Maurice Sugar
Encyclopedia
Maurice Sugar was an American political activist and labor attorney. He is best remembered as the General Counsel of the United Auto Workers Union from 1937 to 1946.
(now Superior Township
), the son of ethnic Jewish parents who had emigrated to America from Lithuania
, which was then part of the Russian empire
. Maurice's father, Kalman Sugar, worked as a storekeeper, selling general provisions.
Maurice's parents were not politically radical, with his father a staunch supporter of populist
Democrat
William Jennings Bryan
in the 1890s. Kalman Sugar eventually joined the Socialist Party of America
in 1918, but it was under the influence of his son, not vice-versa, as in the more typical case of so-called "red diaper babies
."
Growing up in Brimley, Sugar was exposed to the culture of a variety of nationalities, as a large number of immigrants from French Canada
, Sweden
, Finland
, and Germany
were employed in the dominant timber
industry of Michigan's Upper Peninsula
. The cultural diversity left its mark upon him, his biographer notes:
In the summer of 1900, the Sugar family moved to Detroit
, the bustling metropolis on Michigan's eastern shore. The city was in the cusp of an enormous economic boom based around the emerging automobile industry, which would expand from 7200 workers in the city in 1908 to over 100,000 just eight years later. The city boasted a large immigrant population, including many who had left poverty and repression in the Russian empire; some 88 percent of all Russian immigrants in Detroit were Jews. The reason for the Sugars' move was not cultural, however, but related to the belief of his parents that Maurice and his sister and brothers were being poorly educated in Brimley. The family store was left in the hands of one of Maurice's brothers, while Maurice's father invested in a Detroit clothing store.
Brimley was in a state of economic decline, however, with the International Paper Company pulling up stakes on its Brimley facility in 1903 and a recession
hitting the country in 1906. In an effort to save the floundering family store in Brimley, the Sugars returned in 1906. Maurice was sent with his brothers to Sault Ste. Marie
to attend high school
.
In September 1910, Sugar enrolled at the University of Michigan
in Ann Arbor
, studying law. Michigan was chosen for economic reasons: as a state-run school its tuition rate was more affordable than other more prestigious private universities. The school had a 3 year program in law at the time; Sugar completed his course work on schedule, graduating in 1913 with his Bachelor of Laws
degree.
While at college, Sugar had met a red-headed tomboy from Grand Rapids
, Jane Mayer. Mayer, the socialist daughter of socialists, and Sugar became close, both emotionally and politically, with the pair joining the University of Michigan chapter of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society
together. The couple would marry in April 1914.
(SPA) in 1912 and idolized the party's Presidential candidate, Eugene V. Debs
. He read socialist literature prolifically and was particularly influenced by the philosophical writings of Joseph Dietzgen
as well as the historical studies of Gustavus Myers
and Charles Edward Russell
.
Following his 1914 marriage, Sugar became increasingly active in the Socialist Party of Michigan
, state affiliate of the SPA. He attended the weekly meetings of Local Detroit Socialist Party, which at the time had a membership approaching 2,000. Sugar's verbal skills and mastery of Robert's Rules of Order
made him an ideal meeting meeting chairman and his mainstream "Regular" party views made him for some an attractive alternative to the radical "impossibilist
" Detroit shoe store owner John Keracher
. Sugar gained an additional following on the basis of his measured public lectures on a wide range of social, economic, and political themes. By 1916 both Sugar and his wife Jane Mayer had become recognized leaders in the local and state Socialist Party.
In 1916, Sugar ran for public office for the first time, standing as the SPA's candidate for District Attorney
in Wayne County
. Sugar won more votes than any other candidate on the Socialist ticket in the county, accumulating 3,681 votes — more even than Socialist Presidential candidate Allan L. Benson
, who received 3,236 votes.
Sugar's role as a prominent local as a critic of capitalist excess and advocate for the socialist cause brought him to the attention of the Detroit local of the International Typographical Union
(ITU), which was seeking more energetic courtroom representation than their current attorney had been providing. Embroiled in a strike and in the need of legal services, ITU Local 18 hired the young Sugar as its new permanent attorney — his first serious client. The experience he gained in the ITU's strike gave him publicity and access to other unions. While up to that time only a few attorneys had made "labor law" their specialty, such as Morris Hillquit
and Louis Waldman
in New York, Sugar soon decided to make the law as it related to trade unions
a professional specialty.
In 1917, Sugar was a delegate to the 1917 Emergency National Convention of the Socialist Party, held in St. Louis
. There he was elected to the convention's Ways and Means Committee and voted in favor of the party's controversial anti-militarist manifesto.
, the main fight for the Socialist Party in Detroit and across the country became the battle against the war and military conscription
. Immediately after the declaration of war, a bill calling for a military draft had been introduced in Congress, which was passed and signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson
on May 17, 1917. Unlike in many other parts of the country, the labor movement in Detroit did not simply fall in line behind the war effort, with Printers Local 18 and prominent individual labor leaders condemning the war. The official publication of the American Federation of Labor's
Detroit city federation filed to print declarations by AF of L leadership in favor of the war effort and in June the Detroit federation voted to endorse the anti-draft position of the People's Council for Peace and Democracy. Only direct pressure by the keeper of the purse, AF of L President Samuel Gompers
, forced them to later rescind this decision.
Sugar himself refused to register for the draft during World War I
. He was indicted, convicted and sentenced to a year in prison. As a result, he was disbarred. He was readmitted to the bar in 1923 through the efforts of Frank Murphy
, who was later to become governor of Michigan and a US Supreme Court justice. He did legal work for many AFL locals.
. He visited the Soviet Union
in 1933 and made a nationwide lecture tour to 40 cities after his return.
In 1934, Sugar defended James Victory, an African-American veteran of World War I who was accused of slashing the face of a white woman in an alley and stealing her purse. By exposing the weakness of the prosecution's case, and the strength of Victory's alibi, Sugar won an acquittal.
He was involved in the National Lawyer's Guild from that group's earliest days in 1937.
in northern Michigan. He was active in the affairs of the National Lawyer's Guild after his retirement.
Sugar's papers, consisting of over 58 linear feet of material, are housed at the Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University
in Detroit.
Early years
Maurice Sugar was born August 12, 1891 in Brimley, MichiganMichigan
Michigan is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake"....
(now Superior Township
Superior Township, Chippewa County, Michigan
Superior Township is a civil township of Chippewa County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,329 at the 2000 census.-Communities:...
), the son of ethnic Jewish parents who had emigrated to America from Lithuania
Lithuania
Lithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the biggest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark...
, which was then part of the Russian empire
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
. Maurice's father, Kalman Sugar, worked as a storekeeper, selling general provisions.
Maurice's parents were not politically radical, with his father a staunch supporter of populist
Populism
Populism can be defined as an ideology, political philosophy, or type of discourse. Generally, a common theme compares "the people" against "the elite", and urges social and political system changes. It can also be defined as a rhetorical style employed by members of various political or social...
Democrat
Democratic Party (United States)
The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...
William Jennings Bryan
William Jennings Bryan
William Jennings Bryan was an American politician in the late-19th and early-20th centuries. He was a dominant force in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, standing three times as its candidate for President of the United States...
in the 1890s. Kalman Sugar eventually joined the Socialist Party of America
Socialist Party of America
The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization...
in 1918, but it was under the influence of his son, not vice-versa, as in the more typical case of so-called "red diaper babies
Red diaper baby
Red diaper baby describes a child of parents who were members of the United States Communist Party or were close to the party or sympathetic to its aims.-History:...
."
Growing up in Brimley, Sugar was exposed to the culture of a variety of nationalities, as a large number of immigrants from French Canada
French Canada
French Canada, also known as "Lower Canada", is a term to distinguish the French Canadian population of Canada from English Canada.-Definition:...
, Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
, Finland
Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
, and Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
were employed in the dominant timber
Timber
Timber may refer to:* Timber, a term common in the United Kingdom and Australia for wood materials * Timber, Oregon, an unincorporated community in the U.S...
industry of Michigan's Upper Peninsula
Upper Peninsula of Michigan
The Upper Peninsula of Michigan is the northern of the two major land masses that make up the U.S. state of Michigan. It is commonly referred to as the Upper Peninsula, the U.P., or Upper Michigan. It is also known as the land "above the Bridge" linking the two peninsulas. The peninsula is bounded...
. The cultural diversity left its mark upon him, his biographer notes:
"While Sugar would retain a Jewish identity, growing up in a largely non-Jewish environment crated in him a strong melting-pot outlook. But his family associated mainly with fellow immigrants of non-English backgrounds and hence did not seek assimilationCultural assimilationCultural assimilation is a socio-political response to demographic multi-ethnicity that supports or promotes the assimilation of ethnic minorities into the dominant culture. The term assimilation is often used with regard to immigrants and various ethnic groups who have settled in a new land. New...
in an 'Anglo-conformity' manner... They therefore put a premium on interethnic ties through which they built their identities as Americans."
In the summer of 1900, the Sugar family moved to Detroit
Detroit, Michigan
Detroit is the major city among the primary cultural, financial, and transportation centers in the Metro Detroit area, a region of 5.2 million people. As the seat of Wayne County, the city of Detroit is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan and serves as a major port on the Detroit River...
, the bustling metropolis on Michigan's eastern shore. The city was in the cusp of an enormous economic boom based around the emerging automobile industry, which would expand from 7200 workers in the city in 1908 to over 100,000 just eight years later. The city boasted a large immigrant population, including many who had left poverty and repression in the Russian empire; some 88 percent of all Russian immigrants in Detroit were Jews. The reason for the Sugars' move was not cultural, however, but related to the belief of his parents that Maurice and his sister and brothers were being poorly educated in Brimley. The family store was left in the hands of one of Maurice's brothers, while Maurice's father invested in a Detroit clothing store.
Brimley was in a state of economic decline, however, with the International Paper Company pulling up stakes on its Brimley facility in 1903 and a recession
Recession
In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction, a general slowdown in economic activity. During recessions, many macroeconomic indicators vary in a similar way...
hitting the country in 1906. In an effort to save the floundering family store in Brimley, the Sugars returned in 1906. Maurice was sent with his brothers to Sault Ste. Marie
Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
Sault Ste. Marie is a city in and the county seat of Chippewa County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is in the north-eastern end of Michigan's Upper Peninsula, on the Canadian border, separated from its twin city of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, by the St. Marys River...
to attend high school
High school
High school is a term used in parts of the English speaking world to describe institutions which provide all or part of secondary education. The term is often incorporated into the name of such institutions....
.
In September 1910, Sugar enrolled at the University of Michigan
University of Michigan
The University of Michigan is a public research university located in Ann Arbor, Michigan in the United States. It is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus of the University of Michigan...
in Ann Arbor
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Ann Arbor is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County. The 2010 census places the population at 113,934, making it the sixth largest city in Michigan. The Ann Arbor Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 344,791 as of 2010...
, studying law. Michigan was chosen for economic reasons: as a state-run school its tuition rate was more affordable than other more prestigious private universities. The school had a 3 year program in law at the time; Sugar completed his course work on schedule, graduating in 1913 with his Bachelor of Laws
Bachelor of Laws
The Bachelor of Laws is an undergraduate, or bachelor, degree in law originating in England and offered in most common law countries as the primary law degree...
degree.
While at college, Sugar had met a red-headed tomboy from Grand Rapids
Grand Rapids, Michigan
Grand Rapids is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. The city is located on the Grand River about 40 miles east of Lake Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 188,040. In 2010, the Grand Rapids metropolitan area had a population of 774,160 and a combined statistical area, Grand...
, Jane Mayer. Mayer, the socialist daughter of socialists, and Sugar became close, both emotionally and politically, with the pair joining the University of Michigan chapter of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society
Intercollegiate Socialist Society
The Intercollegiate Socialist Society was the a Socialist student organization from 1905-1921. It attracted many prominent intellectuals and writers and acted as the unofficial Socialist Party of America student wing...
together. The couple would marry in April 1914.
Early career
Sugar apparently joined the Socialist Party of AmericaSocialist Party of America
The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization...
(SPA) in 1912 and idolized the party's Presidential candidate, Eugene V. Debs
Eugene V. Debs
Eugene Victor Debs was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World , and several times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States...
. He read socialist literature prolifically and was particularly influenced by the philosophical writings of Joseph Dietzgen
Joseph Dietzgen
Joseph Dietzgen was a German socialist philosopher, Marxist and journalist. Joseph was born in Blankenberg in the Rhine Province of Prussia. He was the first of five children of father Johann Gottfried Anno Dietzgen and mother Anna Margaretha Lückerath . He was, like his father, a tanner by...
as well as the historical studies of Gustavus Myers
Gustavus Myers
Gustavus Myers was an American journalist and historian who published a series of influential studies on capital formation. His name is associated with the muckraking era of American literature.-Early years:...
and Charles Edward Russell
Charles Edward Russell
Charles Edward Russell was an American journalist, politician, and a co-founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People...
.
Following his 1914 marriage, Sugar became increasingly active in the Socialist Party of Michigan
Socialist Party of Michigan
The Socialist Party of Michigan is the state chapter of the Socialist Party USA in the U.S. state of Michigan.-Formation:The Socialist Party of Michigan was the state affiliate of the Socialist Party of America , established in the summer of 1901...
, state affiliate of the SPA. He attended the weekly meetings of Local Detroit Socialist Party, which at the time had a membership approaching 2,000. Sugar's verbal skills and mastery of Robert's Rules of Order
Robert's Rules of Order
Robert's Rules of Order is the short title of a book containing rules of order intended to be adopted as a parliamentary authority for use by a deliberative assembly written by Brig. Gen...
made him an ideal meeting meeting chairman and his mainstream "Regular" party views made him for some an attractive alternative to the radical "impossibilist
Impossibilism
Impossibilism is an interpretation of Marxism. It emphasizes the limited value of reforms in overturning capitalism and insists on revolutionary political action as the only reliable method of bringing about socialism.-Origins of the concept:...
" Detroit shoe store owner John Keracher
John Keracher
John Keracher was a Scottish-born American Marxist politician who founded the Proletarian Party of America in 1920.-Early years:...
. Sugar gained an additional following on the basis of his measured public lectures on a wide range of social, economic, and political themes. By 1916 both Sugar and his wife Jane Mayer had become recognized leaders in the local and state Socialist Party.
In 1916, Sugar ran for public office for the first time, standing as the SPA's candidate for District Attorney
District attorney
In many jurisdictions in the United States, a District Attorney is an elected or appointed government official who represents the government in the prosecution of criminal offenses. The district attorney is the highest officeholder in the jurisdiction's legal department and supervises a staff of...
in Wayne County
Wayne County, Michigan
-History:Wayne County was one of the first counties formed when the Northwest Territory was organized. It was named for the American general "Mad Anthony" Wayne. It originally encompassed the entire area of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, as well as small sections that are now part of northern...
. Sugar won more votes than any other candidate on the Socialist ticket in the county, accumulating 3,681 votes — more even than Socialist Presidential candidate Allan L. Benson
Allan L. Benson
Allan Louis Benson was an American newspaper editor and author who ran for President as the Socialist Party of America candidate in 1916.-Early years:Benson was born in Plainfield, Michigan on November 6, 1871. His father, Adelbert L...
, who received 3,236 votes.
Sugar's role as a prominent local as a critic of capitalist excess and advocate for the socialist cause brought him to the attention of the Detroit local of the International Typographical Union
International Typographical Union
The International Typographical Union was a labor union founded on May 3, 1852 in the United States as the National Typographical Union. In its 1869 convention in Albany, New York, the union—having organized members in Canada—changed its name to the International Typographical Union...
(ITU), which was seeking more energetic courtroom representation than their current attorney had been providing. Embroiled in a strike and in the need of legal services, ITU Local 18 hired the young Sugar as its new permanent attorney — his first serious client. The experience he gained in the ITU's strike gave him publicity and access to other unions. While up to that time only a few attorneys had made "labor law" their specialty, such as Morris Hillquit
Morris Hillquit
Morris Hillquit was a founder and leader of the Socialist Party of America and prominent labor lawyer in New York City's Lower East Side during the early 20th century.-Early years:...
and Louis Waldman
Louis Waldman
Louis Waldman was a leading figure in the Socialist Party of America from the late 1910s and through the middle 1930s, a founding member of the Social Democratic Federation, and a prominent New York labor lawyer.-Early years:...
in New York, Sugar soon decided to make the law as it related to trade unions
Trade union
A trade union, trades union or labor union is an organization of workers that have banded together to achieve common goals such as better working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members and negotiates labour contracts with...
a professional specialty.
In 1917, Sugar was a delegate to the 1917 Emergency National Convention of the Socialist Party, held in St. Louis
St. Louis, Missouri
St. Louis is an independent city on the eastern border of Missouri, United States. With a population of 319,294, it was the 58th-largest U.S. city at the 2010 U.S. Census. The Greater St...
. There he was elected to the convention's Ways and Means Committee and voted in favor of the party's controversial anti-militarist manifesto.
Conscription issue
With American entry into World War IWorld War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
, the main fight for the Socialist Party in Detroit and across the country became the battle against the war and military conscription
Conscription
Conscription is the compulsory enlistment of people in some sort of national service, most often military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names...
. Immediately after the declaration of war, a bill calling for a military draft had been introduced in Congress, which was passed and signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, from 1913 to 1921. A leader of the Progressive Movement, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913...
on May 17, 1917. Unlike in many other parts of the country, the labor movement in Detroit did not simply fall in line behind the war effort, with Printers Local 18 and prominent individual labor leaders condemning the war. The official publication of the American Federation of Labor's
American Federation of Labor
The American Federation of Labor was one of the first federations of labor unions in the United States. It was founded in 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a national labor association. Samuel Gompers was elected president of the Federation at its...
Detroit city federation filed to print declarations by AF of L leadership in favor of the war effort and in June the Detroit federation voted to endorse the anti-draft position of the People's Council for Peace and Democracy. Only direct pressure by the keeper of the purse, AF of L President Samuel Gompers
Samuel Gompers
Samuel Gompers was an English-born American cigar maker who became a labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history. Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor , and served as that organization's president from 1886 to 1894 and from 1895 until his death in 1924...
, forced them to later rescind this decision.
Sugar himself refused to register for the draft during World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
. He was indicted, convicted and sentenced to a year in prison. As a result, he was disbarred. He was readmitted to the bar in 1923 through the efforts of Frank Murphy
Frank Murphy
William Francis Murphy was a politician and jurist from Michigan. He served as First Assistant U.S. District Attorney, Eastern Michigan District , Recorder's Court Judge, Detroit . Mayor of Detroit , the last Governor-General of the Philippines , U.S...
, who was later to become governor of Michigan and a US Supreme Court justice. He did legal work for many AFL locals.
Depression years
In 1932, he represented survivors of the Ford Hunger MarchFord Hunger March
The Ford Hunger March was a demonstration of unemployed workers starting in Detroit and ending in Dearborn, Michigan, that took place on March 7, 1932. The march resulted in four workers being shot to death by the Dearborn Police Department and security guards employed by the Ford Motor Company....
. He visited the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
in 1933 and made a nationwide lecture tour to 40 cities after his return.
In 1934, Sugar defended James Victory, an African-American veteran of World War I who was accused of slashing the face of a white woman in an alley and stealing her purse. By exposing the weakness of the prosecution's case, and the strength of Victory's alibi, Sugar won an acquittal.
He was involved in the National Lawyer's Guild from that group's earliest days in 1937.
Later years
Sugar retired from active practice 1950, and lived on Black LakeBlack Lake (Michigan)
Black Lake is located in Cheboygan and Presque Isle counties in Northern Michigan. With a surface area of 10,130 acres , it is the seventh largest inland lake in Michigan. The largest body of water in the Black River watershed, it drains through the Lower Black and Cheboygan Rivers into Lake Huron...
in northern Michigan. He was active in the affairs of the National Lawyer's Guild after his retirement.
Death and legacy
Maurice Sugar died on February 15, 1974. He was 82 years old at the time of his death.Sugar's papers, consisting of over 58 linear feet of material, are housed at the Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University
Wayne State University
Wayne State University is a public research university located in Detroit, Michigan, United States, in the city's Midtown Cultural Center Historic District. Founded in 1868, WSU consists of 13 schools and colleges offering more than 400 major subject areas to over 32,000 graduate and...
in Detroit.
Works
- Working Class Justice: A Popular Treatise on the Law of Injunctions in Labor Disputes. Detroit: Detroit Federation of Labor, 1916.
- The Auto Workers Tell the President Plenty! Statement to Presidential Board at Hearing on Automobile Industry in Detroit, December 16, 1934. Detroit: Committee for Maurice Sugar For Judge of Recorder's Court, n.d. [c. 1935].
- A Negro on Trial for his Life : The Frame-up of James Victory Exposed! Speech to Jury by Counsel for Defense Maurice Sugar, Candidate for Judge of Recorder's Court. Detroit: Committee for Maurice Sugar For Judge of Recorder's Court, n.d. [1935].
- A Guide to the Preparation of By-laws for Local Unions of UAW-CIO. Detroit: UAW-CIO Education Dept., 1944.
- The Ford Hunger March Berkeley, CA: Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Institute, 1980, ISBN 9780913876152
External links
- Maurice Sugar:law, labor, and the left in Detroit, 1912-1950, by Christopher H. Johnson (much of the text of the book)
- Finding Aid for the Maurice Sugar Papers, Wayne State University, Detroit. Retrieved July 14, 2010.