association football. It enjoyed a modicum of success in international competition. In 1992, during the Yugoslav wars, the team was suspended from international...
, and Norway
Norway national football team
The Norway national football team represents Norway in association football and is controlled by the Football Association of Norway, the governing body for football in Norway. Norway's home ground is Ullevaal Stadion in Oslo and their head coach is Egil Olsen...
, experimented with penalty shoot-outs immediately after drawn league matches, with the winner gaining one point more than the loser. This was soon abandoned. In the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
, Major League Soccer
Major League Soccer
Major League Soccer is a professional soccer league based in the United States and sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation . The league is composed of 19 teams — 16 in the U.S. and 3 in Canada...
initially also had a shoot-out immediately following the end of full-time, even during league matches although these shoot-outs differed from standard penalty shoot-outs (see below). Similarly, Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
's J. League
J. League
The or is the top division of and is the top professional association football league in Japan. It is one of the most successful leagues in Asian club football and the only league given top class 'A' ranking by the AFC. Currently, J. League Division 1 is the first level of the Japanese...
used shoot-outs after drawn games to determine a winner when that league began. These have also since been abandoned.
Procedure
The following is a summary of the procedure for kicks from the penalty mark. The procedure is specified in FIFA's booklet Laws of the Game, not as one of the 17 numbered laws, but within the supplementary sections Procedures to Determine the Winner of a Match or home-and-away (pp. 54–56) and Additional instructions and guidelines for referees (p. 130).- The team to take the first kick is decided by a coin toss and the referee chooses the goal at which the kicks are taken.
- All kicks are taken at one goal to ensure that both teams' kick-takers and goalkeepers face the same pitch irregularities (if any).
- All players other than the kicker and the goalkeepers must remain in the pitchAssociation football pitchAn association football pitch is the playing surface for the game of association football made of turf. Its dimensions and markings are defined by Law 1 of the Laws of the Game, "The Field of Play".All line markings on the pitch form part of the area which they define...
's centre circle (see above). - Each kick is taken in the general manner of a penalty kick. Each kick is taken from the penalty markPenalty areaThe penalty area , is an area of an association football pitch. It is rectangular and extends to each side of the goal and in front of it. Within the penalty area is the penalty spot , which is from the goal line, directly in-line with the centre of the goal...
, with the goal defended only by the opposing goalkeeper. The goalkeeper must remain between the goal-posts on his goal-line until the ball has been kicked, although he can jump in place, wave his arms, move side to side along the goal line or otherwise try to distract the shooter. - Each kicker can kick the ball only once per attempt. If the ball is blocked by the goalkeeper the kicker cannot score from the rebound (unlike a normal penalty kick). Similarly, if the ball bounces off the goal posts or crossbar, the kicker cannot score from the rebound.
- No other player on either team, other than the designated kicker and goalkeeper, may touch the ball.
- A kick is successful if, having been touched once by the kicker, it crosses the goal line without going out of play or touching any player other than the defending goalkeeper. The ball may touch the goalkeeper, posts, or crossbar any number of times before going into the net. This was clarified after an incident in the 1986 World Cup1986 FIFA World CupThe 1986 FIFA World Cup, the 13th FIFA World Cup, was held in Mexico from 31 May to 29 June. The tournament was the second to feature a 24-team format. Colombia had been originally chosen to host the competition by FIFA but, largely due to economic reasons, was not able to do so and officially...
shoot-out between BrazilBrazil national football teamThe Brazil national football team represents Brazil in international men's football and is controlled by the Brazilian Football Confederation , the governing body for football in Brazil. They are a member of the International Federation of Association Football since 1923 and also a member of the...
and FranceFrance national football teamThe France national football team represents the nation of France in international football. It is fielded by the French Football Federation , the governing body of football in France, and competes as a member of UEFA, which encompasses the countries of Europe...
. Bruno BelloneBruno BelloneBruno Bellone is a former French international footballer who played as striker, and who earned 34 caps and scored 2 goals for the France national football team from 1981 to 1988. One of the goals was in the final of the 1984 UEFA European Football Championship, where France defeated Spain 2–0 in...
's kick rebounded out off the post, hit goalkeeper CarlosCarlos Roberto GalloCarlos Roberto Gallo, best known as Carlos , is a former Brazilian footballer who played as a goalkeeper....
's back, and subsequently bounced into the goal. Referee Ioan IgnaIoan IgnaIoan Igna is a retired Romanian football referee. He is known for having refereed two matches in the 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico, including the quarterfinal epic match between Brazil and France, when he made a controversial call when in the penalty shootout he ruled a goal when Bruno Bellone's...
gave the goal to France, and Brazil captain EdinhoEdino Nazareth FilhoEdinho, real name Edino Nazareth Filho, was a football player from Brazil. He played central defender with Fluminense Football Club, Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense and with the Brazilian national team...
was booked for protesting that the kick should have been considered a miss as soon as it rebounded off the post. In 1987, the IFAB clarified Law 14, covering penalty kicks, to support Igna's decision. - Teams take turns to kick from the penalty mark in attempt to put the ball into the net, until each has taken five kicks. However, if one side has scored more successful kicks than the other could possibly reach with all of its remaining kicks, the shoot-out ends regardless of the number of kicks remaining.
- If at the end of these five rounds of kicks the teams have scored an equal number of successful kicks, sudden death rounds of one kick each are used until one side scores and the other does not.
- Only players who were on the pitch at the end of play are allowed to participate in the shoot-out.
- A team may replace a goalkeeper who becomes injured during the shoot-out with a substitute, provided the team has not already used the maximum number of substitutes allowed by the competition (three).
- If a goalkeeper is sent off during the shoot-out, another player who finished the game must act as goalkeeper.
- If a player, other than the goalkeeper, becomes injured or is sent off during the shoot-out, then the shoot-out continues with no substitution allowed.
- Any player remaining on the pitch may act as goalkeeper, and it is not required that the same player act as goalkeeper throughout the shoot-out.
- No player is allowed to take a second kick from the penalty mark until all other eligible players have taken a first kick, including the goalkeeper.
- If it becomes necessary for players to take a second kick (because the score has remained equal after all eligible players have taken their first kick), teams are not required to follow the same order of kickers as was used for the first kick.
- If at the beginning of kicks from the penalty mark one side has more players on the pitch than the other, then the side with more players must select an appropriate number of players who will not take part. For example, if Team A has 11 players but Team B only has 10, then Team A will choose one player who will not take part. Players deselected cannot play any part in the procedure: so a goalkeeper cannot be deselected from kicking while retained for saving. This applies whether players are absent through injury or being sent off. The rule was introduced by the IFAB in February 2000 because previously an eleventh kick would be taken by the eleventh (i.e. weakest) player of a full-strength team and the first (i.e. strongest) player of a sub-strength team. However, if a player is injured or sent off during the shoot-out, the same principle does not apply and the referee does not reduce the number of players on the opposing team.
Origins
Shoot-outs were not held by UEFA or FIFA until 1966. However, variants of the modern shoot-out were used before then in several domestic competitions and minor tournaments. Domestic examples include the Yugoslav CupYugoslav Cup
The Yugoslav Cup, officially the Marshal Tito Cup, was one of two major football competitions in the former Yugoslavia, the other one being the Yugoslav League Championship. The Yugoslav Cup took place after the league championships when every competitive league in Yugoslavia had finished, in order...
from 1952, the Coppa Italia
Coppa Italia
The Coppa Italia is an Italian football annual cup competition. Its first edition was held in 1922, but the second champions were not crowned until 1936. Roma and Juventus lead the way with nine wins. Roma has contested more finals, 16, while Torino and Juventus follow with 13...
from 1958–59, and the Swiss inter-regional Youth Cup from 1959–60. International examples include the 1962 Uhrencup
Uhrencup
The Uhrencup is a club football tournament, held annually in Switzerland.The tournament usually features four teams , each playing two matches, and is held in July at Stadion Brühl in Grenchen. As a friendly tournament, the format tends to be fluid...
(at the suggestion of its founder Kurt Weissbrodt),
the final of the 1962 Ramón de Carranza Trophy
Ramón de Carranza Trophy
The Ramón de Carranza Trophy is a pre-season football tournament organised by Cádiz CF, in memory of its former president, Ramón de Carranza - after whom their stadium is named as well....
(at the suggestion of journalist Rafael Ballester), and a silver medal playoff match between amateur teams representing Venezuela
Venezuela national football team
The Venezuela national football team is the national football team of Venezuela and is controlled by the Federación Venezolana de Fútbol. It is nicknamed La Vinotinto , because of the traditional burgundy color of their shirts....
and Bolivia
Bolivia national football team
The Bolivia national football team is the national team of Bolivia and is controlled by the Federación Boliviana de Fútbol. After playing in the 1930 and 1950 World Cups, they qualified just once—in 1994...
in the 1965 Bolivarian Games
1965 Bolivarian Games
The V Bolivarian Games were a multi-sport event held in 1965 in Quito and Guayaquil, Ecuador. The Games were organized by the Bolivarian Sports Organization .-Medal count:...
.
In major competitions, when a replay
Replay (sports)
In sports, a replay refers to a second game between two teams after the first game's results were either nullified or ended in a draw. A game may be nullified if the game's result is protested and the organizers ruled to replay the game...
or playoff
Playoff
The playoffs, postseason, or finals of a sports league are a game or series of games played after the regular season by the top competitors, usually but not always with a single-elimination system, to determine the league champion or a similar accolade.In the U.S...
was not possible, ties were previously decided by drawing of lots. Examples include Italy
Italy national football team
The Italy National Football Team , represents Italy in association football and is controlled by the Italian Football Federation , the governing body for football in Italy. Italy is the second most successful national team in the history of the World Cup having won four titles , just one fewer than...
's win over the USSR
USSR national football team
The Soviet Union National Football Team was the national football team of the Soviet Union. It ceased to exist after the break up of the Union...
in the semi-final of the 1968 European Championship (the final, also drawn, went to a replay).
Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
i Yosef Dagan is credited with originating the modern shoot-out, after watching the Israeli team
Israel national football team
The Israel national football team is the national football team of Israel, controlled by the Israel Football Association .Israel National Football is the direct successor of the Eretz Yisrael National Team during British Mandate...
lose a 1968 Olympic quarter-final
Football at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Final results for the football competition at the 1968 Summer Olympics.-Medalists:-Group A:-------------------------Group B:-------------------------Group C:Ghana replaced Morocco, who refused to play Israel.----...
by drawing of lots. Michael Almog, later president of the Israel FA, described Dagan's proposal in a letter published in FIFA News in August 1969. Koe Ewe Teik, the Malaysian FA's member of the referee's committee, led the move for its adoption by FIFA. FIFA's proposal was discussed on 20 February 1970 by a working party of the International Football Association Board
International Football Association Board
The International Football Association Board is the body that determines the Laws of the Game of association football.-Operations:...
(IFAB), which recommended its acceptance, although "not entirely satisfied" with it. It was adopted by the IFAB's annual general meeting on 27 June 1970. In 2006, Deutsche Presse-Agentur
Deutsche Presse-Agentur
Deutsche Presse-Agentur GmbH is a news agency founded in 1949 in Germany. Based in Hamburg, it has grown to be a major worldwide operation serving print media, radio, television, online, mobile phones, and national news agencies. News is available in German, English, Spanish, and Arabic.The DPA...
reported a claim by former referee Karl Wald (b.1916), from Frankfurt am Main, that he had first proposed the shoot-out in 1970 to the Bavaria
Bavaria
Bavaria, formally the Free State of Bavaria is a state of Germany, located in the southeast of Germany. With an area of , it is the largest state by area, forming almost 20% of the total land area of Germany...
n FA.
Development
In England, the first ever penalty shoot-out in a professional match took place in 1970 at Boothferry ParkBoothferry Park
Boothferry Park was a football stadium in Kingston upon Hull, and was home to the football club Hull City for over 50 years from 31 August 1946 until December 2002, when they moved to the Kingston Communications Stadium....
, Hull
Kingston upon Hull
Kingston upon Hull , usually referred to as Hull, is a city and unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It stands on the River Hull at its junction with the Humber estuary, 25 miles inland from the North Sea. Hull has a resident population of...
between Hull City
Hull City A.F.C.
Hull City Association Football Club is an English association football club based in Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, founded in 1904. The club participates in the Football League Championship, the second tier of English football...
and Manchester United
Manchester United F.C.
Manchester United Football Club is an English professional football club, based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, that plays in the Premier League. Founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878, the club changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to Old Trafford in 1910.The 1958...
during the semi-final of the Watney Cup
Watney Cup
The Watney Mann Invitation Cup was a short-lived English football tournament held in the early 1970s....
, and was won by Manchester United. The first player to take a kick was George Best
George Best
George Best was a professional footballer from Northern Ireland, who played for Manchester United and the Northern Ireland national team. He was a winger whose game combined pace, acceleration, balance, two-footedness, goalscoring and the ability to beat defenders...
, and the first to miss was Denis Law
Denis Law
Denis Law is a retired Scottish football player, who enjoyed a long and successful career as a striker from the 1950s to the 1970s....
. Ian McKechnie
Ian McKechnie
Ian Hector McKechnie is a Scottish former footballer, who played as a goalkeeper.Ian McKechnie was born at a maternity unit in Bellshill but was raised in the village of Lenzie in Dunbartonshire and later in Chryston in Lanarkshire, near Glasgow...
, who saved Law's kick, was also the first goalkeeper to take a kick; he blasted the ball over the bar, putting Hull City out of the Cup.
Penalty shoot-outs were used to decide matches in UEFA's European Cup
UEFA Champions League
The UEFA Champions League, known simply the Champions League and originally known as the European Champion Clubs' Cup or European Cup, is an annual international club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations since 1955 for the top football clubs in Europe. It...
and Cup Winners' Cup
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
The UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was a football club competition contested annually by the most recent winners of all European domestic cup competitions. The cup is one of the many inter-European club competitions that have been organised by UEFA. The first competition was held in the 1960–61 season—but...
in the 1970–71 season. The first ever European Cup shoot out was between Everton FC and Borussia Monchengladbach, with Everton winning 4–3. On 30 September, after a 4–4 aggregate draw in the first round of the Cup Winners' Cup, Honvéd
Budapest Honvéd FC
Budapest Honvéd FC |football]] team. "Honved" means the Homeland Defense. Originally formed as Kispest AC, they became Kispest FC in 1926 before reverting to their original name in 1944. The team enjoyed a golden age during the 1950s when it was renamed Budapest Honvéd SE and became the Hungarian...
won the first shoot-out 5–4 against Aberdeen
Aberdeen F.C.
Aberdeen Football Club are a Scottish professional football club based in Aberdeen...
, when Jim Forrest's shot hit the bar.
In the first round of the European Cup 1972–73, the referee prematurely ended a shoot-out between CSKA Sofia
PFC CSKA Sofia
PFC CSKA Sofia , commonly known as CSKA or CSKA Sofia is a professional football club based in Sofia, Bulgaria. The club was officially founded on May 5, 1948. CSKA's abbreviation stands for Central Sports Club of the Army...
and Panathinaikos
Panathinaikos FC
Panathinaikos Football Club is a Greek professional football club based in Athens. Founded in 1908, they play in the Super League Greece and are one of the oldest and most successful clubs in Greek football history. They have won 20 Greek Championships and 17 Greek Cups.Panathinaikos is the most...
, with CSKA leading 3–2 but Panathinaikos having taken only four kicks. Panathinaikos complained to UEFA and the match was annulled and replayed the following month, with CSKA winning without the need for a shoot-out.
The final of the 1973 Campeonato Paulista
Campeonato Paulista
The Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Profissional da Primeira Divisão - Série A1, simply known as the Campeonato Paulista, is the top-flight professional football league in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. The league is contested between 20 clubs and typically lasts from January to April...
ended in similar circumstances. Santos were leading Portuguesa
Associação Portuguesa de Desportos
Associação Portuguesa de Desportos, usually called Portuguesa or Lusa, is a sports club, and a Brazilian football team from São Paulo in São Paulo state, founded on August 14, 1920 by the Portuguese population of the city.-History:...
2–0 with each team having taken three shoot-out kicks, when referee Armando Marques declared Santos the winners. Portuguesa manager Otto Glória
Otto Glória
Otto Martins Glória was a Brazilian football coach. He had his greatest successes with SL Benfica in Lisbon, Portugal, which he guided to nine national trophies...
quickly led his team out of the stadium; this was allegedly to ensure the shoot-out could not resume once the mistake was discovered, and that instead the match would be replayed, giving Portuguesa a better chance of victory. When Santos counter-objected to a replay, Paulista FA president Osvaldo Teixeira Duarte annulled the original match and declared both teams joint champions.
The first major international tournament to be decided by a penalty shoot-out was the 1976 European Championship final between Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia national football team
The Czechoslovakia national football team was the national association football team of Czechoslovakia from 1922 to 1993. At the dissolution of Czechoslovakia at the end of 1992, the team was participating in UEFA qualifying Group 4 for the 1994 World Cup; it completed this campaign under the name...
and West Germany
Germany national football team
The Germany national football team is the football team that has represented Germany in international competition since 1908. It is governed by the German Football Association , which was founded in 1900....
. UEFA had made provision for a final replay two days later, but the teams decided to use a shoot-out instead. Czechoslovakia won 5–3, and the deciding kick was converted by Antonín Panenka
Antonín Panenka
Antonín Panenka is a Czech former footballer.- Club career :An attacking midfielder known for the quality of his passing and his free kicks, Panenka played for Bohemians Prague for most of his career, joining the club as a youth in 1959. In 1981 Panenka left Bohemians for Austrian club Rapid...
with a "chip" after Uli Hoeneß had put the previous kick over the crossbar.
The first penalty shoot-out in the World Cup
FIFA World Cup
The FIFA World Cup, often simply the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association , the sport's global governing body...
was on 9 January 1977, in the first round of African qualifying, when Tunisia
Tunisia national football team
The Tunisia national football team , nicknamed Les Aigles de Carthage , is the national team of Tunisia and is controlled by the Fédération Tunisienne de Football. They have qualified for four FIFA World Cups, the first one in 1978, but have yet to make it out of the first round...
beat Morocco
Morocco national football team
The Morocco national football team , nicknamed أسود الأطلس , is the national team of Morocco and is managed by Eric Gerets. Winners of the African Nations Cup in 1976, they were the first African team to win a group at the World Cup, which they did in 1986, finishing ahead of Portugal, Poland, and...
. The first shoot-out in the finals tournament was in 1982
1982 FIFA World Cup
The 1982 FIFA World Cup, the 12th FIFA World Cup, was held in Spain from 13 June to 11 July. The tournament was won by Italy, after defeating West Germany 3–1 in the final.-Host selection:...
, when West Germany
Germany national football team
The Germany national football team is the football team that has represented Germany in international competition since 1908. It is governed by the German Football Association , which was founded in 1900....
beat France
France national football team
The France national football team represents the nation of France in international football. It is fielded by the French Football Federation , the governing body of football in France, and competes as a member of UEFA, which encompasses the countries of Europe...
in the semifinal. If the 1982 final
1982 FIFA World Cup Final
- External links :**...
had been drawn, penalties would not have applied unless the replay was also drawn; from 1986
1986 FIFA World Cup
The 1986 FIFA World Cup, the 13th FIFA World Cup, was held in Mexico from 31 May to 29 June. The tournament was the second to feature a 24-team format. Colombia had been originally chosen to host the competition by FIFA but, largely due to economic reasons, was not able to do so and officially...
, penalties were scheduled after the final as for the earlier knockout rounds.
Famous incidents
The finals of four major FIFAFIFA
The Fédération Internationale de Football Association , commonly known by the acronym FIFA , is the international governing body of :association football, futsal and beach football. Its headquarters are located in Zurich, Switzerland, and its president is Sepp Blatter, who is in his fourth...
competitions have gone to penalty shoot-outs. The first two of these took place in the same stadium, the Rose Bowl
Rose Bowl (stadium)
The Rose Bowl is an outdoor athletic stadium in Pasadena, California, U.S., in Los Angeles County. The stadium is the site of the annual college football bowl game, the Rose Bowl, held on New Year's Day. In 1982, it became the home field of the UCLA Bruins college football team of the Pac-12...
in Pasadena, California
Pasadena, California
Pasadena is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Although famous for hosting the annual Rose Bowl football game and Tournament of Roses Parade, Pasadena is the home to many scientific and cultural institutions, including the California Institute of Technology , the Jet...
, USA
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
.
- The 1991 FIFA World Youth Championship final between PortugalPortugal national under-20 football teamThe Portugal national under-20 football team is the national under-20 football team of Portugal and is controlled by the Portuguese Football Federation, the governing body for football in Portugal....
and BrazilBrazil national under-20 football teamBrazil national under-20 football team, also known as Brazil Sub-20 or Seleção, is considered to be the feeder team for the Brazil national football team.-Competitive record:...
in LisbonLisbonLisbon is the capital city and largest city of Portugal with a population of 545,245 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Lisbon extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 3 million on an area of , making it the 9th most populous urban...
was decided on a penalty shoot-out which the Portuguese won with the last shot coming from the feet of Rui CostaRui CostaRui Manuel César Costa, OIH is a former Portuguese football player and current Director of Football for Sport Lisboa e Benfica. An attacking midfielder also capable of playing as a deep-seated defensive midfielder, he most recently played for Portuguese club Benfica...
. - In the 1994 FIFA World Cup Final1994 FIFA World Cup FinalThe 1994 FIFA World Cup Final took place in Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California, United States. Brazil won the World Cup against Italy on a penalty shootout after the score was 0–0. This was Brazil's fourth World Cup title. It was also the first ever World Cup final to be decided by a penalty...
, BrazilBrazil national football teamThe Brazil national football team represents Brazil in international men's football and is controlled by the Brazilian Football Confederation , the governing body for football in Brazil. They are a member of the International Federation of Association Football since 1923 and also a member of the...
and ItalyItaly national football teamThe Italy National Football Team , represents Italy in association football and is controlled by the Italian Football Federation , the governing body for football in Italy. Italy is the second most successful national team in the history of the World Cup having won four titles , just one fewer than...
ended extra time scoreless. Brazil went on to win the shoot-out 3–2. - Like the 1994 final, the 1999 Women's World Cup final between the United StatesUnited States women's national soccer teamThe United States women's national soccer team represents the United States in international soccer competition and is controlled by U.S. Soccer. The U.S. team won the first ever Women's World Cup in 1991, and has since been a superpower in women's soccer. It is currently ranked first in the world...
and was scoreless after extra time. The United States team won the shoot-out 5–4. - The 2006 FIFA World Cup Final2006 FIFA World Cup FinalThe 2006 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that took place on 9 July 2006 at the Olympiastadion, Berlin to determine the winner of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Italy beat France on penalties after the match finished 1–1 after extra time...
also went to a penalty shoot-out (following a scoreless 30-mins. extra time) and was won by ItalyItaly national football teamThe Italy National Football Team , represents Italy in association football and is controlled by the Italian Football Federation , the governing body for football in Italy. Italy is the second most successful national team in the history of the World Cup having won four titles , just one fewer than...
5–3 against FranceFrance national football teamThe France national football team represents the nation of France in international football. It is fielded by the French Football Federation , the governing body of football in France, and competes as a member of UEFA, which encompasses the countries of Europe...
in BerlinBerlinBerlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...
. - The 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup Final2011 FIFA Women's World Cup FinalThe final of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup was played between and the . The match took place in Commerzbank-Arena, in Frankfurt, Germany, on 17 July 2011...
went to a penalty shoot-out (after a 1–1 draw at full time and a 2–2 draw after extra time) between the teams from the USA and JapanJapan women's national football teamThe Japan women's national football team, or Nadeshiko Japan , is a selection of the best female players in Japan and is run by the Japan Football Association . Japan defeated the U.S...
. Japan won the game after scoring 3 penalties to 1 by the USA.
Goalkeepers have been known to win shoot-outs by their kicking. For example, in a UEFA Euro 2004 quarter-final match, Portugal
Portugal national football team
The Portugal national football team represents Portugal in association football and is controlled by the Portuguese Football Federation, the governing body for football in Portugal. Portugal's home ground is Estádio Nacional in Oeiras, and their head coach is Paulo Bento...
goalkeeper Ricardo
Ricardo Pereira
Ricardo Alexandre Martins Soares Pereira, OIH , simply Ricardo, is a Portuguese footballer who plays for Vitória de Setúbal as a goalkeeper....
saved a kick (without gloves) from England's
England national football team
The England national football team represents England in association football and is controlled by the Football Association, the governing body for football in England. England is the joint oldest national football team in the world, alongside Scotland, whom they played in the world's first...
Darius Vassell
Darius Vassell
Darius Vassell is an English footballer who plays for Championship side Leicester City, having previously played for Aston Villa, Manchester City and Ankaragücü, as well as the England national team....
, and then scored the winning shot. Another example is Vélez Sársfield
Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield
Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield is a sports club based in the Liniers neighborhood of western Buenos Aires, Argentina. Vélez is best known for its football team, that plays in the Argentine Primera División, the top level of the Argentine league system...
's José Luis Chilavert
José Luis Chilavert
José Luis Félix Chilavert González is a Paraguayan former football player who played as a goalkeeper. He was a three-time IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper award winner....
in the Copa Libertadores 1994
Copa Libertadores 1994
The Copa Libertadores 1994 was won by Vélez Sársfield against São Paulo Futebol Clube in the penalty shootout. Vélez's goalkeeper José Chilavert scored one of the penalty kicks and saved another one.- First Phase :...
finals (it should be noted that Chilavert had a reputation as a dead-ball specialist and scored 41 goals during his club career).
Antonín Panenka
Antonín Panenka
Antonín Panenka is a Czech former footballer.- Club career :An attacking midfielder known for the quality of his passing and his free kicks, Panenka played for Bohemians Prague for most of his career, joining the club as a youth in 1959. In 1981 Panenka left Bohemians for Austrian club Rapid...
(Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia national football team
The Czechoslovakia national football team was the national association football team of Czechoslovakia from 1922 to 1993. At the dissolution of Czechoslovakia at the end of 1992, the team was participating in UEFA qualifying Group 4 for the 1994 World Cup; it completed this campaign under the name...
) decided the penalty shoot-out at the final of the 1976 European Football Championship against West Germany by famous chip to the middle of the goal.
The English
England national football team
The England national football team represents England in association football and is controlled by the Football Association, the governing body for football in England. England is the joint oldest national football team in the world, alongside Scotland, whom they played in the world's first...
, and, to a slightly lesser extent, the Dutch
Netherlands national football team
The Netherlands National Football Team represents the Netherlands in association football and is controlled by the Royal Dutch Football Association , the governing body for football in the Netherlands...
and Italian
Italy national football team
The Italy National Football Team , represents Italy in association football and is controlled by the Italian Football Federation , the governing body for football in Italy. Italy is the second most successful national team in the history of the World Cup having won four titles , just one fewer than...
national teams are known for their poor records in penalty shoot-outs. England has lost five penalty shoot-outs in major tournament finals, including losses to Germany in the semifinals of the 1990 FIFA World Cup
1990 FIFA World Cup
The 1990 FIFA World Cup was the 14th FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international football world championship tournament. It was held from 8 June to 8 July 1990 in Italy, the second country to host the event twice. Teams representing 116 national football associations from all six populated...
and UEFA Euro 96 (the only two times England has reached the last four of a major competition since the 1960s). The only victory was against Spain in the Euro 96 quarter-final.
The Netherlands, meanwhile, lost four consecutive shoot-outs against Denmark in Euro 92, France in Euro 96, Brazil in the 1998 World Cup, and Italy in Euro 2000, before finally winning one against Sweden in Euro 2004.
The Italians, like England, have lost five shoot-outs in major championships, notably being eliminated from three consecutive World Cup finals on penalties (1990–1998). However, they have also won two shoot-outs, including the 2006 World Cup Final.
In the FA Cup
FA Cup
The Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the FA Cup, is a knockout cup competition in English football and is the oldest association football competition in the world. The "FA Cup" is run by and named after The Football Association and usually refers to the English men's...
, penalty kicks were used in the 1972 edition of the short-lived third-place playoff
FA Cup Third-fourth place matches
The FA Cup Third-fourth place matches were played to determine the order of third and fourth place in the FA Cup. They were introduced in 1970 replacing the traditional pre-final match between England and Young England. They were generally unpopular and were only played for five seasons...
. They were introduced more generally in the 1991–92 season
1991-92 in English football
- First Division :The last-ever league championship before the creation of the Premier League was won by Leeds United who overhauled Manchester United thanks to the efforts of, among others, Gordon Strachan, Lee Chapman, David Batty, Gary Speed and Gary McAllister...
to decide matches still level after one replay and extra time. Previously there was no limit on the number of replays, which led to fixture disruption, especially disliked by the top clubs. Replays were often two or three days after the drawn match, which conflicted with the increased planning required after the Football Spectators Act 1989
Football Spectators Act 1989
The Football Spectators Act 1989 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted during the premiership of Margaret Thatcher. Its provisions apply primarily to football matches played in England and Wales...
. The first team eliminated from the FA Cup on penalties was Scunthorpe United
Scunthorpe United F.C.
Scunthorpe United Football Club is an English association football team based in the town of Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire, who play in the Football League One....
, beaten on 26 October 1991 by Rotherham United
Rotherham United F.C.
Rotherham United Football Club are an English professional football club based in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, who compete in League Two, the fourth tier of English football. The club's colours have traditionally been red and white, although these have evolved through history...
after a first-round replay. A shoot-out was first used in the FA Cup Final
FA Cup Final
The FA Cup Final, commonly referred to in England as just the Cup Final, is the last match in the Football Association Challenge Cup. With an official attendance of 89,826 at the 2007 FA Cup Final, it is the fourth best attended domestic club championship event in the world and the second most...
in 2005, when Arsenal
Arsenal F.C.
Arsenal Football Club is a professional English Premier League football club based in North London. One of the most successful clubs in English football, it has won 13 First Division and Premier League titles and 10 FA Cups...
beat Manchester United
Manchester United F.C.
Manchester United Football Club is an English professional football club, based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, that plays in the Premier League. Founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878, the club changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to Old Trafford in 1910.The 1958...
5–4. The following year, Liverpool
Liverpool F.C.
Liverpool Football Club is an English Premier League football club based in Liverpool, Merseyside. Liverpool has won eighteen League titles, second most in English football, seven FA Cups and a record seven League Cups...
beat West Ham United
West Ham United F.C.
West Ham United Football Club is an English professional football club based in Upton Park, Newham, East London. They play in The Football League Championship. The club was founded in 1895 as Thames Ironworks FC and reformed in 1900 as West Ham United. In 1904 the club relocated to their current...
in the FA Cup Final's second ever penalty shoot-out.
On 31 August 2005, a new English record was established when a shoot-out between Tunbridge Wells
Tunbridge Wells F.C.
Tunbridge Wells F.C. is a football club based in Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England. For the 2011-12 season, they are members of the Kent League Premier Division.-History:...
and Littlehampton Town
Littlehampton Town F.C.
Littlehampton Town F.C. is a football club based in Littlehampton, England. It was established in 1896 and joined the Sussex County League in 1928. In the 1990–91 season, they reached the 1st round of the FA Cup. For the 2011–12 season, they are members of the Sussex County League Division...
in an FA Cup replay involved 40 kicks being taken, with Tunbridge Wells winning 16-15.
The Community Shield
FA Community Shield
The Football Association Community Shield is English football's annual match contested between the champions of the previous Premier League season and the holders of the FA Cup at Wembley Stadium. If the Premier League champions also won the FA Cup then the league runners-up provide the opposition...
is also settled using penalties, following the normal 90 minutes of play, but no extra time. Manchester United
Manchester United F.C.
Manchester United Football Club is an English professional football club, based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, that plays in the Premier League. Founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878, the club changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to Old Trafford in 1910.The 1958...
have won the shield three times via a shoot-out, beating Arsenal
Arsenal F.C.
Arsenal Football Club is a professional English Premier League football club based in North London. One of the most successful clubs in English football, it has won 13 First Division and Premier League titles and 10 FA Cups...
in 2003
2003 FA Community Shield
The 2003 FA Community Shield was the 81st FA Community Shield, a football match played between the winners of the previous season's Premier League and FA Cup competitions...
, Chelsea
Chelsea F.C.
Chelsea Football Club are an English football club based in West London. Founded in 1905, they play in the Premier League and have spent most of their history in the top tier of English football. Chelsea have been English champions four times, FA Cup winners six times and League Cup winners four...
in 2007
2007 FA Community Shield
The 2007 FA Community Shield was a football match played on 5 August 2007 between 2006–07 Premier League champions Manchester United and 2006–07 FA Cup winners Chelsea. Manchester United won the game 3–0 on penalties, after the match finished 1–1 after 90 minutes; the Community Shield...
, and Portsmouth
Portsmouth F.C.
Portsmouth Football Club is an English football club based in the city of Portsmouth. The club is nicknamed Pompey. Portsmouth's home matches have been played at Fratton Park since the club's formation in 1898. The team currently play in the Football League Championship after being relegated from...
in 2008
2008 FA Community Shield
The 2008 FA Community Shield was a football match played on 10 August 2008 between 2007–08 Premier League champions Manchester United and 2007–08 FA Cup winners Portsmouth as the "curtain-raiser" to the 2008–09 English football season...
. Manchester United lost the 2009
2009 FA Community Shield
The 2009 FA Community Shield was the 87th FA Community Shield, an annual football match contested by the winners of the previous season's Premier League and FA Cup competitions...
match on penalties to Chelsea.
On 16 November 2005, a place in the World Cup was directly determined by a penalty shoot-out for the first time. The 2006 FIFA World Cup
2006 FIFA World Cup
The 2006 FIFA World Cup was the 18th FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international football world championship tournament. It was held from 9 June to 9 July 2006 in Germany, which won the right to host the event in July 2000. Teams representing 198 national football associations from all six...
qualifying playoff between Australia and Uruguay
Uruguay national football team
The Uruguayan national football team represents Uruguay in international association football and is controlled by the Uruguayan Football Association, the governing body for football in Uruguay. The current head coach is Óscar Tabárez...
ended 1–1 on aggregate, with Uruguay winning the first leg 1–0 at home and Australia winning the second leg at home by the same score. A scoreless 30 minutes of extra time was followed by a shoot-out, which Australia won 4–2.
During the 2006 FIFA World Cup
2006 FIFA World Cup
The 2006 FIFA World Cup was the 18th FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international football world championship tournament. It was held from 9 June to 9 July 2006 in Germany, which won the right to host the event in July 2000. Teams representing 198 national football associations from all six...
in Germany, Switzerland
Switzerland national football team
The Swiss national football team is the national football team of Switzerland...
set a unwanted new record in the Round of 16 shoot-out against Ukraine
Ukraine national football team
The Ukraine national football team is the national football team of Ukraine and is controlled by the Football Federation of Ukraine. After Ukrainian Independence and breakaway from the Soviet Union, they played their first match against Hungary on 29 April 1992...
by failing to convert any of their penalties, losing 3–0. The goalkeeper Oleksandr Shovkovsky
Oleksandr Shovkovsky
Oleksandr Volodymyrovych Shovkovskiy is a Ukrainian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper. He has played for Dynamo Kyiv in the Vyscha Liha the top level of Ukrainian football, since 1993.-Club career:...
(Ukraine
Ukraine national football team
The Ukraine national football team is the national football team of Ukraine and is controlled by the Football Federation of Ukraine. After Ukrainian Independence and breakaway from the Soviet Union, they played their first match against Hungary on 29 April 1992...
) became the first goalie who did not concede a single goal in the penalty shoot-out while personally able to catch three of the Swiss attempts. The Switzerland
Switzerland national football team
The Swiss national football team is the national football team of Switzerland...
's elimination also meant that they became the first nation to be eliminated from the World Cup without conceding any goals (and, moreover, the only nation to participate in a World Cup finals tournament without conceding a goal).
The same competition featured a shoot-out between Germany and Argentina, the two most successful teams up to that point in terms of World Cup finals penalty shoot-outs: each team had competed in 3 shoot-outs and won all of them. Germany won this shoot-out, leaving Germany alone with a 4–0 record in World Cup finals.
On 20 June 2007, a new UEFA record was established. The semi-final of the European under-21 Championships in Heerenveen
Heerenveen
Heerenveen is a town in the Heerenveen municipality of the province of Friesland , in the north of the Netherlands.- History :The town was established in 1551 by three lords as a location for the purpose of digging peat which was used for fuel, hence the name...
between the Netherlands
Netherlands national under-21 football team
The Netherlands national under-21 football team is the national under-21 team of the Netherlands and is controlled by the Royal Dutch Football Association. The team competes in the European Under-21 Championship, held every two years....
and England
England national under-21 football team
England's national Under-21 football team, also known as England Under-21s or England U21, is considered to be the feeder team for the England national football team....
team finished in 1–1. Thirty-two penalties had to be taken before the tie was decided. The Netherlands eventually won 13–12.
In the 1986 European Cup Final
1986 European Cup Final
The 1986 European Cup Final was a football match held at the Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville, on 7 May 1986, that saw Steaua Bucureşti of Romania defeat Barcelona of Spain in an extraordinary penalty shoot out, after 120 minutes of play could not separate the two sides...
, FC Barcelona
FC Barcelona
Futbol Club Barcelona , also known as Barcelona and familiarly as Barça, is a professional football club, based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain....
missed four consecutive shoot-out penalties, to lose against FC Steaua Bucharest, who had also contrived to miss two, before ultimate success.
The 2008 UEFA Champions League Final
2008 UEFA Champions League Final
The 2008 UEFA Champions League Final was a football match that took place on Wednesday, 21 May 2008 at 20:45 CEST . The match was played at the Luzhniki Stadium, in Moscow, Russia, to determine the winner of the 2007–08 UEFA Champions League...
between Manchester United
Manchester United F.C.
Manchester United Football Club is an English professional football club, based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, that plays in the Premier League. Founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878, the club changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to Old Trafford in 1910.The 1958...
and Chelsea
Chelsea F.C.
Chelsea Football Club are an English football club based in West London. Founded in 1905, they play in the Premier League and have spent most of their history in the top tier of English football. Chelsea have been English champions four times, FA Cup winners six times and League Cup winners four...
went to penalties, when John Terry
John Terry
John George Terry is an English professional footballer. Terry plays in a centre back position and is the captain of Chelsea in the Premier League...
missed a penalty which would have won Chelsea the match (and the Champions League). His standing leg slipped as he took his kick, and the ball hit the post. Chelsea lost the shoot-out 6–5, to which Terry reacted by breaking down in tears.
On 2 May 2009, a record was established during the final of the Greek Cup
Greek Cup 2008-09
Greek Cup 2008–09 was the 67th edition of The Greek Football Cup, or Greek Cup for short.The competition started on 30 August 2008 with the First Round and concluded on 2 May 2009 with the Final, held at Athens Olympic Stadium "Spyridon Louis"....
when Olympiacos beat AEK Athens and won the trophy. The score was 4–4 After Extra Time, and the score on penalties resulted in an unbelievable 15–14 victory to Olympiacos. A total of 34 penalties were taken in the shoot-out, with AEK Athens missing three, and Olympiacos missing two.
On July 20th 2011, during the 2011 Copa America tournament in Argentina, Brazil shockingly missed 4 penalties in a row which allowed Paraguay to reach the semi-finals 2–0.
The current World Record for the most penalties scored consecutively in a shoot out stands at 27, in a Johnstones Paint Trophy first round match between Leyton Orient F.C.
Leyton Orient F.C.
Leyton Orient F.C. are an English professional football club in East London. They currently play in Football League One and are known to their fans as the O's.Leyton Orient have spent one season in the top flight of English football, in 1962–63...
and Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.
Dagenham & Redbridge F.C.
Dagenham & Redbridge Football Club , informally known as Daggers, is an English association football club based in Dagenham, in the London Borough of Barking & Dagenham, East London. It was formed in 1992 after a merger between Redbridge Forest and Dagenham...
on 7 September 2011, in which the 28th penalty was saved allowing Dagenham to win the shootout 14-13.
The current world record for the longest penalty shoot-out in a first class match is 48 penalties during the 2005 Namibian Cup
NFA-Cup
The NFA-Cup , officially MTC NFA Cup, is a football tournament for Namibian clubs. The winner receives N$350 000. -Previous Champions:*1990: Black Africa F.C. *1991: Chief Santos...
. when KK Palace beat Civics 17–16
Win or draw?
A shoot-out is usually considered for statistical purposes to be separate from the match which preceded it. In the case of a two-legged fixtureTwo-legged match
In sport , a two-legged tie is a contest between two teams which comprises two matches or legs, with each team as the home team in one leg. The winning team is usually determined by aggregate score, the sum of the scores of the two legs...
, the two matches are still considered either as two draws or as one win and one loss; in the case of a single match, it is still considered as a draw. This contrasts with a fixture won in extra time, where the score at the end of normal time is superseded. In college soccer
College soccer
College soccer is a term used to describe association football played by teams who are operated by colleges and universities as opposed to a professional league operated for exclusively financial purposes...
in the United States, the NCAA
National Collegiate Athletic Association
The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a semi-voluntary association of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations and individuals that organizes the athletic programs of many colleges and universities in the United States...
treated a shoot-out win as a match win for the 2002 season, but otherwise its statistics treat the match as drawn.
In the calculation of UEFA coefficients, shoot-outs are ignored for club coefficients, but not national team coefficients, where the shoot-out winner gets 20,000 points: more than the shoot-out loser, who gets 10,000 (the same as for a draw) but less than the 30,000 points for winning a match outright. In the FIFA World Rankings
FIFA World Rankings
The FIFA World Rankings is a ranking system for men's national teams in association football, currently led by Spain. The teams of the member nations of FIFA , football's world governing body, are ranked based on their game results with the most successful teams being ranked highest...
, the base value of a win is three points; a win on penalties is two; a draw and a loss on penaties are one; a loss is zero. The more complicated ranking system
FIFA World Ranking system 1999-2006
The FIFA men's ranking system 1999–2006 is a calculation technique previously used by FIFA for ranking men's national teams in football...
FIFA used from 1999 to 2006 gave a shoot-out winner the same points as for a normal win and a shoot-out loser the same points as for a draw; goals in the match proper, but not the shoot-out, were factored into the calculation.
Criticisms
As a way to decide a football match, shoot-outs have been seen variously as a thrilling climax or as an unsatisfactory cop-out.Paul Doyle describes shoot-outs as "exciting and suspense-filled" and the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final shoot-out
2008 UEFA Champions League Final
The 2008 UEFA Champions League Final was a football match that took place on Wednesday, 21 May 2008 at 20:45 CEST . The match was played at the Luzhniki Stadium, in Moscow, Russia, to determine the winner of the 2007–08 UEFA Champions League...
as "the perfect way to end a wonderful ... final". Richard Williams compares the spectacle to "a public flogging in the market square".
The result is often seen as a lottery
Lottery
A lottery is a form of gambling which involves the drawing of lots for a prize.Lottery is outlawed by some governments, while others endorse it to the extent of organizing a national or state lottery. It is common to find some degree of regulation of lottery by governments...
rather than a test of skill; manager
Manager (association football)
In association football, a manager is responsible for running a football club or a national team. The manager of a professional club is responsible directly to the club president. The position of manager is almost exclusively used in British football...
s Luiz Felipe Scolari
Luiz Felipe Scolari
Luiz Felipe Scolari , ComIH , also known as Felipão in Brazil and Phil Scolari in the United Kingdom, is a World Cup-winning Brazilian football manager. He is currently the manager of Palmeiras. He served as the manager of the Portuguese national team from July 12, 2003 to June 30, 2008...
and Roberto Donadoni
Roberto Donadoni
Roberto Donadoni is an Italian football manager and former player, last in charge of Serie A club Cagliari.An attacking midfielder or winger known for pace and technique, he was a pillar of the powerhouse AC Milan teams of the late 1980s and early 1990s and one of the pioneers of Major League...
described them as such after their teams had respectively won and lost shoot-outs. Others disagree. Mitch Phillips called it "the ultimate test of nerve and technique." Paul Doyle emphasised the psychological element.
Only a small subset of a footballer's skills is tested by a shoot-out. Ian Thomsen likened deciding the 1994 World Cup by shoot-out
1994 FIFA World Cup Final
The 1994 FIFA World Cup Final took place in Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California, United States. Brazil won the World Cup against Italy on a penalty shootout after the score was 0–0. This was Brazil's fourth World Cup title. It was also the first ever World Cup final to be decided by a penalty...
to deciding the Masters golf tournament via a minigolf game. The shoot-out is a test of individuals which may be considered inappropriate in a team sport; Sepp Blatter
Sepp Blatter
Joseph S. Blatter , commonly known as Sepp Blatter, is a Swiss football administrator, who serves as the 8th and current President of FIFA . He was elected on 8 June 1998, succeeding João Havelange. He was re-elected as President in 2002, 2007, and 2011...
has said "Football is a team sport and penalties is not a team, it is the individual".
Some teams have regarded, or been accused of regarding, a loss on penalties as an honourable result or "no defeat at all."
Inferior teams are tempted to play for a scoreless draw, calculating that a shoot-out offers their best hope of victory. Red Star Belgrade
Red Star Belgrade
Red Star Belgrade is a football club from Belgrade, Serbia. The club is a part of the Red Star Sports Society.Red Star Belgrade is the most successful Serbian club, with a record of 25 national championships and 23 national cups in both Serbian and ex-Yugoslav competitions...
's performance beating Olympique Marseille in the 1991 European Cup Final
1991 European Cup Final
The 1991 European Cup Final was a football match held at the Stadio San Nicola in Bari, Italy, on 29 May 1991, that saw Red Star Belgrade of Yugoslavia defeat Olympique Marseille of France in a penalty shootout. After normal time and extra time could not separate the two sides, the match was to be...
is often condemned for having "played for penalties" from the kick-off; a tactic coach Ljupko Petrović
Ljupko Petrovic
Ljubomir "Ljupko" Petrović is a Bosnian Serb former football player, today a football manager and winner of the European Cup in 1991 with Red Star.-Biography:...
freely admitted to. On the other hand, the increased opportunity for giant-killing may also be seen as an advantage, increasing the romance of a competition like the FA Cup
FA Cup
The Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the FA Cup, is a knockout cup competition in English football and is the oldest association football competition in the world. The "FA Cup" is run by and named after The Football Association and usually refers to the English men's...
.
Alternatives
Various tie-break methods have been proposed, both before and since shoot-outs were introduced.Historically, one of the first tie-breaking procedures was contained in the Sheffield Rules between 1862 and 1871, with the concept of the rouge, scorable when the ball went narrowly wide of the goal. Rule 14 stated "A goal outweighs any number of rouges. Should no goals or an equal number be obtained, the match is decided by rouges". Rouges are still used in Canadian football
Canadian football
Canadian football is a form of gridiron football played exclusively in Canada in which two teams of 12 players each compete for territorial control of a field of play long and wide attempting to advance a pointed prolate spheroid ball into the opposing team's scoring area...
. Similarly, the try
Try
A try is the major way of scoring points in rugby league and rugby union football. A try is scored by grounding the ball in the opposition's in-goal area...
in rugby football
Rugby football
Rugby football is a style of football named after Rugby School in the United Kingdom. It is seen most prominently in two current sports, rugby league and rugby union.-History:...
was used from 1875 as a tie-breaker if teams were level on goals.
A drawn result may be allowed to stand, unless the fixture determines which team qualifies for a later round. Before 1993 (except in 1974
1974 FA Charity Shield
The 1974 FA Charity Shield was a football match played on 10 August 1974 between 1973–74 champions Leeds United and 1974 FA Cup Final winners Liverpool...
) the FA Charity Shield
FA Community Shield
The Football Association Community Shield is English football's annual match contested between the champions of the previous Premier League season and the holders of the FA Cup at Wembley Stadium. If the Premier League champions also won the FA Cup then the league runners-up provide the opposition...
was shared if the match was drawn. When the third place playoff of the 1972 Olympic tournament between the USSR
USSR national football team
The Soviet Union National Football Team was the national football team of the Soviet Union. It ceased to exist after the break up of the Union...
and East Germany
East Germany national football team
The East Germany national football team was from 1952 to 1990 the football team of East Germany, playing as one of three post-war German teams, along with Saarland and West Germany....
ended 2–2 after extra time, the bronze medal was shared by the two teams.
During the qualification process
1962 FIFA World Cup qualification
Sweden and Switzerland finished level on points, and a play-off on neutral ground was played to decide who would qualify.Switzerland qualified for FIFA World Cup 1962 in Chile-UEFA Group 2:--------------------...
for the 1962 World Cup, Morocco and Tunisia formed a two-team group. They both won 2–1 at home, so they played a third match at a neutral location. When this ended in a 1–1 draw after extra time, Morocco advanced on a coin toss to the next round of qualification. This scenario was repeated in during the qualification process
1970 FIFA World Cup qualification
A total of 75 teams entered the 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds, competing for a total of 16 spots in the final tournament. Hosts and defending champions qualified automatically, leaving 14 spots open for competition....
for the 1970 World Cup
1970 FIFA World Cup
The 1970 FIFA World Cup, the ninth staging of the World Cup, was held in Mexico, from 31 May to 21 June. The 1970 tournament was the first World Cup hosted in North America, and the first held outside South America and Europe. In a match-up of two-time World Cup champions, the final was won by...
, when the same two teams were tied after three matches and extra time. Again, Morocco advanced on a coin toss. Tunisia did have better luck with the coin toss in the intervening years; during the 1965 African Cup of Nations
1965 African Cup of Nations
The 1965 African Cup of Nations was the fifth edition of the African Cup of Nations, the soccer championship of Africa . It was hosted by Tunisia. Just like in 1963, the field of six teams was split into two groups of three...
, they reached the final at the expense of Senegal by winning a coin toss after three group matches had left Tunisia and Senegal tied with a win (over Ethiopia) and a draw (against each other).
Current alternatives include replaying a match that has ended in a draw. This still occurs in the quarter-finals and earlier rounds of the English FA Cup
FA Cup
The Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the FA Cup, is a knockout cup competition in English football and is the oldest association football competition in the world. The "FA Cup" is run by and named after The Football Association and usually refers to the English men's...
. Until 1991, any number of replays were permitted, with a record of five. (Since then, a draw in the (first) replay has been resolved by a penalty-shoot-out.) Only once, in 1974
1974 European Cup Final
The 1974 European Cup Final was contested between FC Bayern Munich of West Germany and Atlético Madrid of Spain. Two goals in extra time meant the two sides could not be separated, so a replay was played two days later...
, did the European Cup
UEFA Champions League
The UEFA Champions League, known simply the Champions League and originally known as the European Champion Clubs' Cup or European Cup, is an annual international club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations since 1955 for the top football clubs in Europe. It...
final go to a replay.
Golden goal
Golden goal
The golden goal is a method used in association football, field hockey, ice hockey and korfball to decide the winner of games in elimination matches which end in a draw after the end of regulation time. It is a type of sudden death. Golden goal rules allow the team that scores the first goal during...
(sudden death) and silver goal (where the extra time was split into two 15-minute periods; if one team led after the first 15-minute period, the game ended) methods to encourage a result without resort to penalties have been tried. However, the International Football Association Board
International Football Association Board
The International Football Association Board is the body that determines the Laws of the Game of association football.-Operations:...
(IFAB) discontinued their use in 2004.
Other suggestions have included using elements of match play such as most shots on goal, most corner kick
Corner kick
A corner kick is a method of restarting play in a game of association football. It was first devised in Sheffield under the Sheffield Rules 1867...
s awarded, fewest cautions and sendings-off
Misconduct (football)
Misconduct in association football is any conduct by a player that is deemed by the referee to warrant a disciplinary sanction in accordance with Law 12 of the Laws of the Game. Misconduct may occur at any time, including when the ball is out of play, during half-time and before and after the...
, or having ongoing extra time with teams compelled to remove players at progressive intervals (similar to regular season hockey in North America
National Hockey League
The National Hockey League is an unincorporated not-for-profit association which operates a major professional ice hockey league of 30 franchised member clubs, of which 7 are currently located in Canada and 23 in the United States...
, where players play 4-on-4 — or 3-on-3 — in the extra time). These proposals have not yet been authorised by the IFAB. However, after the 2006 World Cup, Sepp Blatter stated that he wants no more penalty shoot-outs in the Final of the World Cup, tentatively suggesting either a replay or "Maybe to take players away and play golden goal".
Henry Birtles' "Advantage" proposal is for the shoot-out to be held before extra-time, and only acting as a tiebreak if the game remains a draw after the full 120 minutes. Proponents of this idea state that it would lead to a more offensive extra-time as one of the teams would know they have to score and there would never be a match in which both teams are simply waiting for penalties. Another advantage is that players who have missed would have a chance to redeem themselves in extra-time. The obvious flaw is that the team that wins the penalty shoot-out would be inclined to play defensively in extra time in the knowledge that a draw would put them through. However, the advantage of the Advantage proposal is that for a team that would risk that the one goal is the difference between winning and losing. As opposed to a team which defends a single goal lead whereby a conceded goal is the difference between winning and drawing.
Attacker Defender Goalkeeper (ADG) is an alternative developed by Timothy Farrell in 2008. ADG features a series of ten contests, in which an attacker has thirty seconds to score a goal against a defender and goalkeeper. At the completion of the ten contests, the team with the most goals is the winner.
American experiments
The North American Soccer LeagueNorth American Soccer League
North American Soccer League was a professional soccer league with teams in the United States and Canada that operated from 1968 to 1984.-History:...
in the 1970s and then Major League Soccer
Major League Soccer
Major League Soccer is a professional soccer league based in the United States and sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation . The league is composed of 19 teams — 16 in the U.S. and 3 in Canada...
in the 1990s experimented with a variation of the shoot-out procedure.
Instead of a straight penalty kick, the shoot-out started 35 yards from the goal and having five seconds to attempt a shot. The player could make as many moves as he could in a breakaway situation in the five seconds, then attempt a shot. This procedure is similar to that used in an ice hockey penalty shot
Penalty shot (ice hockey)
In ice hockey, a penalty shot is a type of penalty awarded when a team loses a clear scoring opportunity on a breakaway because of a foul committed by an opposing player. A player from the non-offending team is given an attempt to score a goal without opposition from any defending players except...
. As with a standard shoot-out, this variation used a best-of-five-kicks model, and if the score was still level, the tiebreaker would head to an extra round of one attempt per team.
This format rewarded player skills, as players were able to attempt to fake out goalkeepers in an attempt to make the shot, as in a one-on-one skills contest.
MLS abandoned this experiment in 2000. If penalties are required to determine a winner during the playoffs, MLS now uses the shoot-out procedure specified by the IFAB.
See also
- Penalty shoot-out —information on penalty shoot-outs in other sports.
- Penalty kickPenalty kickA penalty kick is a type of direct free kick in association football, taken from twelve yards out from goal and with only the goalkeeper of the defending team between the penalty taker and the goal.Penalty kicks are performed during normal play...
- List of national football teams by penalty shootout record
External links
- Penalty Shoot-out Trivia — RSSSFRec.Sport.Soccer Statistics FoundationThe Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation is an international amateur organization dedicated to collecting statistics about association football...
- Penalty Shoot-outs — by four researchers associated with the Fit Project at the Open UniversityOpen UniversityThe Open University is a distance learning and research university founded by Royal Charter in the United Kingdom...