List of Khitan inscriptions
Encyclopedia
The list of Khitan inscriptions comprises a list of the corpus of known inscriptions written in the Khitan large script
and the Khitan small script
. These two scripts
were used by the Khitan people
in northern China
during the 10th through 12th centuries for writing the extinct Khitan language
. The Khitan language was in use during the Liao Dynasty
(907–1125), the Kara-Khitan Khanate
(1124–1218) and the Jin Dynasty (1115–1234), but probably became extinct by the end of the 13th century.
There are no surviving examples of printed texts in the Khitan language, and aside from five example Khitan large characters with Chinese glosses in a book on calligraphy, Shūshǐ huìyào 書史會要, written by Tao Zongyi (陶宗儀) during the mid 14th century, there are no Chinese glossaries or dictionaries of Khitan. The Khitan language is therefore little understood, and the two Khitan writing systems are only partially deciphered.
The main source of Khitan texts are monumental inscriptions, mostly comprising memorial tablets buried in the tombs of Khitan nobility. Only one monument in a Khitan script was known before the 20th century, the Record of the Younger Brother of the Emperor of the Great Jin Dynasty (Langjun xingji 郎君行記), which has stood in front of the tomb of Empress Wu of Tang
since at least 1618. However, until the 1920s this was believed to be written in the Jurchen script
, and it was only after the discovery of the memorial tablets of Emperor Xingzong of Liao
and his consort was it realized that the Record of the Younger Brother of the Emperor and the Liao dynasty memorial tablets were both written in a Khitan script. Several more memorial tablets in the same script were discovered during the 1930s, including memorials for Emperor Daozong of Liao
and his consort. Initially it was not clear whether the script inscribed on these memorial tablets was the Khitan large script, recorded to have been devised in 920, or the Khitan small script, recorded to have been devised about 925. A different, unknown script, which appeared more similar to Chinese (incorporating many characters
borrowed directly from Chinese), had been discovered on a temple monument in 1935, as well as on a memorial to Xiao Xiaozhong in 1951; and in 1962 Jin Guangping
suggested that these two monuments were written using the Khitan large script, and that the Record of the Younger Brother of the Emperor and the imperial memorial tablets were written using the Khitan small script. This identification of the two Khitan scripts is now widely accepted.
There are about 17 known monuments with inscriptions in the Khitan large script, ranging in date from 986 to 1176, and about 33 known monuments with inscriptions in the Khitan small script, ranging in date from 1053 to 1171. The two scripts are mutually exclusive (never occurring together on the same monument), but it is not known why the Khitan people used two different scripts, or what determined the choice of which script to use.
In addition to monumental inscriptions, short inscriptions in both Khitan scripts have also been found on tomb murals and rock paintings, and on various portable artefacts such as mirrors, amulets, paiza
(tablets of authority given to officials and envoys), and special non-circulation coins. A number of bronze official seals with the seal face inscribed in the Khitan large script are also known. The Khitan characters on these seals are engraved in a convoluted calligraphic style that imitates the Chinese "nine-fold" seal script
style of calligraphy.
Khitan large script
The Khitan large script was one of two writing systems used for the now-extinct Khitan language. It was used during the 10th-12th centuries by the Khitan people, who had created the Liao Empire in north-eastern China. In addition to the large script, the Khitans simultaneously also used a...
and the Khitan small script
Khitan small script
The Khitan small script was one of two writing systems used for the now-extinct Khitan language. It was used during the 10th-12th century by the Khitan people, who had created the Liao Empire in north-eastern China. In addition to the small script, the Khitans simultaneously also used a...
. These two scripts
Writing system
A writing system is a symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in language.-General properties:Writing systems are distinguished from other possible symbolic communication systems in that the reader must usually understand something of the associated spoken language to...
were used by the Khitan people
Khitan people
thumb|250px|Khitans [[Eagle hunting|using eagles to hunt]], painted during the Chinese [[Song Dynasty]].The Khitan people , or Khitai, Kitan, or Kidan, were a nomadic Mongolic people, originally located at Mongolia and Manchuria from the 4th century...
in northern China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
during the 10th through 12th centuries for writing the extinct Khitan language
Khitan language
The Khitan language is a now-extinct language once spoken by the Khitan people . Khitan is generally deemed to be genetically linked to the Mongolic languages. It was written using two mutually exclusive writing systems known as the Khitan large script and the Khitan small script...
. The Khitan language was in use during the Liao Dynasty
Liao Dynasty
The Liao Dynasty , also known as the Khitan Empire was an empire in East Asia that ruled over the regions of Manchuria, Mongolia, and parts of northern China proper between 9071125...
(907–1125), the Kara-Khitan Khanate
Kara-Khitan Khanate
The Kara-Khitan Khanate, or Western Liao was a Khitan empire in Central Asia. The dynasty was founded by Yelü Dashi, who led the remnants of the Liao Dynasty to Central Asia after fleeing from the Jurchen conquest of their homeland in North and Northeast of modern day China...
(1124–1218) and the Jin Dynasty (1115–1234), but probably became extinct by the end of the 13th century.
There are no surviving examples of printed texts in the Khitan language, and aside from five example Khitan large characters with Chinese glosses in a book on calligraphy, Shūshǐ huìyào 書史會要, written by Tao Zongyi (陶宗儀) during the mid 14th century, there are no Chinese glossaries or dictionaries of Khitan. The Khitan language is therefore little understood, and the two Khitan writing systems are only partially deciphered.
The main source of Khitan texts are monumental inscriptions, mostly comprising memorial tablets buried in the tombs of Khitan nobility. Only one monument in a Khitan script was known before the 20th century, the Record of the Younger Brother of the Emperor of the Great Jin Dynasty (Langjun xingji 郎君行記), which has stood in front of the tomb of Empress Wu of Tang
Wu Zetian
Wu Zetian , personal name Wu Zhao , often referred to as Tian Hou during the Tang Dynasty and Empress Consort Wu in later times, was the only woman in the history of China to assume the title of Empress Regnant...
since at least 1618. However, until the 1920s this was believed to be written in the Jurchen script
Jurchen script
Jurchen script was the writing system used to write Jurchen language, the language of the Jurchen people who created the Jin Empire in the northeastern China of the 12th–13th centuries. It was derived from the Khitan script, which in turn was derived from Chinese...
, and it was only after the discovery of the memorial tablets of Emperor Xingzong of Liao
Emperor Xingzong of Liao
Emperor Xingzong of Liao , born Yelü Zongzhen , was an emperor of the Liao Dynasty. He reigned from 25 June 1031 to 28 August 1055....
and his consort was it realized that the Record of the Younger Brother of the Emperor and the Liao dynasty memorial tablets were both written in a Khitan script. Several more memorial tablets in the same script were discovered during the 1930s, including memorials for Emperor Daozong of Liao
Emperor Daozong of Liao
Emperor Daozong of Liao , born Yelü Hongji or Yehlu Hongji , was an emperor of the Liao dynasty, a kingdom of the Khitan people in what is now northeastern China. Succeeding his father, Xingzong, in 1055, Daozong ruled until he was murdered in 1101. He was succeeded by his grandson, Tianzuodi...
and his consort. Initially it was not clear whether the script inscribed on these memorial tablets was the Khitan large script, recorded to have been devised in 920, or the Khitan small script, recorded to have been devised about 925. A different, unknown script, which appeared more similar to Chinese (incorporating many characters
Chinese character
Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and Japanese , less frequently Korean , formerly Vietnamese , or other languages...
borrowed directly from Chinese), had been discovered on a temple monument in 1935, as well as on a memorial to Xiao Xiaozhong in 1951; and in 1962 Jin Guangping
Jin Guangping
Jin Guangping or Aisin-Gioro Hengxu was a Chinese linguist of Manchu ethnicity who is known for his studies of the Jurchen and Khitan languages and scripts.-Biography:...
suggested that these two monuments were written using the Khitan large script, and that the Record of the Younger Brother of the Emperor and the imperial memorial tablets were written using the Khitan small script. This identification of the two Khitan scripts is now widely accepted.
There are about 17 known monuments with inscriptions in the Khitan large script, ranging in date from 986 to 1176, and about 33 known monuments with inscriptions in the Khitan small script, ranging in date from 1053 to 1171. The two scripts are mutually exclusive (never occurring together on the same monument), but it is not known why the Khitan people used two different scripts, or what determined the choice of which script to use.
In addition to monumental inscriptions, short inscriptions in both Khitan scripts have also been found on tomb murals and rock paintings, and on various portable artefacts such as mirrors, amulets, paiza
Paiza
Paiza or Gerege is a tablet of authority for the Mongol officials and envoys...
(tablets of authority given to officials and envoys), and special non-circulation coins. A number of bronze official seals with the seal face inscribed in the Khitan large script are also known. The Khitan characters on these seals are engraved in a convoluted calligraphic style that imitates the Chinese "nine-fold" seal script
Seal script
Seal script is an ancient style of Chinese calligraphy. It evolved organically out of the Zhōu dynasty script , arising in the Warring State of Qin...
style of calligraphy.
Monumental inscriptions in the Khitan large script
| Monument | | Date | | Place of discovery | | Year of discovery | | Current Location | | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Commemoration of a battle victory by Hutenu (Yelü Zhaosan 耶律趙三) | 1084 | Salbar Mountains, Mörön Mörön, Khentii Mörön is a sum of Khentii Province in eastern Mongolia. The Chandgana Tal coal mine is 25 km E fromMörön sum center.... , Khentii Province Mongolia Mongolia Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest... 47.40°N 110.30°W |
In situ | 4 lines, 25 characters. | |
| Inscribed sarcophagous | Gengzhangzi Village, Jianchang County Jianchang County Jianchang County is an administrative division within Huludao City in the southwest of Liaoning Province, in Northeast China. It is the largest division of Huludao, with an area of , and is located in mountainous terrain west of that city.... Liaoning 40.76°N 119.82°W |
1977 | Jianchang County Museum | 8 lines, 19 characters (badly damaged as the sarcophagous was cut into three pieces). | |
| Memorial at Jing'an Temple (靜安寺) erected by the Lady of Lanling Commandery (蘭陵郡夫人) | 1072 | Ruins of Jing'an Temple, Ningcheng County Ningcheng County Ningcheng County is a county of southeastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, bordering Liaoning province to the east. It is under the administration of Chifeng City.-References:*... Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the countries of Mongolia and the Russian Federation... 42.087°N 119.108°W |
1935 | Erected in the ruins of the Liao capital Zhongjing | About 90 characters (very worn, and almost illegible). |
| Memorial for an unknown person | 1056 | Unknown (only known from a photograph of a rubbing shown to Liu Fengzhu) | Unknown | 27 lines. | |
| Memorial for Lord Dorlipun 多羅里本郎君 (1037–1080) | 1081 | Unknown (only known from a photograph of a rubbing) | Unknown | 15 lines, 607 characters. | |
| Memorial for Lord Li Ai 李爱郎君 | 1176 | Unknown (only known from a rubbing) | Unknown | 16 lines, 470 characters. | |
| Memorial for the Grand Preceptor (太師) | 1056 | Unknown (only known from a rubbing) | Unknown | 40 lines, 1,800 characters. | |
| Memorial for the Prince of the North 北大王 (Yelü Wanxin 耶律萬辛, 972–1041) | 1041 | Kundu Township, Ar Horqin Banner Ar Horqin Banner Ar Horqin Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, about to the south-southwest. The banner lies on China National Highway 303, running from Ji'an, Jilin to Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia. The Mongolian dialect spoken in... Inner Mongolia 43.83°N 121.12°W |
1975 | Ar Horqin Banner Museum | 27 lines, 783 characters. |
| Memorial for the Princess of Yongning Commandery 永寧郡公主 | 1087 | Wangjiagou Village, Bairin Left Banner Bairin Left Banner Baarin Left Banner , or Bairin, is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southwest. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin. It is located at the intersection of two national highways:... Inner Mongolia 44.07°N 119.475°W |
2000 | Bairin Left Banner Museum | 36 lines, 1,486 characters. |
| Memorial for Xiao Paolu 蕭袍魯 (1018–1089) | 1090 | Qianshan Village, Faku County Faku County Faku County is a county in the north of Liaoning province of Northeast China. It is under the administration of and lies north of Shenyang City.-Administrative Divisions:There are 8 towns, 11 townships, and 1 ethnic township within the county.Towns:... Liaoning 42.58°N 123.56°W |
1965 | Liaoning Provincial Museum | 15 lines, 323 characters. |
| Memorial for Xiao Xiaozhong 蕭孝忠 (d.1089) | 1089 | Xigu Mountain, Huludao Huludao Huludao is a prefecture-level city in southwestern Liaoning Province, China. It is one of the two principal cities in the Liaoxi Corridor . Known as Jinxi until 1994, Huludao has a total area of 10,415 square kilometers and a population of 2.87 million, of which some 531,000 live in the city proper... , Liaoning Liaoning ' is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the northeast of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is "辽" , a name taken from the Liao River that flows through the province. "Níng" means "peace"... 40.896°N 120.498°W |
1951 | Liaoning Provincial Museum | 18 lines, 540 characters. |
| Memorial for Yelü Changyun 耶律昌允 (1000–1061) | 1062 | Ta Mountain, Yuanbaoshan District Yuanbaoshan District Yuanbaoshan District is a district of the city of Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.-References:*... Inner Mongolia 42.09°N 119.10°W |
2000 | Chifeng City Yuanbaoshan District Office of Cultural Relics | 30 lines, 878 characters. |
| Memorial for Yelü Ji 耶律褀 (1033–1108) | 1108 | Tsogt Mountain, Guriban Hushu Gacha, Ar Horqin Banner Ar Horqin Banner Ar Horqin Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, about to the south-southwest. The banner lies on China National Highway 303, running from Ji'an, Jilin to Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia. The Mongolian dialect spoken in... Inner Mongolia 44.45°N 120.17°W |
1993 | Inner Mongolia Institute for Cultural Relics and Archeology | 46 lines, 2,845 characters. |
| Memorial for Yelü Xinie 耶律習涅 (1063–1114) | 1114 | Xiaohan Mountain, Bairin Left Banner Bairin Left Banner Baarin Left Banner , or Bairin, is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southwest. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin. It is located at the intersection of two national highways:... Inner Mongolia 44.60°N 119.35°W |
1987 | Bairin Left Banner Museum | 37 lines, 1,608 characters. |
| Memorial for Yelü Yanning Memorial for Yelü Yanning The Memorial for Yelü Yanning is the oldest known Khitan inscription of significant length and for now the oldest major written attestation of a Mongolic language. Dated 986, it is written in the Mongolic Khitan language using the Khitan large script. With 19 lines and 271 characters it was found... 耶律延寧 (946–985) |
986 | Baimu Mountain, Chaoyang County Chaoyang County Chaoyang County is a county of Liaoning, China. It is under the administration of Chaoyang city.-Administrative Divisions:There are 9 towns and 16 townships in the county.Towns:... Liaoning 41.63°N 120.20°W |
1964 | Liaoning Provincial Museum | 19 lines, 271 characters. |
| Memorial from the mausoleum of Emperor Taizu of Liao Emperor Taizu of Liao The Emperor Taizu of Liao was the first emperor of the Liao Dynasty . His given name was Abaoji . Some sources also suggest that the surname Yelü was adopted during his lifetime, though there is no unanimity on this point.... (r.916–926) |
Shifangzi Village, Bairin Left Banner Bairin Left Banner Baarin Left Banner , or Bairin, is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southwest. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin. It is located at the intersection of two national highways:... Inner Mongolia 43.88°N 119.13°W |
1966 and later | Inner Mongolia Museum Inner Mongolia Museum The Inner Mongolia Museum is a regional museum in the city of Hohhot in Inner Mongolia, in north China.This museum was founded on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, in 1957... and Bairin Left Banner Museum |
Ten fragments from a broken memorial stone, with 78 characters in total. | |
| Memorial from the ruins of the Liao capital Shangjing | Lindong Township, Bairin Left Banner Bairin Left Banner Baarin Left Banner , or Bairin, is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southwest. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin. It is located at the intersection of two national highways:... Inner Mongolia 43.96°N 119.39°W |
1965 | Bairin Left Banner Museum | Two fragments from a broken memorial stone: A) 10 lines, 64 characters; B) 8 lines, 52 characters. | |
| Monumental stone inscription | 1058 | Dornogovi Province Dornogovi Province Dornogovi is one of the 21 Aimags of Mongolia. It is located in the southeast of the country.-Administrative Subdivision:* - tosgon .** - The aimag capital Sainshand-References:... Mongolia Mongolia Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest... 44.88°N 110.15°W |
2010 | National Museum of Mongolian History National Museum of Mongolian History National Museum of Mongolian History is one of the national museums of Mongolia located in the capital Ulan Bator. The National Museum of Mongolian History is a cultural, scientific, and educational organization, which is responsible for the collection, care and interpretation of the objects.The... , Ulan Bator |
7 lines, about 150 characters. |
Other inscriptions in the Khitan large script
| Object | | Date | | Place of discovery | | Year of discovery | | Current Location | | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rock inscription | Agui Cave, Jarud Banner Jarud Banner Jarud Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Tongliao City, , and the China National Highway 304 passes through the area.-Climate:-References:*... Inner Mongolia 45.10°N 120.72°W |
7 Khitan large characters painted on the outside of a cave. | |||
| Two wooden tablets from a Liao dynasty tomb | Daiqin Tala Sumu, Horqin Right Middle Banner Horqin Right Middle Banner Horqin Right Middle Banner Horqin Right Middle Banner Horqin Right Middle Banner ( is a county of Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Hinggan League. The local Mongolian dialect is Khorchin.-References:*... Inner Mongolia 45.22°N 121.52°W |
1999 | Two wooden tablets inscribed with inventories. | ||
| Bronze, silver or gold non-circulation coin | Various examples have been found in different locations. | Four character Khitan inscription on the obverse, interpretted as meaning tiāncháo wànshùn 天朝萬順 in Chinese | |||
| Silver non-circulation coin | Ruins of the Liao capital Shangjing, Lindong Township, Bairin Left Banner Bairin Left Banner Baarin Left Banner , or Bairin, is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southwest. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin. It is located at the intersection of two national highways:... Inner Mongolia 43.96°N 119.39°W |
1977 | Bairin Left Banner Museum | Four character Khitan inscription (tiāncháo wànshùn 天朝萬順) on the obverse, with an eight character Khitan inscription scratched onto the reverse | |
| Bronze mirror | White Pagoda in the ruins of Qingzhou City, Bairin Right Banner Bairin Right Banner Bairin Right Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southeast. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin.-References:*... Inner Mongolia 44.202°N 118.514°W |
1958 | Inner Mongolia Museum Inner Mongolia Museum The Inner Mongolia Museum is a regional museum in the city of Hohhot in Inner Mongolia, in north China.This museum was founded on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, in 1957... |
Five Khitan characters engraved on along the edge of the mirror | |
| Bronze Daoist Taoism Taoism refers to a philosophical or religious tradition in which the basic concept is to establish harmony with the Tao , which is the mechanism of everything that exists... amulet Amulet An amulet, similar to a talisman , is any object intended to bring good luck or protection to its owner.Potential amulets include gems, especially engraved gems, statues, coins, drawings, pendants, rings, plants and animals; even words said in certain occasions—for example: vade retro satana—, to... |
Acheng District Harbin Harbin Harbin ; Manchu language: , Harbin; Russian: Харби́н Kharbin ), is the capital and largest city of Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China, lying on the southern bank of the Songhua River... Heilongjiang Heilongjiang For the river known in Mandarin as Heilong Jiang, see Amur River' is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. "Heilongjiang" literally means Black Dragon River, which is the Chinese name for the Amur. The one-character abbreviation is 黑... 45.55°N 127.0°W |
Heilongjiang Museum | Daoist charm on one side, and 2 lines (18 characters) of Khitan large script on the other. | ||
| Bronze Daoist Taoism Taoism refers to a philosophical or religious tradition in which the basic concept is to establish harmony with the Tao , which is the mechanism of everything that exists... amulet Amulet An amulet, similar to a talisman , is any object intended to bring good luck or protection to its owner.Potential amulets include gems, especially engraved gems, statues, coins, drawings, pendants, rings, plants and animals; even words said in certain occasions—for example: vade retro satana—, to... |
Bairin Right Banner Museum | Daoist charm on one side, and 3 lines (28 characters) of Khitan large script on the other. | |||
| Silver paiza Paiza Paiza or Gerege is a tablet of authority for the Mongol officials and envoys... |
Chengde Chengde Chengde , previously known as Jehol or Re He , is a prefecture-level city in Hebei province, People's Republic of China, situated northeast of Beijing. It is best known as the site of the Mountain Resort, a vast imperial garden and palace formerly used by the Qing emperors as summer residence... Hebei Hebei ' is a province of the People's Republic of China in the North China region. Its one-character abbreviation is "" , named after Ji Province, a Han Dynasty province that included what is now southern Hebei... 41.00°N 117.56°W |
Institute of East Asian History, Kyoto University Kyoto University , or is a national university located in Kyoto, Japan. It is the second oldest Japanese university, and formerly one of Japan's Imperial Universities.- History :... |
Chinese inscription (天賜成吉思皇帝聖旨疾 "Bestowed by Heaven, the imperial edict of Emperor Chinggis Genghis Khan Genghis Khan , born Temujin and occasionally known by his temple name Taizu , was the founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.... . Urgent.") on one side, and two Khitan large characters meaning "running horse" (Chinese 走馬) on the back. |
||
| Metal tag | Unknown | Unknown | Three Khitan large characters. | ||
| Silver spoon | Wangfugou, Jianping County Jianping County Jianping County is a county in the west of Liaoning Province in Northeast China. It is under the administration of Chaoyang City, which is more than to the east.-Administrative Divisions:... Liaoning 42.23°N 119.48°W |
1956 | Liaoning Province Museum Liaoning Province Museum The Liaoning Provincial Museum a prominent museum of history and fine arts located in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.-History:Shenyang was taken by the communist troops on November 2 1948. Upon the approval of the Northeast People's Government, the Northeast Museum was created and was opened... |
Four Chinese characters (太付太太) followed by five Khitan large characters. | |
| Bronze seal | 1094 | Panshan County Panshan County Panshan County is a county in central Liaoning in Northeast China. It is under the administration of Panjin City, located to the south-southeast. The county has a total area of , and a population of approximately 280,000 people... Liaoning 41.25°N 122.00°W |
1986 | Panjin Panjin Panjin is a prefecture-level city and a major oil-producing city in Liaoning Province, China. It is between 40°40' -41°27' in north latitude and 121°31' -122 °28' in east longitude. It has four distinct seasons, an annual average temperature of 8.6℃ and receives over 2700 hours of sunshine a year... Museum |
Seal face inscription is in Chinese ("Seal of the Prince of Qian" 汧王之印), but the upper surface of the seal has two lines of Khitan large characters that have been interpretted as meaning Yixin Ning Dawang 乙辛寧大王 ("Prince Yixinning") and Liao Da'an Shinian 遼大安十年 (10th year of the Liao dynasty Da'an era"). |
Khitan large script seals
| Object | | Date | | Place of discovery | | Year of discovery | | Current Location | | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bronze seal | Naiman Banner Naiman Banner Naiman Banner is a banner of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Tongliao City, to the northeast, and lies on the China National Highway 111.-References:*... Inner Mongolia 42.85°N 120.65°W |
1957 | Inner Mongolia Museum Inner Mongolia Museum The Inner Mongolia Museum is a regional museum in the city of Hohhot in Inner Mongolia, in north China.This museum was founded on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, in 1957... |
Five seal script characters. | |
| Bronze seal | Dongtai Village, Ongniud Banner Ongniud Banner Ongniud Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southwest.-References:*... Inner Mongolia 42.95°N 119.05°W |
1965 | Chifeng Museum | Five seal script characters. The inscription on the face of the seal is repeated on the side as a single column of ordinary Khitan characters engraved in outline. | |
| Bronze seal | Ruins of the Liao capital Shangjing, Lindong Township, Bairin Left Banner Bairin Left Banner Baarin Left Banner , or Bairin, is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southwest. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin. It is located at the intersection of two national highways:... Inner Mongolia 43.96°N 119.39°W |
1975 | Togtoh Togtoh County Togtoh County is a county in west-central Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, located on the north bank of the Yellow River at which point that great river turns out of the Ordos Loop toward the south. It is under the administration of the regional capital of Hohhot, to the northeast,... Museum |
||
| Bronze seal | Baiyingou, Bairin Left Banner Bairin Left Banner Baarin Left Banner , or Bairin, is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southwest. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin. It is located at the intersection of two national highways:... Inner Mongolia 43.92°N 119.55°W |
1966 | Unknown | ||
| Bronze seal | White Pagoda in the ruins of Qingzhou City, Bairin Right Banner Bairin Right Banner Bairin Right Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southeast. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin.-References:*... Inner Mongolia 44.202°N 118.514°W |
1973 | Chifeng Museum | ||
| Bronze seal | Fengcheng Fengcheng, Liaoning Fengcheng is a city in the southeast of Liaoning Province in Northeast China. Administratively, it is a county-level city under the administration of Dandong, which lies southeast of the city.-Administrative Divisions:... Liaoning 40.45°N 124.05°W |
1964 | Liaoning Province Museum Liaoning Province Museum The Liaoning Provincial Museum a prominent museum of history and fine arts located in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.-History:Shenyang was taken by the communist troops on November 2 1948. Upon the approval of the Northeast People's Government, the Northeast Museum was created and was opened... |
Five seal script characters. | |
| Bronze seal | Jianchang County Jianchang County Jianchang County is an administrative division within Huludao City in the southwest of Liaoning Province, in Northeast China. It is the largest division of Huludao, with an area of , and is located in mountainous terrain west of that city.... Liaoning 40.80°N 119.85°W |
1980 | Liaoning Province Museum Liaoning Province Museum The Liaoning Provincial Museum a prominent museum of history and fine arts located in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.-History:Shenyang was taken by the communist troops on November 2 1948. Upon the approval of the Northeast People's Government, the Northeast Museum was created and was opened... |
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| Bronze seal | Guliyingzi, Taonan Taonan -Administrative Divisions:There are 6 subdistricts, 5 towns, 14 townships, and 2 ethnic townships.Subdistricts:*Tuanjie Subdistrict , Fuwen Subdistrict , Guangming Subdistrict , Xinglong Subdistrict , Yongkang Subdistrict , Tongda Subdistrict Towns:*Wafang , Wanbao , Heishui , Najin , Anding... Jilin 45.35°N 122.80°W |
1937 | Unknown | ||
| Bronze seal | Unknown | Jilin Museum | |||
| Bronze octagonal seal | Unknown | Jilin Museum | |||
| Bronze seal | Weichang County Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County -Administrative Divisions:There are 7 towns and 30 townships in the county.Towns:*Weichang Town , Siheyong , Kelegou , Qipanshan , Banjieta , Chaoyangdi , Chaoyangwan Townships:... Hebei 41.95°N 117.75°W |
Inner Mongolia Museum Inner Mongolia Museum The Inner Mongolia Museum is a regional museum in the city of Hohhot in Inner Mongolia, in north China.This museum was founded on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, in 1957... |
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| Bronze seal | Unknown | Tianjin Museum Tianjin Museum Tianjin Museum is the largest museum in Tianjin, China, exhibiting a range of cultural and historical relics significant to Tianjin. The museum lies in Yinhe Plaza in the Hexi District of Tianjin and covers an area of about 50,000 sq metres... |
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| Bronze seal | Xayar County Xinjiang 41.25°N 82.80°W |
1952 | National Museum of China National Museum of China The National Museum of China flanks the eastern side of Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China. The mission of the museum is to educate about the arts and history of China... |
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| Bronze seal | Ili County Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture , in northernmost Xinjiang, is the only Kazakh autonomous prefecture of the People's Republic of China.-Geography and coordinates:The following figures excludes both Tacheng Prefecture and Altay Prefecture.... Xinjiang 43.90°N 81.30°W |
1958 | National Museum of China National Museum of China The National Museum of China flanks the eastern side of Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China. The mission of the museum is to educate about the arts and history of China... |
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| Bronze seal | Unknown | National Museum of China National Museum of China The National Museum of China flanks the eastern side of Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China. The mission of the museum is to educate about the arts and history of China... |
Seal script inscription interpretted as meaning "Seal of the Right Vice Commander of the Marshal of the Army" (元帥右都監印). | ||
| Bronze seal | Unknown (impression owned by Luo Fuyi 羅福頤) | Unknown | |||
| Bronze seal | Unknown (impression owned by Luo Fuyi 羅福頤) | Unknown | |||
| Bronze seal | 1004 | Xiuyan County Liaoning 40.28°N 123.28°W |
1980 | Xiuyan Museum | Date inscription on top of the seal. |
| Bronze seal | Harqin Left Wing County Liaoning 41.13°N 119.75°W |
1973 | Harqin Left Wing County Museum | Five seal script characters. | |
Monumental inscriptions in the Khitan small script
| Monument | | Date | | Place of discovery | | Year of discovery | | Current Location | | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Memorial for an unknown person | Haitangshan, Fuxin Liaoning 41.935°N 121.850°W |
1991 | Fuxin Museum | 13 lines, 300 characters (the monument is missing the right side, and has been reused for engraving a Buddhist image on its reverse side). | |
| Memorial for Emperor Daozong of Liao Emperor Daozong of Liao Emperor Daozong of Liao , born Yelü Hongji or Yehlu Hongji , was an emperor of the Liao dynasty, a kingdom of the Khitan people in what is now northeastern China. Succeeding his father, Xingzong, in 1055, Daozong ruled until he was murdered in 1101. He was succeeded by his grandson, Tianzuodi... 道宗 (1032–1101) |
1101 | Mausoleum of Emperor Daozong, Bairin Right Banner Bairin Right Banner Bairin Right Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southeast. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin.-References:*... Inner Mongolia 44.36°N 118.50°W |
1930 | Liaoning Provincial Museum | 37 lines, 1,134 characters; and 6 lines, 36 characters in seal script calligraphy on the lid. |
| Memorial for Emperor Xingzong of Liao Emperor Xingzong of Liao Emperor Xingzong of Liao , born Yelü Zongzhen , was an emperor of the Liao Dynasty. He reigned from 25 June 1031 to 28 August 1055.... 興宗 (1015–1054) |
1055 | Mausoleum of Emperor Xingzong, Bairin Right Banner Bairin Right Banner Bairin Right Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southeast. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin.-References:*... Inner Mongolia 44.36°N 118.51°W |
1922 | 36 lines, 861 characters. | |
| Memorial for Empress Renyi 仁懿皇后 (?–1076) | 1076 | Mausoleum of Emperor Xingzong, Bairin Right Banner Bairin Right Banner Bairin Right Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southeast. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin.-References:*... Inner Mongolia 44.36°N 118.51°W |
1922 | Unknown (original was lost or destroyed after a manuscript copy had been made in 1922) | 32 lines, 575 characters. |
| Memorial for Empress Xuanyi 宣懿皇后 (1040–1075) | 1101 | Mausoleum of Emperor Daozong, Bairin Right Banner Bairin Right Banner Bairin Right Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southeast. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin.-References:*... Inner Mongolia 44.36°N 118.50°W |
1930 | Liaoning Provincial Museum | 30 lines, 620 characters; and 4 lines, 16 characters in seal script calligraphy on the lid. |
| Memorial for Lord Yelü Yongning 耶律永寧郎君 (1059–1085) | 1085 | Beigou, Harqin Banner Harqin Banner Harqin Banner is a banner of southeastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the north-northeast.-References:*... Inner Mongolia 43.417°N 118.320°W |
1995 | Harqin Banner Museum | 43 lines, 1,062 characters. |
| Memorial for Madam Han 韓氏, second wife of the imperial son-in-law, Xiao Temei 蕭特每 | 1078 | Unknown | Unknown | 35 lines, 814 characters. | |
| Memorial for Madam Yelü 耶律氏 (Yelü Tabuye 耶律挞不也) | 1115 | Shanzuizi, Ongniud Banner Ongniud Banner Ongniud Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southwest.-References:*... Inner Mongolia 42.868°N 118.970°W |
1969 | Juu Uda League Cultural Relics Station | 25 lines, 699 characters. |
| Memorial for Xiao Taishan 蕭太山 and Princess Yongqing 永清公主 | 2003 | 32 lines, 1,373 characters. | |||
| Memorial for the Grand Preceptor Shilu 室魯太師 | 1100 | Yihebei Village, Jarud Banner Jarud Banner Jarud Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Tongliao City, , and the China National Highway 304 passes through the area.-Climate:-References:*... Inner Mongolia 44.67°N 121.02°W |
2000 | Inner Mongolia Cultural Relics and Archeology Research Institute | 300 characters. |
| Memorial for the Prince of Liang 梁國王 | 1107 | Guan Mountain, Fuxin Liaoning 42.157°N 121.957°W |
2001 | ||
| Memorial for the Imperial Consort of Song and Wei 宋魏國妃 (?–1090) [wife of Yelü Hongben] | 1110 | Mausoleum of Emperor Xingzong, Bairin Right Banner Bairin Right Banner Bairin Right Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southeast. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin.-References:*... Inner Mongolia 44.36°N 118.50°W |
1997 | Bairin Right Banner Museum | 24 lines, 642 characters. |
| Memorial for the Inspector of Zezhou 澤州刺史 (or the Inspector of Zhouzhou 涿州刺史) | 1108 | Nangou Village, Bairin Left Banner Bairin Left Banner Baarin Left Banner , or Bairin, is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southwest. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin. It is located at the intersection of two national highways:... Inner Mongolia 44.400°N 119.465°W |
1994 | Bairin Left Banner Museum | 26 lines (incomplete inscription because of damage to the stone). |
| Memorial for the Jin Dynasty Defense Commissioner of Bozhou 金代博州防禦使 or the Jin Dynasty Superior General of Zhenguo Circuit 金代鎮國上將軍 | 1171 | Laohugou Village, Aohan Banner Aohan Banner Aohan Banner is a banner of southeastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, bordering Liaoning province to the south. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the west.-References:*... Inner Mongolia 42.108°N 119.938°W |
1993 | Aohan Banner Museum | 48 lines, 1570 characters. |
| Memorial for the Prince of Xu 許王 | 1105 | Wofenggou, Fuxin Liaoning 41.820°N 121.600°W |
1977 | Fuxin Cultural Center | 64 lines, 2,163 characters; 1 line, 6 characters. |
| Memorial for Xiao Linggong 蕭令公 (Xiao Fuliu 蕭富留) | 1057 | Xishan Village, Fuxin Liaoning 41.764°N 121.380°W |
1950 | Liaoning Provincial Museum | 32 lines, 594 characters. |
| Memorial for Xiao Tuguci 蕭圖古辭 | 1068 | Fuxin Liaoning 42.01°N 121.65°W |
2000 | 26 lines, 739 characters. | |
| Memorial for Xiao Zhonggong 蕭仲恭 | 1150 | Xinglong County Xinglong County Xinglong County is a county of Hebei, China. It is under the administration of the Chengde city.-Administrative Divisions:Towns:*Xinglong Town , Maoshan , Liudaohe , Gualanyu , Banbishan , Ping'anbao , Beiyingfang... Hebei 40.40°N 117.50°W |
1942 | Hebei Province Office of Cultural Relics | 50 lines, 2,442 characters; 3 lines, 9 characters on the lid. |
| Memorial for Yelü Jiuli 耶律糺里 or Yelü Gui 耶律貴 (1061–1102) | 1102 | Unknown | 2002 (probably robbed from a tomb in the 1990s) | 1,100 characters. | |
| Memorial for Yelü Cite 耶律慈特 (1043–1081) | 1082 | Baiyinwendu, Ar Horqin Banner Ar Horqin Banner Ar Horqin Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, about to the south-southwest. The banner lies on China National Highway 303, running from Ji'an, Jilin to Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia. The Mongolian dialect spoken in... Inner Mongolia 43.60°N 120.40°W |
1997 | Ar Horqin Banner Museum | 28 lines. |
| Memorial for Yelü Dilie 耶律迪烈 or Han Dilie 韓迪烈 (1026–1092) | 1092 | Gahaitu Township, Jarud Banner Jarud Banner Jarud Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Tongliao City, , and the China National Highway 304 passes through the area.-Climate:-References:*... Inner Mongolia 44.92°N 121.06°W |
1995 | Liao and Jin City Wall Museum, Beijing | 32 lines, 1,740 characters; 9 lines on the lid. |
| Memorial for Yelü Dilie 耶律敵烈 or Han Dilie 韓敵烈 (1034–1100) | 1101 | Baiyinhan Mountain, Baiyinwula, Bairin Left Banner Bairin Left Banner Baarin Left Banner , or Bairin, is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southwest. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin. It is located at the intersection of two national highways:... Inner Mongolia 44.37°N 118.89°W |
1996 | Bairin Left Banner Museum | 34 lines, 1,350 characters. |
| Memorial for Yelü Fubushu 耶律副部署 or Yelü Fushu 耶律副署 (1031–1077) | 1102 | Tsogt Mountain, Guriban Hushu Gacha, Ar Horqin Banner Ar Horqin Banner Ar Horqin Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, about to the south-southwest. The banner lies on China National Highway 303, running from Ji'an, Jilin to Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia. The Mongolian dialect spoken in... Inner Mongolia 44.45°N 120.17°W |
1996 | Inner Mongolia Cultural Relics and Archeology Research Institute | 51 lines, 2,000 characters. |
| Memorial for Yelü Gaoshi 耶律高十 or Han Gaoshi 韓高十 (1015–?) | Baiyinhan Mountain, Baiyinwula, Bairin Left Banner Bairin Left Banner Baarin Left Banner , or Bairin, is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southwest. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin. It is located at the intersection of two national highways:... Inner Mongolia 44.35°N 118.87°W |
Bairin Left Banner Museum | 26 lines. Lower half of inscription is missing. | ||
| Memorial for Yelü Hongben 耶律弘本 (1041–1110), the Imperial Grand Uncle 皇太叔祖 | 1110 | Mausoleum of Emperor Xingzong, Bairin Right Banner Bairin Right Banner Bairin Right Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southeast. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin.-References:*... Inner Mongolia 44.36°N 118.52°W |
1997 | Bairin Right Banner Museum | 25 lines, 807 characters; 3 lines, 15 characters in seal script on the lid. |
| Memorial for Yelü Hongbian 耶律弘辨 or Yelü Hongyong 耶律弘用 | 1100 | Orgon Tal, Jarud Banner Jarud Banner Jarud Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Tongliao City, , and the China National Highway 304 passes through the area.-Climate:-References:*... Inner Mongolia 44.778°N 120.727°W |
1996 | Jarud Cultural Relics Office | 32 lines. |
| Memorial for Yelü Nu 耶律奴 (1041–1098) | 1099 | Yaoyamen Village, Fuxin Liaoning 41.975°N 121.900°W |
1999 | Fuxin Museum | 48 lines, 1,274 characters. |
| Memorial for Yelü Renxian 耶律仁先 | 1072 | Lianhuashan Village, Beipiao Beipiao Beipiao is a city in Chaoyang prefecture, Liaoning province, in Northeast China. It has a population of 202,807. The main industry in the area is coal mining. With vertical shafts of almost 1000m, these are some of the deepest coal mines in China. The coal produced is used for coking... Liaoning 41.873°N 121.248°W |
1983 | Liaoning Cultural Relics and Archeology Research Institute | 70 lines, 4,500 characters. |
| Memorial for Yelü Zhixian 耶律智先 | 1094 | Lianhuashan Village, Beipiao Beipiao Beipiao is a city in Chaoyang prefecture, Liaoning province, in Northeast China. It has a population of 202,807. The main industry in the area is coal mining. With vertical shafts of almost 1000m, these are some of the deepest coal mines in China. The coal produced is used for coking... Liaoning 41.873°N 121.250°W |
1998 | Beipiao Museum | 21 lines, 1,000 characters. |
| Memorial for Yelü Zongjiao 耶律宗教 (992–1053) | 1053 | Gaoqi Village, Beizhen Beizhen Beizhen is a city in west-central Liaoning province of Northeast China. It is under the administration of Jinzhou City.-Administrative Divisions:There are 3 subdistricts, 14 towns, and 6 townships under the city's administration.Subdistricts:... Liaoning 41.53°N 121.68°W |
1991 | Beizhen Beizhen Beizhen is a city in west-central Liaoning province of Northeast China. It is under the administration of Jinzhou City.-Administrative Divisions:There are 3 subdistricts, 14 towns, and 6 townships under the city's administration.Subdistricts:... Cultural Relics Office |
36 lines, 1,000 characters |
| Record of the Younger Brother of the Emperor of the Great Jin Dynasty (Da Jin huangdi dutong jinglüe Langjun xingji 大金皇弟都統經略郎君行記) | 1134 | Qianling Mausoleum Qianling Mausoleum The Qianling Mausoleum is a Tang Dynasty tomb site located in Qian County, Shaanxi province, China, and is northwest from Xi'an, formerly the Tang capital. Built by 684 , the tombs of the mausoleum complex house the remains of various members of the royal Li family. This includes Emperor... , Qian County Qian County Qian County is a county of Xianyang, Shaanxi, China.-Historical monuments:A Tang Dynasty imperial tomb complex, Qianling Mausoleum is located on Liangshan Mountain in Qian County, 6 km away from the county's urban center and 74 km from Xi'an.... Shaanxi Shaanxi ' is a province in the central part of Mainland China, and it includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River in addition to the Qinling Mountains across the southern part of this province... 34.575°N 108.220°W |
In front of the tomb of Empress Wu of the Tang at Qianling Mausoleum | 5 lines, 97 characters on one side, with corresponding Chinese text on the other side (the only known bilingual Chinese-Khitan text). | |
| Record of the Younger Brother of the Emperor of the Great Jin Dynasty (incomplete copy) | 1134 | Qianling Mausoleum Qianling Mausoleum The Qianling Mausoleum is a Tang Dynasty tomb site located in Qian County, Shaanxi province, China, and is northwest from Xi'an, formerly the Tang capital. Built by 684 , the tombs of the mausoleum complex house the remains of various members of the royal Li family. This includes Emperor... , Qian County Qian County Qian County is a county of Xianyang, Shaanxi, China.-Historical monuments:A Tang Dynasty imperial tomb complex, Qianling Mausoleum is located on Liangshan Mountain in Qian County, 6 km away from the county's urban center and 74 km from Xi'an.... Shaanxi Shaanxi ' is a province in the central part of Mainland China, and it includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River in addition to the Qinling Mountains across the southern part of this province... 34.575°N 108.220°W |
1982 | Qianling Mausoleum Museum | A copy of the text of the memorial in front of the tomb of Empress Wu, recovered from the ruins of a sacrificial hall at the Qianling Mausoleum, but only one quarter of text remaining. |
Other inscriptions in the Khitan small script
| Object | | Date | | Place of discovery | | Year of discovery | | Current Location | | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bronze octagonal mirror owned by Wanyan Tong 完顏通 | 1140–1189 | Da'an Da'an, Jilin Da'an is a city of northwestern Jilin province in Northeast China, on the southern bank of the Songhua River and the border with Heilongjiang province... Jilin 45.50°N 124.30°W |
1971 | Jilin Provincial Museum | 5 lines, 16 characters. |
| Bronze octagonal mirror | Inner Mongolia Museum | 4 Khitan characters on the reverse, and three Chinese characters (寶坻) along the edge. | |||
| Bronze mirror | Kaesŏng Kaesong Kaesŏng is a city in North Hwanghae Province, southern North Korea , a former Directly Governed City, and the capital of Korea during the Koryo Dynasty. The city is near Kaesŏng Industrial Region and it contains the remains of the Manwoldae palace. It was formally named Songdo while it was the... North Korea North Korea The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea , , is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea... 37.96°N 126.55°W |
National Museum of Korea National Museum of Korea The National Museum of Korea is the flagship museum of Korean history and art in South Korea and is the cultural organization that represents Korea... , Seoul |
Khitan poem comprising 7 lines, 28 characters. | ||
| Bronze mirror commemorating the Prince of Yue | 1150 | Ulanqab Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the countries of Mongolia and the Russian Federation... 41.02°N 113.10°W |
2010 | Inscription commemorating the Prince of Yue (越國王), i.e. Xiao Zhonggong 蕭仲恭 (1090–1150). | |
| "Shouchang" non-circulation lucky coin | 4 characters on the reverse, interpretted as meaning 壽昌. | ||||
| Fish-shaped bronze tally | Chinese character tóng 同, with one line of Khitan small characters. | ||||
| Fish-shaped bronze tally | Chinese character tóng 同, with two lines of Khitan small characters. | ||||
| Jade cup | 2 lines, 11 Khitan small characters on bottom of the cup. | ||||
| Yellow-glazed ceramic brush washer | |||||
| Inscriptions on a pagoda | White Pagoda, Hohhot Hohhot Hohhot , is a city in north-central China and the capital of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, serving as the region's administrative, economic, and cultural centre.... Inner Mongolia 40.84°N 111.90°W |
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| Inscriptions on a Liao dynasty tomb mural | Bao Mountain, Ar Horqin Banner Ar Horqin Banner Ar Horqin Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, about to the south-southwest. The banner lies on China National Highway 303, running from Ji'an, Jilin to Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia. The Mongolian dialect spoken in... Inner Mongolia 44.073°N 119.666°W |
1996 | Short inscription on a mural. | ||
| Inscriptions on a painted wooden coffin | Ongniud Banner Ongniud Banner Ongniud Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southwest.-References:*... Inner Mongolia 42.93°N 119.03°W |
Juu Uda League Cultural Relics Station | 22 characters on the colour painting of a wooden coffin. | ||
| Inscriptions at the Liao imperial mausoleum | Bairin Right Banner Bairin Right Banner Bairin Right Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, to the south-southeast. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is called Baarin.-References:*... Inner Mongolia 44.36°N 118.50°W |
About 50 Khitan small character captions on murals at the east tomb. | |||
Khitan small script seals
| Object | | Date | | Place of discovery | | Year of discovery | | Current Location | | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bronze seal | Gaizhou Gaizhou Gaizhou is a coastal city in south-central Liaoning province of Northeast China. It is under the administration of Yingkou City, which lies to the north-northwest, and is located at the northwest end of the Liaodong Peninsula near the northeast coast of the Bohai Sea.-Administrative... Liaoning 40.40°N 122.36°W |
1972 | Liaoning Province Museum Liaoning Province Museum The Liaoning Provincial Museum a prominent museum of history and fine arts located in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.-History:Shenyang was taken by the communist troops on November 2 1948. Upon the approval of the Northeast People's Government, the Northeast Museum was created and was opened... |
Seal script form Khitan small characters. | |