O Estado de S. Paulo
Encyclopedia
O Estado de S. Paulo is a daily newspaper
published in the Metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil
, and distributed mainly nationally. It is owned by Grupo Estado, a holding company which publishes the Jornal da Tarde
and owns the radios Rádio Eldorado AM and FM and the Agência Estado, largest news agency in Brazil.
It has the second largest circulation in São Paulo
, only behind Folha de São Paulo, and the fifth largest overall in Brazil. It is nicknamed the Estadão (lit. "Big State"). The journal was founded relying on the ideals of republicans on January 4 of 1875, and was firstly called A Província de São Paulo ("The Province of São Paulo").
The motto of the newspaper is Estadão, o jornal que pensa ÃO ("Estadão, the newspaper that thinks ÃO"). -ão is a Portuguese augmentative suffix.
The current publisher is "O Estado de S. Paulo S.A."
When the then editor in chief Francisco Rangel Pestana left to work in a project of the Constitution, in Petrópolis
, the young editor Julio Mesquita
effectively took on the direction of Estado and initiated a series of innovations. One of the innovations was the engagement of the agency Havas
, back then the largest in the world.
, suffering reprisal from the German community in the city, that removed all the announcements from the newspaper. Despite this, the Mesquitas maintained the position of their diary. During the war, the vespertine edition of the newspaper began to circulate around the country. It was known as Estadinho (lit. "Little State"), directed by the then young Júlio de Mesquita Filho.
In 1924, the newspaper Estado was banned from circulating for the first time, after the defeat of the tenentes' rebellion that shook the entire city. Julio Mesquita, who tried to intermediate a dialogue between the rebels and the government, was imprisoned and taken to Rio de Janeiro
, being freed shortly later.
With the death of the old director of 1927, his son Julio de Mesquita Filho assumed the directory along with his brother Franscisco, the latter taking care of the financial parts of the newspaper.
In 1930 the Estado, connected to the Democratic Party, supported the candidature of Getúlio Vargas
for the Liberal Alliance. With the victory of Vargas, the newspaper saw the Brazilian Revolution of 1930
as a mark of the end of the oligarchy
system.
The so called Grupo do Estado assumed in 1932 the leadership of the constitutionalist revolution. With its defeat, many people from the directory were exiled, including Júlio de Mesquita Filho and Francisco Mesquita
One year later, in the month of August, Getúlio Vargas invited Armando de Salles Oliveira to be the governor in São Paulo. Armando Salles, that was son-in-law of Júlio Mesquita (already deceased by then) imposed as a condition to accept the job the amnesty of the rebels of 1932 and a convocation of a Constituent assembly
. Vargas agreed and Júlio de Mesquita Filho and Francisco Mesquita, as well as other exiled people returned to Brazil.
Years later, with the appearance of the Estado Novo
, the newspaper maintained the opposition to the regime and, in March 1940, it was invaded by DOPS (part of the government that controlled and restrained people and movements that were against the regime in the Estado Novo) that, with absurdity and mockery, said that "guns were arrested" in the redaction.The newspaper was initially closed and afterwards was confiscated by the dictatorship, being administrated by DIP (Department of Imprense and Propaganda) until 1945, when the Estado was given back by the Supreme Federal Court to its legitimate owners. The numbers published after the intervention are not considered in the history of the diary.
Shortly after World War II
the Estado enjoyed great advances, with the increase in editing and of its good reputation. In the 1950s, the Major Quedinho Street headquarters were built, adjacent to the Hotel Jaraguá. That was the phase when the section Internacional ("International") of the newspaper, directed by the journalist Giannino Carta and by Ruy Mesquita, became known as the most complete in any national newspaper. From that time until the 1970s, O Estado showed almost exclusively international news on its first page.
and opposed all the other governments, especially João Goulart
. In 1954, O Estado de São Paulo led a national campaign against the elected democratic President, Getúlio Vargas, forcing him unto suicide. In 1962, the director Julio de Mesquita Filho even wrote a Roteiro da Revolução ("Guide to Revolution"), trying to unify the opposition of civilians to the army, the then called "boasting party", that from the beginning of the Republic used to intervene in Brazilian politics. In 1964, the Estado supported the military coup and the indirect election of Castello Branco. Shortly after the Institutional Act n° 2, that dissolved the other political parties, the journal broke from the regime.
, unlike other national newspapers that accepted to be censored.
With the death of Mesquita Filho, the Estado was directed by Julio de Mesquita Neto. Then, the newspaper gained worldwide visibility when it denounced the previous censorship of its publication of verses of the Portuguese classic The Lusiad, by Luís de Camões
. In 1974, it received the Prêmio Pena de Ouro da Liberdade ("Golden Feather of Liberty Prize"), bestowed by the International Federation of Editions and Newspapers.
In the 1970s, the newspaper ran into debt because of the construction of its new headquarters by the Tiete' river and went through a financial crisis, competing with a new standard of journalism represented by Folha de S. Paulo
.
, owned by the Estado network.
After balancing its budget, the Estado endeavored new graphic reformulation in October 2004. It also created new notebooks and received many prizes for excellence in graphic display.
Other than the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo, the Estado network publishes the Jornal da Tarde
(1966) and has control over the OESP Mídia (1984), company that runs advertisements. Owned by Grupo Estado are the radios Rádio Eldorado AM and FM (1972) and the Estado Agency (1970), largest news agency in Brazil.
and economic liberalism
, being one of flagship columns of O Estado de S. Paulo. However, since the 1964 military coup d'état, and mainly after 1968, the newspaper became more liberal, by supporting the legalization of abortion
in Brazil, by criticizing US presidents such as George W. Bush
and France
's Nicolas Sarkozy
, and by supporting the centre-left
president of Chile
, Michelle Bachelet
.
Newspaper
A newspaper is a scheduled publication containing news of current events, informative articles, diverse features and advertising. It usually is printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper such as newsprint. By 2007, there were 6580 daily newspapers in the world selling 395 million copies a...
published in the Metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
, and distributed mainly nationally. It is owned by Grupo Estado, a holding company which publishes the Jornal da Tarde
Jornal da Tarde
Jornal da Tarde, often abbreviated JT, is a daily newspaper in São Paulo, Brazil. It is published by Grupo Estado, the owner of other prominent Brazilian news media such as O Estado de S. Paulo and Rádio Eldorado. It was founded in 1966 by the journalist Mino Carta in an attempt to introduce new...
and owns the radios Rádio Eldorado AM and FM and the Agência Estado, largest news agency in Brazil.
It has the second largest circulation in São Paulo
São Paulo
São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and South America, and the world's seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among...
, only behind Folha de São Paulo, and the fifth largest overall in Brazil. It is nicknamed the Estadão (lit. "Big State"). The journal was founded relying on the ideals of republicans on January 4 of 1875, and was firstly called A Província de São Paulo ("The Province of São Paulo").
The motto of the newspaper is Estadão, o jornal que pensa ÃO ("Estadão, the newspaper that thinks ÃO"). -ão is a Portuguese augmentative suffix.
The current publisher is "O Estado de S. Paulo S.A."
History
The term Província ("Province") was preserved until January 1890, one month after the fall of the monarchy and the regime change to the republican institution in Brazil. Although the newspaper supported the change, it showed that it was completely independent, refusing even to serve its interests to the ascendant Republican Party of São Paulo.When the then editor in chief Francisco Rangel Pestana left to work in a project of the Constitution, in Petrópolis
Petrópolis
Petrópolis , also known as The Imperial City of Brazil, is a town in the state of Rio de Janeiro, about 65 km from the city of Rio de Janeiro....
, the young editor Julio Mesquita
Júlio Mesquita
Júlio Mesquita is a municipality/county in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 4,332 and the area is 128.58 km². The elevation is 520 m....
effectively took on the direction of Estado and initiated a series of innovations. One of the innovations was the engagement of the agency Havas
Havas
Havas is the second largest advertising group in France and is a "Global advertising and communications services group" and the sixth-largest global advertising and communications group worldwide, operating on the communications consulting market through three main operational divisions:*Euro RSCG...
, back then the largest in the world.
19th century
In the end of the 19th century, the Estado was already the largest newspaper in São Paulo, overcoming the Correio Paulistano. Property of the Mesquita family since 1902, the Estado supported the allied cause in World War IWorld War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
, suffering reprisal from the German community in the city, that removed all the announcements from the newspaper. Despite this, the Mesquitas maintained the position of their diary. During the war, the vespertine edition of the newspaper began to circulate around the country. It was known as Estadinho (lit. "Little State"), directed by the then young Júlio de Mesquita Filho.
In 1924, the newspaper Estado was banned from circulating for the first time, after the defeat of the tenentes' rebellion that shook the entire city. Julio Mesquita, who tried to intermediate a dialogue between the rebels and the government, was imprisoned and taken to Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro , commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th...
, being freed shortly later.
With the death of the old director of 1927, his son Julio de Mesquita Filho assumed the directory along with his brother Franscisco, the latter taking care of the financial parts of the newspaper.
In 1930 the Estado, connected to the Democratic Party, supported the candidature of Getúlio Vargas
Getúlio Vargas
Getúlio Dornelles Vargas served as President of Brazil, first as dictator, from 1930 to 1945, and in a democratically elected term from 1951 until his suicide in 1954. Vargas led Brazil for 18 years, the most for any President, and second in Brazilian history to Emperor Pedro II...
for the Liberal Alliance. With the victory of Vargas, the newspaper saw the Brazilian Revolution of 1930
Brazilian Revolution of 1930
The Revolution of 1930 was a movement that overthrew President Washington Luís and installed Getúlio Vargas as Provisional President.-See also:*Revolutions of Brazil*History of Brazil...
as a mark of the end of the oligarchy
Oligarchy
Oligarchy is a form of power structure in which power effectively rests with an elite class distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, commercial, and/or military legitimacy...
system.
The so called Grupo do Estado assumed in 1932 the leadership of the constitutionalist revolution. With its defeat, many people from the directory were exiled, including Júlio de Mesquita Filho and Francisco Mesquita
One year later, in the month of August, Getúlio Vargas invited Armando de Salles Oliveira to be the governor in São Paulo. Armando Salles, that was son-in-law of Júlio Mesquita (already deceased by then) imposed as a condition to accept the job the amnesty of the rebels of 1932 and a convocation of a Constituent assembly
Constituent assembly
A constituent assembly is a body composed for the purpose of drafting or adopting a constitution...
. Vargas agreed and Júlio de Mesquita Filho and Francisco Mesquita, as well as other exiled people returned to Brazil.
Years later, with the appearance of the Estado Novo
Estado Novo (Brazil)
Vargas Era is the period in the history of Brazil that lasted from 1930 to 1945, when the country was under the leadership of Getúlio Dornelles Vargas....
, the newspaper maintained the opposition to the regime and, in March 1940, it was invaded by DOPS (part of the government that controlled and restrained people and movements that were against the regime in the Estado Novo) that, with absurdity and mockery, said that "guns were arrested" in the redaction.The newspaper was initially closed and afterwards was confiscated by the dictatorship, being administrated by DIP (Department of Imprense and Propaganda) until 1945, when the Estado was given back by the Supreme Federal Court to its legitimate owners. The numbers published after the intervention are not considered in the history of the diary.
Shortly after World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
the Estado enjoyed great advances, with the increase in editing and of its good reputation. In the 1950s, the Major Quedinho Street headquarters were built, adjacent to the Hotel Jaraguá. That was the phase when the section Internacional ("International") of the newspaper, directed by the journalist Giannino Carta and by Ruy Mesquita, became known as the most complete in any national newspaper. From that time until the 1970s, O Estado showed almost exclusively international news on its first page.
República Nova
During the República Nova ("New Republic") (1946–1964) the Estado profiled itself to the National Democratic Union of Carlos LacerdaCarlos Lacerda
Carlos Frederico Werneck de Lacerda was a Brazilian journalist and politician.Born in Rio de Janeiro, Lacerda was the son of a family of politicians from Vassouras, Rio de Janeiro State....
and opposed all the other governments, especially João Goulart
João Goulart
João Belchior Marques Goulart was a Brazilian politician and the 24th President of Brazil until a military coup d'état deposed him on April 1, 1964. He is considered to have been the last left-wing President of the country until Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva took office in 2003.-Name:João Goulart is...
. In 1954, O Estado de São Paulo led a national campaign against the elected democratic President, Getúlio Vargas, forcing him unto suicide. In 1962, the director Julio de Mesquita Filho even wrote a Roteiro da Revolução ("Guide to Revolution"), trying to unify the opposition of civilians to the army, the then called "boasting party", that from the beginning of the Republic used to intervene in Brazilian politics. In 1964, the Estado supported the military coup and the indirect election of Castello Branco. Shortly after the Institutional Act n° 2, that dissolved the other political parties, the journal broke from the regime.
Censorship
On November 13, 1968, the Estado editor was arrested because of Mesquita Filho's refusal to eliminate from the section Notas e Informações ("Notes and Information") the editorial Instituições em Frangalhos ("Institutions in Frazzles"). where he denounced the end of any normal and simple democratic appearance. From then on, the newspaper began disputing censored editions of its news by the Brazilian Federal PoliceBrazilian Federal Police
The Polícia Federal is the federal police force of Brazil subordinate to the Ministry of Justice, whose main assignments are the investigations of crimes against the Federal Government or its organs and companies, the combat of international drug trafficking and terrorism, and immigration and...
, unlike other national newspapers that accepted to be censored.
With the death of Mesquita Filho, the Estado was directed by Julio de Mesquita Neto. Then, the newspaper gained worldwide visibility when it denounced the previous censorship of its publication of verses of the Portuguese classic The Lusiad, by Luís de Camões
Luís de Camões
Luís Vaz de Camões is considered Portugal's and the Portuguese language's greatest poet. His mastery of verse has been compared to that of Shakespeare, Vondel, Homer, Virgil and Dante. He wrote a considerable amount of lyrical poetry and drama but is best remembered for his epic work Os Lusíadas...
. In 1974, it received the Prêmio Pena de Ouro da Liberdade ("Golden Feather of Liberty Prize"), bestowed by the International Federation of Editions and Newspapers.
In the 1970s, the newspaper ran into debt because of the construction of its new headquarters by the Tiete' river and went through a financial crisis, competing with a new standard of journalism represented by Folha de S. Paulo
Folha de S. Paulo
Folha de S. Paulo, known simply as Folha , is a Brazilian daily newspaper founded and continuously published in São Paulo since 19 February 1921. Owned by the Frias de Oliveira family since 1962, it has Brazil's largest circulation since 1986. Alongside O Globo and O Estado de S...
.
1980s
In 1986, the Estado hired the renowned journalist Augusto Nunes to be its chief editor. He updated the news bulletin of Estado and endeavored a series of reformed graphics, that would result in the adoption, in 1991, of colored printing in daily editions. Before that, Estado was not issued on Monday and holidays.1990s
In 1996. Julio de Mesquita Neto died and Ruy Mesquita, his brother, became the new director. Previously, Ruy directed Jornal da TardeJornal da Tarde
Jornal da Tarde, often abbreviated JT, is a daily newspaper in São Paulo, Brazil. It is published by Grupo Estado, the owner of other prominent Brazilian news media such as O Estado de S. Paulo and Rádio Eldorado. It was founded in 1966 by the journalist Mino Carta in an attempt to introduce new...
, owned by the Estado network.
Grupo Estado
After an unsuccessful experience in the area of telecommunications, the Estado network passed by a restructuring in 2003 and most of the Mesquita family lost their directing roles. Massive layoffs also occurred.After balancing its budget, the Estado endeavored new graphic reformulation in October 2004. It also created new notebooks and received many prizes for excellence in graphic display.
Other than the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo, the Estado network publishes the Jornal da Tarde
Jornal da Tarde
Jornal da Tarde, often abbreviated JT, is a daily newspaper in São Paulo, Brazil. It is published by Grupo Estado, the owner of other prominent Brazilian news media such as O Estado de S. Paulo and Rádio Eldorado. It was founded in 1966 by the journalist Mino Carta in an attempt to introduce new...
(1966) and has control over the OESP Mídia (1984), company that runs advertisements. Owned by Grupo Estado are the radios Rádio Eldorado AM and FM (1972) and the Estado Agency (1970), largest news agency in Brazil.
Notas e Informações
The oldest of all the sections, known as Notas e Informações ("Notes and Information"), always seen on page 3, maintains the traditional posture of the newspaper to unify, in its editions, political conservatismConservatism
Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes the maintenance of traditional institutions and supports, at the most, minimal and gradual change in society. Some conservatives seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity, while others oppose modernism...
and economic liberalism
Liberalism
Liberalism is the belief in the importance of liberty and equal rights. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally, liberals support ideas such as constitutionalism, liberal democracy, free and fair elections, human rights,...
, being one of flagship columns of O Estado de S. Paulo. However, since the 1964 military coup d'état, and mainly after 1968, the newspaper became more liberal, by supporting the legalization of abortion
Abortion
Abortion is defined as the termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo prior to viability. An abortion can occur spontaneously, in which case it is usually called a miscarriage, or it can be purposely induced...
in Brazil, by criticizing US presidents such as George W. Bush
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States, from 2001 to 2009. Before that, he was the 46th Governor of Texas, having served from 1995 to 2000....
and France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
's Nicolas Sarkozy
Nicolas Sarkozy
Nicolas Sarkozy is the 23rd and current President of the French Republic and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra. He assumed the office on 16 May 2007 after defeating the Socialist Party candidate Ségolène Royal 10 days earlier....
, and by supporting the centre-left
Centre-left
Centre-left is a political term that describes individuals, political parties or organisations such as think tanks whose ideology lies between the centre and the left on the left-right spectrum...
president of Chile
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
, Michelle Bachelet
Michelle Bachelet
Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria is a Social Democrat politician who was President of Chile from 11 March 2006 to 11 March 2010. She was the first woman president of her country...
.