Lonsdaleite
Encyclopedia
Lonsdaleite also called hexagonal diamond
in reference to the crystal structure
, is an allotrope of carbon with a hexagonal lattice. In nature, it forms when meteor
ites containing graphite
strike the Earth. The great heat and stress of the impact transforms the graphite into diamond, but retains graphite's hexagonal crystal lattice. Lonsdaleite was first identified in 1967 from the Canyon Diablo meteorite
, where it occurs as microscopic crystals associated with diamond.
Hexagonal diamond has also been synthesized
in the laboratory (1966 or earlier; published in 1967) by compressing and heating graphite
either in a static press or using explosives. It has also been produced by chemical vapor deposition
, and also by the thermal decomposition of a polymer, poly(hydridocarbyne)
, at atmospheric pressure, under argon atmosphere, at temperature 110 °C (230 °F).
It is translucent, brownish-yellow in color, and has an index of refraction
of 2.40 to 2.41, a specific gravity
of 3.2 to 3.3, and a Mohs hardness of 7–8. The Mohs hardness of diamond is 10, and the lower hardness of lonsdaleite is chiefly attributed to impurities and imperfections in the naturally occurring material. A simulated pure sample has been found to be 58% harder than diamond.
unit cell, related to the diamond
unit cell in the same way that the hexagonal and cubic close packed
crystal system
s are related. The diamond structure can be considered to be made up of interlocking rings of six carbon atoms, in the chair conformation. In lonsdaleite, some of the rings are in the boat conformation instead. In diamond, all the carbon-to-carbon bonds, both within a layer of rings and between them, are in the staggered conformation, thus causing all four cubic-diagonal directions to be equivalent; while in lonsdaleite the bonds between layers are in the eclipsed conformation, which defines the axis of hexagonal symmetry.
Lonsdaleite is simulated to be 58% harder than diamond on the <100>
face and to resist indentation pressures of 152 GPa, whereas diamond would break at 97 GPa. This is still below IIa
diamond
's <111> tip hardness of 162 GPa.
, Kenna, and Allan Hills 77283. It has also been reported from the Tunguska impact site.
Diamond
In mineralogy, diamond is an allotrope of carbon, where the carbon atoms are arranged in a variation of the face-centered cubic crystal structure called a diamond lattice. Diamond is less stable than graphite, but the conversion rate from diamond to graphite is negligible at ambient conditions...
in reference to the crystal structure
Crystal structure
In mineralogy and crystallography, crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms or molecules in a crystalline liquid or solid. A crystal structure is composed of a pattern, a set of atoms arranged in a particular way, and a lattice exhibiting long-range order and symmetry...
, is an allotrope of carbon with a hexagonal lattice. In nature, it forms when meteor
METEOR
METEOR is a metric for the evaluation of machine translation output. The metric is based on the harmonic mean of unigram precision and recall, with recall weighted higher than precision...
ites containing graphite
Graphite
The mineral graphite is one of the allotropes of carbon. It was named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789 from the Ancient Greek γράφω , "to draw/write", for its use in pencils, where it is commonly called lead . Unlike diamond , graphite is an electrical conductor, a semimetal...
strike the Earth. The great heat and stress of the impact transforms the graphite into diamond, but retains graphite's hexagonal crystal lattice. Lonsdaleite was first identified in 1967 from the Canyon Diablo meteorite
Canyon Diablo meteorite
The Canyon Diablo meteorite comprises many fragments of the asteroid that impacted at Barringer Crater , Arizona, USA. Meteorites have been found around the crater rim, and are named for nearby Canyon Diablo, which lies about three to four miles west of the crater.-History:The asteroid fell about...
, where it occurs as microscopic crystals associated with diamond.
Hexagonal diamond has also been synthesized
Chemical synthesis
In chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of chemical reactions to get a product, or several products. This happens by physical and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more reactions...
in the laboratory (1966 or earlier; published in 1967) by compressing and heating graphite
Graphite
The mineral graphite is one of the allotropes of carbon. It was named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789 from the Ancient Greek γράφω , "to draw/write", for its use in pencils, where it is commonly called lead . Unlike diamond , graphite is an electrical conductor, a semimetal...
either in a static press or using explosives. It has also been produced by chemical vapor deposition
Chemical vapor deposition
Chemical vapor deposition is a chemical process used to produce high-purity, high-performance solid materials. The process is often used in the semiconductor industry to produce thin films. In a typical CVD process, the wafer is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react and/or...
, and also by the thermal decomposition of a polymer, poly(hydridocarbyne)
Poly(hydridocarbyne)
PolyFormula[HC]nMolecular mass200,000 to 100 million DaltonsMelting pointdecomposes @ 100°CBoiling point N/A Density??.?? g/cm³CAS number???-??-?SMILES???????...
, at atmospheric pressure, under argon atmosphere, at temperature 110 °C (230 °F).
It is translucent, brownish-yellow in color, and has an index of refraction
Refractive index
In optics the refractive index or index of refraction of a substance or medium is a measure of the speed of light in that medium. It is expressed as a ratio of the speed of light in vacuum relative to that in the considered medium....
of 2.40 to 2.41, a specific gravity
Specific gravity
Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance. Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a volume of the substance to the weight of an equal volume of the reference substance. The reference substance is nearly always water for...
of 3.2 to 3.3, and a Mohs hardness of 7–8. The Mohs hardness of diamond is 10, and the lower hardness of lonsdaleite is chiefly attributed to impurities and imperfections in the naturally occurring material. A simulated pure sample has been found to be 58% harder than diamond.
Properties
Lonsdaleite has a hexagonalHexagonal crystal system
In crystallography, the hexagonal crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems, the hexagonal lattice system is one of the 7 lattice systems, and the hexagonal crystal family is one of the 6 crystal families...
unit cell, related to the diamond
Diamond
In mineralogy, diamond is an allotrope of carbon, where the carbon atoms are arranged in a variation of the face-centered cubic crystal structure called a diamond lattice. Diamond is less stable than graphite, but the conversion rate from diamond to graphite is negligible at ambient conditions...
unit cell in the same way that the hexagonal and cubic close packed
Close-packing
In geometry, close-packing of equal spheres is a dense arrangement of congruent spheres in an infinite, regular arrangement . Carl Friedrich Gauss proved that the highest average density – that is, the greatest fraction of space occupied by spheres – that can be achieved by a regular lattice...
crystal system
Crystal system
In crystallography, the terms crystal system, crystal family, and lattice system each refer to one of several classes of space groups, lattices, point groups, or crystals...
s are related. The diamond structure can be considered to be made up of interlocking rings of six carbon atoms, in the chair conformation. In lonsdaleite, some of the rings are in the boat conformation instead. In diamond, all the carbon-to-carbon bonds, both within a layer of rings and between them, are in the staggered conformation, thus causing all four cubic-diagonal directions to be equivalent; while in lonsdaleite the bonds between layers are in the eclipsed conformation, which defines the axis of hexagonal symmetry.
Lonsdaleite is simulated to be 58% harder than diamond on the <100>
Miller index
Miller indices form a notation system in crystallography for planes and directions in crystal lattices.In particular, a family of lattice planes is determined by three integers h, k, and ℓ, the Miller indices. They are written , and each index denotes a plane orthogonal to a direction in the...
face and to resist indentation pressures of 152 GPa, whereas diamond would break at 97 GPa. This is still below IIa
Diamond type
Diamond type is a method of scientifically classifying diamonds by the level and type of their chemical impurities. Diamonds are separated into four types: Type Ia, Type Ib, Type IIa, and Type IIb...
diamond
Material properties of diamond
Diamond is the allotrope of carbon in which the carbon atoms are arranged in the specific type of cubic lattice called diamond cubic. Diamond is an optically isotropic crystal that is transparent to opaque. Owing to its strong covalent bonding, diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material...
's <111> tip hardness of 162 GPa.
Occurrence
Lonsdaleite occurs as microscopic crystals associated with diamond in several meteorites: Canyon DiabloCanyon Diablo meteorite
The Canyon Diablo meteorite comprises many fragments of the asteroid that impacted at Barringer Crater , Arizona, USA. Meteorites have been found around the crater rim, and are named for nearby Canyon Diablo, which lies about three to four miles west of the crater.-History:The asteroid fell about...
, Kenna, and Allan Hills 77283. It has also been reported from the Tunguska impact site.
External links
- Mindat.org accessed 13 March 2005.
- Webmineral accessed 13 March 2005.
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory website accessed 14 May 2006.
- Diamond no longer nature's hardest material
- lonsdaleite 3D animation