Mulyanka River
Encyclopedia
The Mulyanka also referred as Upper Mulyanka, is a small river in Perm Krai
, Russia
which flows in the city of Perm
and nearby Permsky District
and is a left tributary of the Kama River
. The proximity of city's industry has a heavy influence on the river ecology.
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The length of Mulyanka is 52 km, the area of its basin is 460.7 km². Mulyanka has 35 tributaries; the largest of them is its left tributary, Pyzh
.
The origin of Mulyanka is in the Permsky District
of Perm Krai
. It mainly flows along the west outskirts of the left-bank (relatively to Kama) part of Perm
's (Industrialny
and Dzerzhinsky
City Districts).
The village of Verkhniye Mully , one of the oldest historical settlements in the borders of modern Perm, is situated at the banks of the Mulyanka. Since 1958 it belongs to Industrialny City District
of Perm.
There are following bridges over Mulyanka in Industrialny City District:
Then Mulyanka flows along the edge of Chernyayevsky Forest
and crosses the borders of Industrialny and Dzerzhinsky City Districts. In Dzerzhinsky District it flows between Parkovy
and Zaostrovka microdistrict
s and is crossed by following bridge
s:
The mouth of Mulyanka is situated in the Zheleznodorozhny microdistrict of Dzerzhinsky City District
of Perm. The width of Mulyanka is frequently changing and in some places reaches 400 m.
, which consists of Kama
, Vishera
, Sylva
, and Chusovaya.
Unlike most rivers of Perm Krai, whose toponymy
is considered to be Permic
, the names of rivers of Upper Mulyanka and Lower Mulyanka came from the Persian
word "mullah
". The researchers of history of Perm Krai connect it with Tatarian
prince Mametkul, who settled in the region before or during the reign of Ivan the Terrible
and was an imam
, or mullah
. His elder son, Urak-bey Mametkulov, lived at the Upper Mulyanka, and the younger son, Irak-bey Syundyuk-bey Mametkulov lived at the Lower Mulyanka. So came the names of this rivers and the villages Verkhniye Mully (meaning, 'The Upper Mullahs') and Nizhniye Mully ('The Lower Mullahs'), respectively. More old Pre-Turkic names of this rivers were lost.
In 1722, Georg Wilhelm de Gennin
, manager of Ural State Factories and master Cimmerman, took samples of copper
ore
from the banks of Mulyanka. The test results confirmed de Gennin's intention to start the construction of Yegoshikha copper smelting factory which resulted in the foundation of Perm
city.
s, iron
and oxygen
content, belong to the 4th class. This makes it unsuitable for drinking
and fish farming
even after preliminary processing. The oxygen mode in the river is found to be unfavorable. The chemical consumption of oxygen amounts to 40–70 mg/l while the norm is 30 mg/l; the biochemical consumption is 5.15–7.08 mg/l, while norm is 5 mg/l. The concentration of suspended substances is 11–18 mg/l.
, the pollution of Mulyanka exercises strong negative influence on the condition of zoobenthos. Middle and lower parts of river are the most polluted ones. The biggest source of pollution is Lukoil Permneft Ltd, whose waste reaches Mulyanka by the Pyzh River
. The oil products content of Mulyanka water at the place of the Pyzh's confluence
exceeds the Maximum Permissible Concentration 49.4 times. Close to the mouth of Mulyanka ammonium
content exceeds the MPC 1.3 times, 2.5 times for nitrite
s and 2 times for the oil products. As a result of bottom fauna
sample analysis, 75 species have been discovered: ten species of Oligochaeta
, two species of Hirudinea, six species of Gastropoda
, two species of Bivalvia
, and 55 species of Insecta. The distribution of macrozoobenthos in different sectors of the river is:
in the Mulyanka River within the project titled Ecological condition of small rivers of Perm City and suburb zone. The samples of water were taken close to Kultayevo Village and near the river mouth in Parkovy microdistrict
. The chemical analysis of water was performed in the Ecological Laboratory of Chemistry chair in the Perm State Pedagogical University. The research showed that chemical composition of Mulyanka water was different inside and outside the city. The data obtained demonstrated that "the water in the Mulyanka river isn't suitable for drinking".
Im 2005, pupils from the School #59 of Perm City took part in the DOOG—2005 "Remote Educational Contest in Geography" and performed an experiment
entitled “Purification of water from the Mulyanka River”. The results are presented in the table:
As a result of the experiment, the conclusion was made: "water, taken from the Mulyanka River, may be purified by settling, filtration and absorption". This work was rewarded the Second degree DOOG-2005 diploma.
Perm Krai
Perm Krai is a federal subject of Russia that came into existence on December 1, 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. The city of Perm became the administrative center of the new federal subject...
, Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
which flows in the city of Perm
Perm
Perm is a city and the administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia, located on the banks of the Kama River, in the European part of Russia near the Ural Mountains. From 1940 to 1957 it was named Molotov ....
and nearby Permsky District
Permsky District
Permsky District is an administrative district of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Permsky Municipal District. Its administrative center is the city of Perm . District's population:...
and is a left tributary of the Kama River
Kama River
Kama is a major river in Russia, the longest left tributary of the Volga and the largest one in discharge; in fact, it is larger than the Volga before junction....
. The proximity of city's industry has a heavy influence on the river ecology.
Geography
Pyzh River
The Pyzh is a small river in Perm Krai, Russia which flows in the city of Perm and nearby Permsky District and is a longest left tributary of the Mulyanka River. The border of Perm is partially goes along it. The length of Pyzh is 22 km....
.
The origin of Mulyanka is in the Permsky District
Permsky District
Permsky District is an administrative district of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Permsky Municipal District. Its administrative center is the city of Perm . District's population:...
of Perm Krai
Perm Krai
Perm Krai is a federal subject of Russia that came into existence on December 1, 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. The city of Perm became the administrative center of the new federal subject...
. It mainly flows along the west outskirts of the left-bank (relatively to Kama) part of Perm
Perm
Perm is a city and the administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia, located on the banks of the Kama River, in the European part of Russia near the Ural Mountains. From 1940 to 1957 it was named Molotov ....
's (Industrialny
Industrialny City District, Perm
Industrialny City District is one of the seven city districts of Perm. Population: -History:Industrialny City District is the most recently established district of the city...
and Dzerzhinsky
Dzerzhinsky City District, Perm
Dzerzhinsky City District is one of the seven city districts of Perm. Population: -Name:The city district is called after Felix Dzerzhinsky, a Soviet revolutionary and politician.-Geography:...
City Districts).
The village of Verkhniye Mully , one of the oldest historical settlements in the borders of modern Perm, is situated at the banks of the Mulyanka. Since 1958 it belongs to Industrialny City District
Industrialny City District, Perm
Industrialny City District is one of the seven city districts of Perm. Population: -History:Industrialny City District is the most recently established district of the city...
of Perm.
There are following bridges over Mulyanka in Industrialny City District:
- Bridge at Leonov Street.
- Bridge at Promyshlennaya Street.
- Bridge at Cosmonauts Highway.
Then Mulyanka flows along the edge of Chernyayevsky Forest
Chernyayevsky Forest
Chernyayevsky Forest is a forest in the city of Perm, Russia, in Industrialny and Dzerzhinsky city districts . The total area of forest in 2003 was 689.9 ha...
and crosses the borders of Industrialny and Dzerzhinsky City Districts. In Dzerzhinsky District it flows between Parkovy
Parkovy Microdistrict
Parkovy is a microdistrict of Perm. It is situated in the left-bank part of Dzerzhinsky City District.- Geography :The Mulyanka River flows along the eastern outskirts of the microdistrict and separates it from Zaostrovka microdistrict. Within Parkovy, it is crossed by three bridges:* A pedestrian...
and Zaostrovka microdistrict
Microdistrict
Microdistrict, or microraion , is a residential complex—a primary structural element of the residential area construction in the Soviet Union and in some post-Soviet and former Communist states...
s and is crossed by following bridge
Bridge
A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle...
s:
- The pedestrian bridge.
- The bridge at Stroiteley Street has been opened July 13, 2007. It connects Parkovy microdistrict with Krasavinsky bridge (over Kama RiverKama RiverKama is a major river in Russia, the longest left tributary of the Volga and the largest one in discharge; in fact, it is larger than the Volga before junction....
). Its length is 248 metres. The construction of bridge began in 2005 and costs 796.26 millions rublesRussian rubleThe ruble or rouble is the currency of the Russian Federation and the two partially recognized republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Formerly, the ruble was also the currency of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union prior to their breakups. Belarus and Transnistria also use currencies with...
.
- The bridge at Krasin Street.
- The bridge at 1st Trudovaya Street is last. It is situated about the mouth of Mulyanka.
The mouth of Mulyanka is situated in the Zheleznodorozhny microdistrict of Dzerzhinsky City District
Dzerzhinsky City District, Perm
Dzerzhinsky City District is one of the seven city districts of Perm. Population: -Name:The city district is called after Felix Dzerzhinsky, a Soviet revolutionary and politician.-Geography:...
of Perm. The width of Mulyanka is frequently changing and in some places reaches 400 m.
Ship transport
Mulyanka is not included in the list of navigable rivers of Perm KraiPerm Krai
Perm Krai is a federal subject of Russia that came into existence on December 1, 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. The city of Perm became the administrative center of the new federal subject...
, which consists of Kama
Kama River
Kama is a major river in Russia, the longest left tributary of the Volga and the largest one in discharge; in fact, it is larger than the Volga before junction....
, Vishera
Vishera River
Vishera is the name of several rivers in Russia:*Vishera River *Vishera River *Vishera River **Bolshaya Vishera River, its tributary**Malaya Vishera River, its tributary...
, Sylva
Sylva River
Sylva River is a river in Sverdlovsk Oblast and Perm Krai in Russia. It is in length. The area of the basin is . The Sylva River flows into the Chusovoy Cove of the Kama Reservoir. It freezes up in November and stays under the ice until April. Principal tributaries: Iren, Barda, Shakva...
, and Chusovaya.
History
Toponymy
Toponymy is the scientific study of place names , their origins, meanings, use and typology. The word "toponymy" is derived from the Greek words tópos and ónoma . Toponymy is itself a branch of onomastics, the study of names of all kinds...
is considered to be Permic
Permic languages
Permic languages are a branch of the Uralic language family. They are spoken in the foothills of the Ural Mountains of Russia.* Komi** Komi-Permyak** Komi-Yodzyak ** Komi-Zyryan...
, the names of rivers of Upper Mulyanka and Lower Mulyanka came from the Persian
Persian language
Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and countries which historically came under Persian influence...
word "mullah
Mullah
Mullah is generally used to refer to a Muslim man, educated in Islamic theology and sacred law. The title, given to some Islamic clergy, is derived from the Arabic word مَوْلَى mawlā , meaning "vicar", "master" and "guardian"...
". The researchers of history of Perm Krai connect it with Tatarian
Tatars
Tatars are a Turkic speaking ethnic group , numbering roughly 7 million.The majority of Tatars live in the Russian Federation, with a population of around 5.5 million, about 2 million of which in the republic of Tatarstan.Significant minority populations are found in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,...
prince Mametkul, who settled in the region before or during the reign of Ivan the Terrible
Ivan IV of Russia
Ivan IV Vasilyevich , known in English as Ivan the Terrible , was Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 until his death. His long reign saw the conquest of the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia, transforming Russia into a multiethnic and multiconfessional state spanning almost one billion acres,...
and was an imam
Imam
An imam is an Islamic leadership position, often the worship leader of a mosque and the Muslim community. Similar to spiritual leaders, the imam is the one who leads Islamic worship services. More often, the community turns to the mosque imam if they have a religious question...
, or mullah
Mullah
Mullah is generally used to refer to a Muslim man, educated in Islamic theology and sacred law. The title, given to some Islamic clergy, is derived from the Arabic word مَوْلَى mawlā , meaning "vicar", "master" and "guardian"...
. His elder son, Urak-bey Mametkulov, lived at the Upper Mulyanka, and the younger son, Irak-bey Syundyuk-bey Mametkulov lived at the Lower Mulyanka. So came the names of this rivers and the villages Verkhniye Mully (meaning, 'The Upper Mullahs') and Nizhniye Mully ('The Lower Mullahs'), respectively. More old Pre-Turkic names of this rivers were lost.
In 1722, Georg Wilhelm de Gennin
Georg Wilhelm de Gennin
Georg Wilhelm de Gennin or Vilim Ivanovich de Gennin was a German-born Russian military officer and engineer who specialized in mining and metallurgy....
, manager of Ural State Factories and master Cimmerman, took samples of copper
Copper
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; an exposed surface has a reddish-orange tarnish...
ore
Ore
An ore is a type of rock that contains minerals with important elements including metals. The ores are extracted through mining; these are then refined to extract the valuable element....
from the banks of Mulyanka. The test results confirmed de Gennin's intention to start the construction of Yegoshikha copper smelting factory which resulted in the foundation of Perm
Perm
Perm is a city and the administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia, located on the banks of the Kama River, in the European part of Russia near the Ural Mountains. From 1940 to 1957 it was named Molotov ....
city.
Ecology
Mulyanka runs along the borders of the city of Perm and is contaminated by industrial waste, such at that of stock-breeding farms and sawmills. Mulyanka is influenced by the adjacency of oil refinery of JSC "LUKOIL-Permnefteorgsintez" which was put into operation in 1958.Chemical composition
According to a 2004 report by the Perm Oblast's Administration of Environment Protection, water in the Mulyanka River belongs to the 2nd to 3rd class of quality, but the upper waters, taking into account nitriteNitrite
The nitrite ion has the chemical formula NO2−. The anion is symmetric with equal N-O bond lengths and a O-N-O bond angle of ca. 120°. On protonation the unstable weak acid nitrous acid is produced. Nitrite can be oxidised or reduced, with product somewhat dependent on the oxidizing/reducing agent...
s, iron
Iron
Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is the most common element forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust...
and oxygen
Oxygen
Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς and -γενής , because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition...
content, belong to the 4th class. This makes it unsuitable for drinking
Drinking
Drinking is the act of consuming water or a beverage through the mouth. Water is required for many of life’s physiological processes. Both excessive and inadequate water intake are associated with health problems.-Physiology:...
and fish farming
Fish farming
Fish farming is the principal form of aquaculture, while other methods may fall under mariculture. Fish farming involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. A facility that releases young fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species'...
even after preliminary processing. The oxygen mode in the river is found to be unfavorable. The chemical consumption of oxygen amounts to 40–70 mg/l while the norm is 30 mg/l; the biochemical consumption is 5.15–7.08 mg/l, while norm is 5 mg/l. The concentration of suspended substances is 11–18 mg/l.
Condition of zoobenthos
According to the results of research, performed by experts of Perm State UniversityPerm State University
Perm State University or PSU is located in the city of Perm, Perm Krai, Russia. Founded in 1916, it claims to be one of the oldest universities in the Ural and eastern territories of Russia. Its current rector is Igor Makarikhin.-History:...
, the pollution of Mulyanka exercises strong negative influence on the condition of zoobenthos. Middle and lower parts of river are the most polluted ones. The biggest source of pollution is Lukoil Permneft Ltd, whose waste reaches Mulyanka by the Pyzh River
Pyzh River
The Pyzh is a small river in Perm Krai, Russia which flows in the city of Perm and nearby Permsky District and is a longest left tributary of the Mulyanka River. The border of Perm is partially goes along it. The length of Pyzh is 22 km....
. The oil products content of Mulyanka water at the place of the Pyzh's confluence
Confluence (geography)
In geography, a confluence is the meeting of two or more bodies of water. It usually refers to the point where two streams flow together, merging into a single stream...
exceeds the Maximum Permissible Concentration 49.4 times. Close to the mouth of Mulyanka ammonium
Ammonium
The ammonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic cation with the chemical formula NH. It is formed by the protonation of ammonia...
content exceeds the MPC 1.3 times, 2.5 times for nitrite
Nitrite
The nitrite ion has the chemical formula NO2−. The anion is symmetric with equal N-O bond lengths and a O-N-O bond angle of ca. 120°. On protonation the unstable weak acid nitrous acid is produced. Nitrite can be oxidised or reduced, with product somewhat dependent on the oxidizing/reducing agent...
s and 2 times for the oil products. As a result of bottom fauna
Fauna
Fauna or faunæ is all of the animal life of any particular region or time. The corresponding term for plants is flora.Zoologists and paleontologists use fauna to refer to a typical collection of animals found in a specific time or place, e.g. the "Sonoran Desert fauna" or the "Burgess shale fauna"...
sample analysis, 75 species have been discovered: ten species of Oligochaeta
Oligochaeta
Oligochaeta is a subclass of animals in the biological phylum Annelida, which is made up of many types of aquatic and terrestrial worms, and this includes all of the various earthworms...
, two species of Hirudinea, six species of Gastropoda
Gastropoda
The Gastropoda or gastropods, more commonly known as snails and slugs, are a large taxonomic class within the phylum Mollusca. The class Gastropoda includes snails and slugs of all kinds and all sizes from microscopic to quite large...
, two species of Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia is a taxonomic class of marine and freshwater molluscs. This class includes clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and many other families of molluscs that have two hinged shells...
, and 55 species of Insecta. The distribution of macrozoobenthos in different sectors of the river is:
| River sector | Number of species | Biomass Biomass Biomass, as a renewable energy source, is biological material from living, or recently living organisms. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly, or converted into other energy products such as biofuel.... , g/m² |
Quantity, thousands of specimens per m² |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | 53 | 57,9 | 4,8 |
| Middle | 23 | 11,8 | 1,2 |
| Lower | 24 | 4,8 |
Research by young ecologists
In 2003, a group of young ecologists from the School #6 of Perm city and the School of Kultayevo Village performed an investigation of the ecological condition of waterWater
Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state . Water also exists in a...
in the Mulyanka River within the project titled Ecological condition of small rivers of Perm City and suburb zone. The samples of water were taken close to Kultayevo Village and near the river mouth in Parkovy microdistrict
Microdistrict
Microdistrict, or microraion , is a residential complex—a primary structural element of the residential area construction in the Soviet Union and in some post-Soviet and former Communist states...
. The chemical analysis of water was performed in the Ecological Laboratory of Chemistry chair in the Perm State Pedagogical University. The research showed that chemical composition of Mulyanka water was different inside and outside the city. The data obtained demonstrated that "the water in the Mulyanka river isn't suitable for drinking".
Im 2005, pupils from the School #59 of Perm City took part in the DOOG—2005 "Remote Educational Contest in Geography" and performed an experiment
Experiment
An experiment is a methodical procedure carried out with the goal of verifying, falsifying, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis. Experiments vary greatly in their goal and scale, but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results...
entitled “Purification of water from the Mulyanka River”. The results are presented in the table:
| Water | Before purification | After the settling | After the filtration through the sand | After the absorption with coal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smell | light smell of slime | no | This stage of purification wasn't performed because the Mulyanka water sample happened to be clean enough. | no |
| Transparency | turbid | slightly turbid | transparent | |
| Colour | light yellow hue | light-coloured | light-coloured | |
| Presence of oil drops | no | no | no | |
| Presence of solid particles | no | no | no | |
| Water volume | 100 ml | 96 ml | 85 ml |
As a result of the experiment, the conclusion was made: "water, taken from the Mulyanka River, may be purified by settling, filtration and absorption". This work was rewarded the Second degree DOOG-2005 diploma.