Lubin
Encyclopedia
Lubin ' is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship
in south-western Poland
. From 1975–1998 it belonged to the former Legnica Voivodeship
. Lubin is the administrative seat of Lubin County
, and also of the rural district called Gmina Lubin
, although it is not part of the territory of the latter, as the town forms a separate urban gmina
. As of the 2009 census
, the town had a total population of 74,552.
Lubin is situated on the Zimnica river in the Lower Silesia
n historical region, about 71 km (44.1 mi) northwest of Wrocław and 20 km (12.4 mi) north of Legnica
.
The third-largest Polish corporation, the KGHM Polska Miedź
mining company, has its headquarters in Lubin.
tribes, the Dziadoszanie and the Trzebowianie, whose lands were subdued by King Mieszko I of Poland
about 990. It is unclear which of the two tribes, if either, founded the town. One legend states that the town derives its name from Luba, a young man credited with slaying a giant bear that had been terrifying the inhabitants. A papal bull
dated to circa 1155 mentions Lubin as one of 13 Silesian castellanies
.
According to legend the Polish voivode Piotr Włostowic of Dunin (1080–1153) had a fieldstone church
built on the hill in the west of Lubin, where about 1230 a castellany
and a village arose that until today is called the Old Town . The settlement in the Duchy of Głogów was first mentioned under the Old Polish name of Lubin in a 1267 deed by Pope Clement IV
as a fiefdom of Trzebnica Abbey
.
The New Town of what is today Lubin was probably founded in the 1280s under the rule of Duke Przemko of Ścinawa
by German
settlers, maybe descending from Lower Lorraine
or Franconia
, in the course of the Ostsiedlung
. It obtained its city rights
about 1295. In 1329 Duke John of Ścinawa paid homage to King John of Bohemia, who upon the death of John's brother Duke Przemko II of Głogów in 1331 invaded the lands, which were incorporated into the Kingdom of Bohemia
and shared the political fortunes of the Silesia
n crown land.
From 1348 Lubin Castle served as the residence of the Piast
duke Louis I the Fair
and his descendants. In the quarrel with his elder brother Duke Wenceslaus I of Legnica
a 1359 judgement by Emperor Charles IV
alloted Lubin along with Krzeczyn Wielki
, Krzeczyn Mały, Osiek
and Pieszków
to Louis. About 1353 he had a manuscript on the life of Saint Hedwig of Andechs
drawn up, later called Schlackenwerth (Ostrov
) Codex, which today is kept at the J. Paul Getty Museum
. In the late 15th century the Lubin parish church was rebuilt in its present-day Gothic
style, its high altar was moved to Wrocław Cathedral in 1951. Under the rule of Duke George I of Brieg
(d. 1521) and his widow Anna of Pomerania
, the reformer Caspar Schwenckfeld, born in nearby Osiek, made the town a centre of the Protestant Reformation
in Lower Silesia.
With Bohemian Silesia, Lubin in 1526 fell to the Habsburg Monarchy
, it was devastated several times during the Thirty Years' War
and conquered by King Frederick II of Prussia
in 1742. In 1871 it was connected by rail to Liegnitz
and Glogau. During World War II
about 70% of its buildings were destroyed. In 1945 between the days of 8–10 February Red Army
soldiers mass-murdered 150 German pensioners in an old-people's home and 500 psychiatric hospital patients in Lubin. As a result of the decisions taken at the 1945 Potsdam Conference
, the town east of the Oder-Neisse line
became a part of the Republic of Poland
. The German population was forcibly expelled
and replaced by Poles, many of them expellees themselves from areas of eastern Poland
annexed by the Soviet Union
.
In 1982 the town saw significant demonstrations against the martial law
declared by the Communist regime, which were put down by security units, resulting in the deaths of three people.
No. 3 (International E65) - Jakuszyce-Legnica-Lubin-Zielona Góra-Gorzów Wielkopolski-Szczecin-Świnoujście
No. 36 - Rawicz-Lubin-Prochowice(-Wrocław)
Lubin has an international airport
with a 1000m concrete/asphalt runway.
Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Lower Silesian Voivodeship, or Lower Silesia Province , is one of the 16 voivodeships into which Poland is currently divided. It lies in southwestern Poland...
in south-western Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
. From 1975–1998 it belonged to the former Legnica Voivodeship
Legnica Voivodeship
Legnica Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in the years 1975–1998, superseded by Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Its capital city was Legnica.-Major cities and towns :* Legnica...
. Lubin is the administrative seat of Lubin County
Lubin County
Lubin County is a unit of territorial administration and local government in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, south-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. The county covers an area of...
, and also of the rural district called Gmina Lubin
Gmina Lubin
Gmina Lubin is a rural gmina in Lubin County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Lubin, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina....
, although it is not part of the territory of the latter, as the town forms a separate urban gmina
Gmina
The gmina is the principal unit of administrative division of Poland at its lowest uniform level. It is often translated as "commune" or "municipality." As of 2010 there were 2,479 gminas throughout the country...
. As of the 2009 census
Census
A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population. The term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common...
, the town had a total population of 74,552.
Lubin is situated on the Zimnica river in the Lower Silesia
Lower Silesia
Lower Silesia ; is the northwestern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia; Upper Silesia is to the southeast.Throughout its history Lower Silesia has been under the control of the medieval Kingdom of Poland, the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy from 1526...
n historical region, about 71 km (44.1 mi) northwest of Wrocław and 20 km (12.4 mi) north of Legnica
Legnica
Legnica is a town in south-western Poland, in Silesia, in the central part of Lower Silesia, on the plain of Legnica, riverside: Kaczawa and Czarna Woda. Between 1 June 1975 and 31 December 1998 Legnica was the capital of the Legnica Voivodeship. It is currently the seat of the county...
.
The third-largest Polish corporation, the KGHM Polska Miedź
KGHM Polska Miedz
KGHM Polska Miedź is one of the largest producers of copper and silver in the world. The mining & metallurgy company is based in Poland in Lubin. KGHM Polska Miedź S.A...
mining company, has its headquarters in Lubin.
History
Lubin lies midway between the main settlements of two ŚlężanieSlezanie
Ślężanie were a tribe of West Slavs, specifically of the Lechitic , inhabiting territories of Lower Silesia, near Ślęża mountain and Ślęza river, on the both banks of the Oder, up to the area of modern city of Wrocław...
tribes, the Dziadoszanie and the Trzebowianie, whose lands were subdued by King Mieszko I of Poland
Mieszko I of Poland
Mieszko I , was a Duke of the Polans from about 960 until his death. A member of the Piast dynasty, he was son of Siemomysł; grandchild of Lestek; father of Bolesław I the Brave, the first crowned King of Poland; likely father of Świętosława , a Nordic Queen; and grandfather of her son, Cnut the...
about 990. It is unclear which of the two tribes, if either, founded the town. One legend states that the town derives its name from Luba, a young man credited with slaying a giant bear that had been terrifying the inhabitants. A papal bull
Papal bull
A Papal bull is a particular type of letters patent or charter issued by a Pope of the Catholic Church. It is named after the bulla that was appended to the end in order to authenticate it....
dated to circa 1155 mentions Lubin as one of 13 Silesian castellanies
Castellany
A castellany was a district administered by a castellan.Castellanies appeared during the Middle Ages and in most current states are now replaced by a more modern type of country subdivision....
.
According to legend the Polish voivode Piotr Włostowic of Dunin (1080–1153) had a fieldstone church
Fieldstone church
The term fieldstone church denotes a type of church, built using fieldstone of glacial erratics and glacial rubble. Such churches occur mostly in areas where the ice ages have deposited such rock material on the one hand, and where on the other hand there is little or no access to natural rock for...
built on the hill in the west of Lubin, where about 1230 a castellany
Castellany
A castellany was a district administered by a castellan.Castellanies appeared during the Middle Ages and in most current states are now replaced by a more modern type of country subdivision....
and a village arose that until today is called the Old Town . The settlement in the Duchy of Głogów was first mentioned under the Old Polish name of Lubin in a 1267 deed by Pope Clement IV
Pope Clement IV
Pope Clement IV , born Gui Faucoi called in later life le Gros , was elected Pope February 5, 1265, in a conclave held at Perugia that took four months, while cardinals argued over whether to call in Charles of Anjou, the youngest brother of Louis IX of France...
as a fiefdom of Trzebnica Abbey
Sanctuary of St. Jadwiga in Trzebnica
Sanctuary of St. Jadwiga in Trzebnica is a convent for Cistercian nuns, situated in Trzebnica north of Wrocław, in Silesia, Poland, founded in 1203. After few decades of abandonment in the 19th century, it is an abbey of the Sisters of Mercy of St...
.
The New Town of what is today Lubin was probably founded in the 1280s under the rule of Duke Przemko of Ścinawa
Przemko of Ścinawa
Przemko of Ścinawa was Duke of Żagań from 1278 to 1284 and Duke of Ścinawa from 1284 until his death.He was the third and youngest son of Konrad I, Duke of Głogów by his first wife Salome, daughter of Duke Władysław of Greater Poland.-Duke of Żagań and later of Ścinawa:After his father's death in...
by German
Germans
The Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages....
settlers, maybe descending from Lower Lorraine
Lower Lorraine
The Duchy of Lower Lorraine or Lower Lotharingia , established in 959 was a stem duchy of the medieval German kingdom, which encompassed part of modern-day Belgium, the Netherlands, the northern part of the German Rhineland and a part of northern France east of the Schelde river.It was created out...
or Franconia
Franconia
Franconia is a region of Germany comprising the northern parts of the modern state of Bavaria, a small part of southern Thuringia, and a region in northeastern Baden-Württemberg called Tauberfranken...
, in the course of the Ostsiedlung
Ostsiedlung
Ostsiedlung , also called German eastward expansion, was the medieval eastward migration and settlement of Germans from modern day western and central Germany into less-populated regions and countries of eastern Central Europe and Eastern Europe. The affected area roughly stretched from Slovenia...
. It obtained its city rights
Magdeburg rights
Magdeburg Rights or Magdeburg Law were a set of German town laws regulating the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted by a local ruler. Modelled and named after the laws of the German city of Magdeburg and developed during many centuries of the Holy Roman Empire, it was...
about 1295. In 1329 Duke John of Ścinawa paid homage to King John of Bohemia, who upon the death of John's brother Duke Przemko II of Głogów in 1331 invaded the lands, which were incorporated into the Kingdom of Bohemia
Kingdom of Bohemia
The Kingdom of Bohemia was a country located in the region of Bohemia in Central Europe, most of whose territory is currently located in the modern-day Czech Republic. The King was Elector of Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 1806, whereupon it became part of the Austrian Empire, and...
and shared the political fortunes of the Silesia
Silesia
Silesia is a historical region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with smaller parts also in the Czech Republic, and Germany.Silesia is rich in mineral and natural resources, and includes several important industrial areas. Silesia's largest city and historical capital is Wrocław...
n crown land.
From 1348 Lubin Castle served as the residence of the Piast
Silesian Piasts
The Silesian Piasts were the oldest line of the Piast dynasty beginning with Władysław II the Exile, son of Bolesław III Wrymouth, Duke of Poland...
duke Louis I the Fair
Ludwik I the Fair
Ludwik I the Fair or Louis I the Fair also known as the Wise, the Right or of Brzeg , was a Duke of Legnica two times: first during 1342-1345 and secondly during 1345-1346 , and Duke of Brzeg from 1358...
and his descendants. In the quarrel with his elder brother Duke Wenceslaus I of Legnica
Wenceslaus I of Legnica
Wenceslaus I of Legnica was a Duke of Namysłów since 1338 and of Legnica-Brieg since 1342 until his death, but with further divisions with his brother Louis I....
a 1359 judgement by Emperor Charles IV
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles IV , born Wenceslaus , was the second king of Bohemia from the House of Luxembourg, and the first king of Bohemia to also become Holy Roman Emperor....
alloted Lubin along with Krzeczyn Wielki
Krzeczyn Wielki
Krzeczyn Wielki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubin, within Lubin County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. The appendix Wielki serves to distinguish the place from the neighbouring Krzeczyn Mały...
, Krzeczyn Mały, Osiek
Osiek, Lubin County
Osiek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubin, within Lubin County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany. It was the birthplace of the Protestant Reformer Kaspar Schwenkfeld von Ossig in 1490...
and Pieszków
Pieszków, Lubin County
Pieszków is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubin, within Lubin County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany. It lies approximately south of Lubin and west of the regional capital Wrocław....
to Louis. About 1353 he had a manuscript on the life of Saint Hedwig of Andechs
Hedwig of Andechs
Saint Hedwig of Silesia , also Saint Hedwig of Andechs from the comital House of Andechs was Duchess of Silesia from 1201 and of Greater Poland from 1231 as well as High Duchess consort of Poland from 1232 until 1238.-Life:...
drawn up, later called Schlackenwerth (Ostrov
Ostrov (Karlovy Vary District)
Ostrov , is a town in the Carlsbad Region, Czech Republic. It is located at a foothill of the Ore Mountains about 10 km northeast of Karlovy Vary and has a population of 16,999 ....
) Codex, which today is kept at the J. Paul Getty Museum
J. Paul Getty Museum
The J. Paul Getty Museum, a program of the J. Paul Getty Trust, is an art museum. It has two locations, one at the Getty Center in Los Angeles, California, and one at the Getty Villa in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, California...
. In the late 15th century the Lubin parish church was rebuilt in its present-day Gothic
Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture....
style, its high altar was moved to Wrocław Cathedral in 1951. Under the rule of Duke George I of Brieg
George I of Brieg
George I of Brieg , was a Duke of Legnica during 1488-1505 and of Brzeg since 1505 until his death....
(d. 1521) and his widow Anna of Pomerania
Anna of Pomerania, Duchess of Lubin
Anna of Pomerania was a Princess member of the House of Pomerania and by marriage Duchess of Brzeg....
, the reformer Caspar Schwenckfeld, born in nearby Osiek, made the town a centre of the Protestant Reformation
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a 16th-century split within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other early Protestants. The efforts of the self-described "reformers", who objected to the doctrines, rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church, led...
in Lower Silesia.
With Bohemian Silesia, Lubin in 1526 fell to the Habsburg Monarchy
Habsburg Monarchy
The Habsburg Monarchy covered the territories ruled by the junior Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg , and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine , between 1526 and 1867/1918. The Imperial capital was Vienna, except from 1583 to 1611, when it was moved to Prague...
, it was devastated several times during the Thirty Years' War
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most countries in Europe. It was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history....
and conquered by King Frederick II of Prussia
Frederick II of Prussia
Frederick II was a King in Prussia and a King of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty. In his role as a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, he was also Elector of Brandenburg. He was in personal union the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel...
in 1742. In 1871 it was connected by rail to Liegnitz
Legnica
Legnica is a town in south-western Poland, in Silesia, in the central part of Lower Silesia, on the plain of Legnica, riverside: Kaczawa and Czarna Woda. Between 1 June 1975 and 31 December 1998 Legnica was the capital of the Legnica Voivodeship. It is currently the seat of the county...
and Glogau. During World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
about 70% of its buildings were destroyed. In 1945 between the days of 8–10 February Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
soldiers mass-murdered 150 German pensioners in an old-people's home and 500 psychiatric hospital patients in Lubin. As a result of the decisions taken at the 1945 Potsdam Conference
Potsdam Conference
The Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, occupied Germany, from 16 July to 2 August 1945. Participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States...
, the town east of the Oder-Neisse line
Oder-Neisse line
The Oder–Neisse line is the border between Germany and Poland which was drawn in the aftermath of World War II. The line is formed primarily by the Oder and Lusatian Neisse rivers, and meets the Baltic Sea west of the seaport cities of Szczecin and Świnoujście...
became a part of the Republic of Poland
People's Republic of Poland
The People's Republic of Poland was the official name of Poland from 1952 to 1990. Although the Soviet Union took control of the country immediately after the liberation from Nazi Germany in 1944, the name of the state was not changed until eight years later...
. The German population was forcibly expelled
Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II
The flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland was the largest of a series of flights and expulsions of Germans in Europe during and after World War II...
and replaced by Poles, many of them expellees themselves from areas of eastern Poland
Kresy
The Polish term Kresy refers to a land considered by Poles as historical eastern provinces of their country. Today, it makes western Ukraine, western Belarus, as well as eastern Lithuania, with such major cities, as Lviv, Vilnius, and Hrodna. This territory belonged to the Polish-Lithuanian...
annexed by the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
.
In 1982 the town saw significant demonstrations against the martial law
Martial law in Poland
Martial law in Poland refers to the period of time from December 13, 1981 to July 22, 1983, when the authoritarian government of the People's Republic of Poland drastically restricted normal life by introducing martial law in an attempt to crush political opposition to it. Thousands of opposition...
declared by the Communist regime, which were put down by security units, resulting in the deaths of three people.
Education
- Uczelnia Zawodowa Zagłębia Miedziowego
- I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Mikołaja Kopernika w Lubinie
Sports
- Zagłębie Lubin - men's Ekstraklasa football team, Polish champion in 1990-1991 and 2006-2007.
- Interferie Zagłębie Lubin - men's handballHandball in PolandHandball is a popular team sport in Poland.* Polish Seria A Handball League* Polish Seria B Handball League* Polish Seria A Women's Handball League* Polish Seria B Women's Handball League* Polish Cup in men handball* Polish Cup in women handball...
team playing in Polish Ekstraklasa Men's Handball LeaguePolish Ekstraklasa Men's Handball League-Champions of Poland:-See also:* Handball in Poland* Polish Ekstraklasa Women's Handball League* Sports in Poland...
(champion of Poland in season 2006/2007) and women's handballHandball in PolandHandball is a popular team sport in Poland.* Polish Seria A Handball League* Polish Seria B Handball League* Polish Seria A Women's Handball League* Polish Seria B Women's Handball League* Polish Cup in men handball* Polish Cup in women handball...
team playing in Polish Ekstraklasa Women's Handball LeaguePolish Ekstraklasa Women's Handball League-History:* 1939 - Znicz Łódź* 1946 - Zryw Łódź* 1947 - Zryw Łódź* 1948 - SKS Warszawa* 1949 - Unia Łódź* 1950 - Spójnia Warszawa* 1951 - Unia Łódź* 1952 - Unia Łódź* 1953 - not held* 1954 - not held* 1955 - Stal Chorzów* 1956 - Stal Chorzów...
.
Transport
Roads:No. 3 (International E65) - Jakuszyce-Legnica-Lubin-Zielona Góra-Gorzów Wielkopolski-Szczecin-Świnoujście
No. 36 - Rawicz-Lubin-Prochowice(-Wrocław)
Lubin has an international airport
Lubin-Obora Airport
Lubin Airport is a general aviation airport of the local aeroclub, Aeroklub Zagłębia Miedziowego, in Lubin, Poland. It is located in the north part of city...
with a 1000m concrete/asphalt runway.
Born in Lubin
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(27 September 1781 - 25 June 1864), the second King of WürttembergKingdom of WürttembergThe Kingdom of Württemberg was a state that existed from 1806 to 1918, located in present-day Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It was a continuation of the Duchy of Württemberg, which came into existence in 1495...
from 1816 until his death, was born in Lüben, where his father Frederick IFrederick I of WürttembergFrederick I William Charles of Württemberg was the first King of Württemberg. He was known for his size: at and about , he was in contrast to Napoleon, who recognized him as King of Württemberg.-Biography:...
served as a commander in the Prussian ArmyPrussian ArmyThe Royal Prussian Army was the army of the Kingdom of Prussia. It was vital to the development of Brandenburg-Prussia as a European power.The Prussian Army had its roots in the meager mercenary forces of Brandenburg during the Thirty Years' War... - Gerd von Tresckow (21 March 1899 - 6 September 1944, suicide), WehrmachtWehrmachtThe Wehrmacht – from , to defend and , the might/power) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the Heer , the Kriegsmarine and the Luftwaffe .-Origin and use of the term:...
officer, resistance fighter 20 July plot, elder brother of Henning von TresckowHenning von TresckowGeneralmajor Herrmann Karl Robert "Henning" von Tresckow was a Major General in the German Wehrmacht who organized German resistance against Adolf Hitler. He attempted to assassinate Hitler in March 1943 and drafted the Valkyrie plan for a coup against the German government... - Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von GersdorffRudolf Christoph Freiherr von GersdorffRudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff was a military officer in Germany’s Weimar-period Reichswehr and Nazi-period Wehrmacht. He attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler by suicide bombing in March 1943; the plan failed but he was undetected. In April 1943 he discovered the mass graves of the...
(27 March 1905 - 27 January 1980), Wehrmacht officer, one of the few German military anti-Hitler plotters to survive the war - Tadeusz Maćkała (born 2 November 1962), politician
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(born 3 January 1982), musician - Mariusz JurkiewiczMariusz JurkiewiczMariusz Jurkiewicz is a Polish handball player and a member of Poland national handball team. He currently plays in ASOBAL league for the Spanish club Ciudad Real/BM Atletico Madyt.- External links :...
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(born 20 October 1988), speed skater - Arkadiusz WoźniakArkadiusz WoźniakArkadiusz Woźniak is a Polish footballer who plays as a forward for Zagłębie Lubin.- External links :* at 90minut.pl...
(born 1 June 1990), football player - Wojciech Rutkowski (born 2 August 0000), politician
- Adrian BłądAdrian BłądAdrian Błąd is a Polish football player who plays as a midfielder for Zawisza Bydgoszcz, on loan from Zagłębie Lubin.-Club:He made his debut for Zagłębie in a 1-0 defeat to Ruch Chorzów on 21 August 2009....
(born 16 April 1991), football player