Substances, mixtures and exposure circumstances in this list have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer

International Agency for Research on Cancer

The International Agency for Research on Cancer is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health Organisation of the United Nations....

 (IARC) as Group 2B: The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are possibly carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents, mixtures and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group.
Further details can be found in the IARC Monographs.

Agents and groups of agents

• A-a-C (2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole)
• Acetaldehyde
  Acetaldehyde
  Acetaldehyde is an organic chemical compound with the formula CH3CHO or MeCHO. It is one of the most important aldehydes, occurring widely in nature and being produced on a large scale industrially. Acetaldehyde occurs naturally in coffee, bread, and ripe fruit, and is produced by plants as part...
  
  
• Acetamide
  Acetamide
  Acetamide is an organic compound with the formula CH3CONH2. It is the simplest amide derived from acetic acid. It finds some use as a plasticizer and as an industrial solvent...
  
  
• Acrylonitrile
  Acrylonitrile
  Acrylonitrile is the chemical compound with the formula C3H3N. This pungent-smelling colorless liquid often appears yellow due to impurities. It is an important monomer for the manufacture of useful plastics. In terms of its molecular structure, it consists of a vinyl group linked to a nitrile...
  
  
• Adapalene
  Adapalene
  Adapalene is a third-generation topical retinoid primarily used in the treatment of mild-moderate acne and is also used to treat keratosis pilaris as well as other skin conditions.- History :Adapalene was approved in 1996 by the U.S...
  
  
• AF-2 (2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide)
• Aflatoxin
  Aflatoxin
  Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus, a fungus, the most notable ones being Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxins are toxic and among the most carcinogenic substances known...
  
   M1
• para-Aminoazobenzene
  Aniline Yellow
  Aniline Yellow is a yellow azo dye and an aromatic amine. It is a derivate of azobenzene. It has the appearance of an orange powder. It is a carcinogen....
  
  
• ortho-Aminoazotoluene
• 2-Amino-5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole
• Amsacrine
  Amsacrine
  Amsacrine is an antineoplastic agent.It has been used in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.-Mechanism:Its planar fused ring system can intercalate into the DNA of tumor cells, thereby altering the major and minor groove proportions...
  
  
• ortho-Anisidine
• Antimony trioxide
  Antimony trioxide
  Antimony trioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O3. It is the most important commercial compound of antimony. It is found in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite...
  
  
• Aramite
• Auramine (technical-grade)
• Azaserine
  Azaserine
  Azaserine is a carcinogen primarily used for researching pancreatic cancer in animal models. It is a glutamine analogue that irreversibly inhibits glutamine utilizing enzymes such as Gln: Phosphoribosyl Amidotransferase, which is involved in the biosynthesis of Inosine monophosphate...
  
  
• Aziridine
  Aziridine
  Aziridines are organic compounds containing the aziridine functional group, a three-membered heterocycle with one amine group and two methylene groups...
  
  
• Benz[j]aceanthrylene
• Benz[a]anthracene
• Benzo[b]fluoranthene
• Benzo[j]fluoranthene
  Benzo(j)fluoranthene
  Benzo[j]fluoranthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C20H12....
  
  
• Benzo[k]fluoranthene
  Benzo(k)fluoranthene
  Benzo[k]fluoranthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C20H12....
  
  
• Benzo[c]phenanthrene
  Benzo(c)phenanthrene
  Benzo[c]phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C18H12....
  
  
• Benzofuran
  Benzofuran
  Benzofuran is the heterocyclic compound consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. This colourless liquid is a component of coal tar. Benzofuran is the "parent" of many related compounds with more complex structures. For example, psoralen is a benzofuran derivative that occurs in several...
  
  
• Benzyl violet 4B
• 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)propane-1,3-diol
• Bleomycin
  Bleomycin
  Bleomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus. Bleomycin refers to a family of structurally related compounds. When used as an anticancer agent, the chemotherapeutical forms are primarily bleomycin A2 and B2. It works by causing breaks in DNA...
  
  
• Bracken fern
  Bracken
  Bracken are several species of large, coarse ferns of the genus Pteridium. Ferns are vascular plants that have alternating generations, large plants that produce spores and small plants that produce sex cells . Brackens are in the family Dennstaedtiaceae, which are noted for their large, highly...
  
  
• Bromodichloromethane
  Bromodichloromethane
  Bromodichloromethane is a trihalomethane with formula CHBrCl2.It has been formerly used as a flame retardant, solvent for fats and waxes and because of its high density for mineral separation. Now it is only used as a reagent or intermediate in organic chemistry.-External links:* * *...
  
  
• Butylated hydroxyanisole
  Butylated hydroxyanisole
  Butylated hydroxyanisole is an antioxidant consisting of a mixture of two isomeric organic compounds, 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. It is prepared from 4-methoxyphenol and isobutylene. It is a waxy solid used as a food additive with the E number E320...
  
  
• b-Butyrolactone
• Caffeic acid
  Caffeic acid
  Caffeic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid, a naturally occurring organic compound. This yellow solid consists of both phenolic and acrylic functional groups...
  
  
• Carbon black
  Carbon black
  Carbon black is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products such as FCC tar, coal tar, ethylene cracking tar, and a small amount from vegetable oil. Carbon black is a form of amorphous carbon that has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, although its...
  
  
• Carbon tetrachloride
  Carbon tetrachloride
  Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names is the organic compound with the formula CCl4. It was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers, as a precursor to refrigerants, and as a cleaning agent...
  
  
• Catechol
• Chlordane
  Chlordane
  Chlordane, or chlordan, is an organochlorine compound that was used as a pesticide. This white solid was sold in the U.S. until 1983 as an insecticide for crops like corn and citrus and on lawns and domestic gardens.-Production and uses:...
  
  
• Chlordecone (Kepone)
• Chlorendic acid
  Chlorendic acid
  Chlorendic acid, or 1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachlorobicyclo[2.2.1]-hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, is a chlorinated hydrocarbon used in the synthesis of some flame retardants and polymers. It is a common breakdown product of several organochlorine insecticides....
  
  
• para-Chloroaniline
  4-Chloroaniline
  4-Chloroaniline is a organochlorine compound with the formula ClC6H4NH2. This pale yellow solid is one of several known chloroanilines.-Preparation:4-Chloroaniline is not prepared from aniline, which tends to overchlorinate...
  
  
• 3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone
• Chloroform
  Chloroform
  Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl3. It is one of the four chloromethanes. The colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid is a trihalomethane, and is considered somewhat hazardous...
  
  
• 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene
• Chlorophenoxy herbicide
  Chlorophenoxy herbicide
  Chlorophenoxy herbicides are a class of herbicide which includes: 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4,5-T and mecoprop. Large amounts have been produced since the 1950s for agriculture...
  
  s
• 4-Chloro-ortho-phenylenediamine
• Chloroprene
  Chloroprene
  Chloroprene is the common name for the organic compound 2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene, which has the formula CH2=CCl-CH=CH2. This colorless liquid is the monomer for the production of the polymer polychloroprene, a type of synthetic rubber...
  
  
• Chlorothalonil
  Chlorothalonil
  Chlorothalonil is a polychlorinated aromatic mainly used as a broad spectrum, non-systemic fungicide, with other uses as a wood protectant, pesticide, acaricide, and to control mold, mildew, bacteria, algae. Chlorothalonil-containing products are sold under the names Bravo, Echo, and Daconil. It...
  
  
• Chrysene
  Chrysene
  Chrysene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the molecular formula that consists of four fused benzene rings. It is a natural constituent of coal tar, from which it was first isolated and characterized...
  
  
• CI Acid Red 114
• CI Basic Red 9
• CI Direct Blue 15
• Citrus Red No. 2
  Citrus Red 2
  Citrus Red 2, Citrus Red No. 2, C.I. Solvent Red 80, or C.I. 12156 is an artificial dye. As a food dye, it is permitted by Food and Drug Administration since 1956 only for use in the United States to color the skin of oranges. Citrus Red 2 is listed as an IARC Group 2B carcinogen, meaning that it...
  
  
• Cobalt
  Cobalt
  Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. It is found naturally only in chemically combined form. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal....
  
   and cobalt compounds 
• Cobalt sulfate and other soluble cobalt(II) salts
• para-Cresidine
  Para-Cresidine
  para-Cresidine is an intermediate that is used to create dyes and pigments. It is a light yellow to light brown solid with the chemical formula C8H11ON or CH3OC6H3NH2. It appears as white crystals. Its carcinogen category is 2, and upon heating it produces toxic fumes including nitrogen oxides. It...
  
  
• Cycasin
• Dacarbazine
  Dacarbazine
  Dacarbazine is an antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of various cancers, among them malignant melanoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, sarcoma, and islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas.Dacarbazine is a member of the class of alkylating agents, which destroy cancer cells by adding an alkyl...
  
  
• Dantron
  Dantron
  1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone is an organic substance with formula , formally derived from anthraquinone by the replacement of two hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl groups...
  
   (Chrysazin, 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone)
• Daunomycin
• DDT
  DDT
  DDT is one of the most well-known synthetic insecticides. It is a chemical with a long, unique, and controversial history....
  
   (p,p-DDT)
• N,N'-Diacetylbenzidine
• 2,4-Diaminoanisole
• 4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl ether
• 2,4-Diaminotoluene
• Dibenz[a,h]acridine
• Dibenz[a,j]acridine
• 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole
• Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene
• Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene
• Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene
• 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
• 2,3-Dibromopropan-1-ol
• Dichloroacetic acid
  Dichloroacetic acid
  Dichloroacetic acid, often abbreviated DCA, is the chemical compound with formula . It is an acid, an analogue of acetic acid, in which two of the three hydrogen atoms of the methyl group have been replaced by chlorine atoms. The salts and esters of dichloroacetic acid are called dichloroacetates...
  
  
• para-Dichlorobenzene
• 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
  3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
  3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine is used in the production of azo dyes and is considered a carcinogen. It contains two benzene rings. This compound has been shown to increase the incidence of tumors in animals. Because it is structurally similar to benzidine, a known carcinogen, it is believed that it may...
  
  
• 3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether
• 1,2-Dichloroethane
  1,2-Dichloroethane
  The chemical compound 1,2-dichloroethane, commonly known by its old name of ethylene dichloride , is a chlorinated hydrocarbon, mainly used to produce vinyl chloride monomer , the major precursor for PVC production. It is a colourless liquid with a chloroform-like odour...
  
  
• Dichloromethane
  Dichloromethane
  Dichloromethane is an organic compound with the formula CH2Cl2. This colorless, volatile liquid with a moderately sweet aroma is widely used as a solvent. Although it is not miscible with water, it is miscible with many organic solvents...
  
   (methylene chloride)
• 1,3-Dichloropropene
  1,3-Dichloropropene
  1,3-Dichloropropene, also known as Telone or simply 1,3-D, is a colorless liquid with a sweet smell. It exists as a mixture of the geometric isomers cis-1,3-dichloropropene and trans-1,3-dichloropropene. It dissolves in water and evaporates easily. It is used mainly in farming as a pesticide,...
  
   (technical grade)
• Dichlorvos
  Dichlorvos
  Dichlorvos or 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate is a highly volatile organophosphate, widely used as a insecticide to control household pests, in public health, and protecting stored product from insects. It is effective against mushroom flies, aphids, spider mites, caterpillars, thrips, and...
  
  
• 1,2-Diethylhydrazine
• Diglycidyl resorcinol ether
• Dihydrosafrole
• Diisopropyl sulfate
• 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine (o-Dianisidine)
• para-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
• trans-2-[(Dimethylamino)methylimino]-5-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-vinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole
• 2,6-Xylidine
  2,6-Xylidine
  2,6-Xylidine is a aromatic amine with the chemical formula 2C6H3NH2. It is an isomer of 2,4-xylidine and 3,4-xylidine. It is a clear to yellow-red liquid which darkens upon exposure to air and light.2,6-Xylidine may be used to synthesize lidocaine:...
  
   (2,6-Dimethylaniline)
• 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine (o-Tolidine)
• 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
• 3,7-Dinitrofluoranthene
• 3,9-Dinitrofluoranthene
• 1,6-Dinitropyrene
• 1,8-Dinitropyrene
• 2,4-Dinitrotoluene
• 2,6-Dinitrotoluene
• 1,4-Dioxane
  1,4-Dioxane
  1,4-Dioxane, often called dioxane because the other isomers of dioxane are rare, is a heterocyclic organic compound. It is a colorless liquid with a faint sweet odor similar to that of diethyl ether. It is classified as an ether. This colorless liquid is mainly used as a stabilizer for the solvent...
  
  
• Disperse Blue 1
• 1,2-Epoxybutane
• Ethyl acrylate
  Ethyl acrylate
  Ethyl acrylate is an organic compound primarily used in the preparation of various polymers. It is a clear liquid with an acrid penetrating odor. The human nose is capable of detecting this odor at a thousand times lower concentration than is considered harmful if continuously exposed for some...
  
  
• Ethylbenzene
  Ethylbenzene
  Ethylbenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2CH3. This aromatic hydrocarbon is important in the petrochemical industry as an intermediate in the production of styrene, which in turn is used for making polystyrene, a common plastic material....
  
  
• Ethylene dichloride
• Ethyl methanesulfonate
• Foreign bodies, implanted in tissues

Polymeric, prepared as thin smooth films (with the exception of poly(glycolic acid))

Metallic, prepared as thin smooth films

Metallic cobalt, metallic nickel and an alloy powder containing 66-67% nickel, 13-16% chromium and 7% iron

• 2-(2-Formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole
• Fumonisin B1
  Fumonisin B1
  Fumonisin B1 is the most prevalent member of a family of toxins, known as fumonisins, produced by several species of Fusarium molds, such as Fusarium verticillioides, which occur mainly in maize , wheat and other cereals. Fumonisin B1 contamination of maize has been reported worldwide at mg/kg levels...
  
  
• Furan
  Furan
  Furan is a heterocyclic organic compound, consisting of a five-membered aromatic ring with four carbon atoms and one oxygen. The class of compounds containing such rings are also referred to as furans....
  
  
• Glu-P-1 (2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole)
• Glu-P-2 (2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole)
• Glycidaldehyde
• Griseofulvin
  Griseofulvin
  Griseofulvin is an antifungal drug that is administered orally. It is used both in animals and in humans, to treat fungal infections of the skin and nails...
  
  
• HC Blue No. 1
• Heptachlor
  Heptachlor
  Heptachlor is an organochlorine compound that was used as an insecticide. Usually sold as a white or tan powder, heptachlor is one of the cyclodiene insecticides. In 1962, Rachel Carson's Silent Spring questioned the safety of heptachlor and other chlorinated insecticides. Due to its highly...
  
  
• Hexachlorobenzene
  Hexachlorobenzene
  Hexachlorobenzene, or perchlorobenzene, is a chlorocarbon with the molecular formula C6Cl6. It is a fungicide formerly used as a seed treatment, especially on wheat to control the fungal disease bunt...
  
  
• Hexachloroethane
  Hexachloroethane
  Hexachloroethane, also known as perchloroethanes , C2Cl6, is a colorless solid at room temperature which is used by the US Military in smoke compositions, e.g...
  
  
• Hexachlorocyclohexane
  Hexachlorocyclohexane
  Hexachlorocyclohexane or 666 is a six chlorine substituted cyclohexane, a polyhalogenated compound. It comes in many forms. Some are pesticides.Common forms are:* α-HCH , or α-BCH, alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane...
  
  s
• Hexamethylphosphoramide
  Hexamethylphosphoramide
  Hexamethylphosphoramide, often abbreviated HMPA, is a phosphoramide having the formula [2N]3PO. This colorless liquid is a useful polar aprotic solvent and additive in organic synthesis.-Structure and reactivity:...
  
   (HMPA)
• Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (infection with)
• Human papillomavirus
  Human papillomavirus
  Human papillomavirus is a member of the papillomavirus family of viruses that is capable of infecting humans. Like all papillomaviruses, HPVs establish productive infections only in keratinocytes of the skin or mucous membranes...
  
  es: some types other than 16, 18, 31 and 33
• Hydrazine
  Hydrazine
  Hydrazine is an inorganic compound with the formula N2H4. It is a colourless flammable liquid with an ammonia-like odor. Hydrazine is highly toxic and dangerously unstable unless handled in solution. Approximately 260,000 tons are manufactured annually...
  
  
• 1-Hydroxyanthraquinone
• Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
• Iron-dextran complex
• Isoprene
  Isoprene
  Isoprene , or 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, is a common organic compound with the formula CH2=CCH=CH2. Under standard conditions it is a colorless liquid...
  
  
• Lasiocarpine
• Lead
  Lead
  Lead is a main-group element in the carbon group with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed...
  
  
• Magnetic field
  Magnetic field
  A magnetic field is a mathematical description of the magnetic influence of electric currents and magnetic materials. The magnetic field at any given point is specified by both a direction and a magnitude ; as such it is a vector field.Technically, a magnetic field is a pseudo vector;...
  
  s (extremely low frequency
  Extremely low frequency
  Extremely low frequency is a term used to describe radiation frequencies from 3 to 300 Hz. In atmosphere science, an alternative definition is usually given, from 3 Hz to 3 kHz...
  
  )
• MeA-a-C (2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole)
• Medroxyprogesterone acetate
• MeIQ (2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline)
• MeIQx (2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline)
• Merphalan
• 2-Methylaziridine (Propyleneimine)
• Methylazoxymethanol acetate
• 5-Methylchrysene
• 4,4'-Methylene bis(2-methylaniline)
• 4,4'-Methylenedianiline
  4,4'-Methylenedianiline
  4,4'-Methylenedianiline is a suspected carcinogen.It is included in the "substances of very high concern" list of the European Chemicals Agency...
  
  
• Methylmercury compounds
• 2-Methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone (uncertain purity)
• N-Methyl-N-nitrosourethane
• Methylthiouracil
  Methylthiouracil
  Methylthiouracil is an antithyroid preparation. It is a thioamide, closely related to propylthiouracil.Methylthiouracil is not used clinically in the United States, it has a similar mechanism of action and side effect to that of propylthiouricil....
  
  
• Metronidazole
  Metronidazole
  Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic medication used particularly for anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. Metronidazole is an antibiotic, amebicide, and antiprotozoal....
  
  
• Michler's base (4,4′-methylene-bis(N,N-dimethyl)benzenamine)
• Michler's ketone
  Michler's ketone
  Michler’s ketone is an organic compound with the formula of [2NC6H4]2CO. This electron-rich derivative of benzophenone is an intermediate in the production of dyes and pigments, for example Methyl violet. It is also used as a sensitizer...
  
   (4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone)
• Microcystin-LR
• Mirex
  Mirex
  Mirex is a chlorinated hydrocarbon that was commercialized as an insecticide and later banned because of its impact on the environment. This white crystalline odorless solid is a derivative of cyclopentadiene. It was popularized to control fire ants but by virtue of its chemical robustness and...
  
  
• Mitomycin C
• Mitoxantrone
  Mitoxantrone
  Mitoxantrone is an anthracenedione antineoplastic agent.-Uses:It is used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, mostly metastatic breast cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma...
  
  
• Monocrotaline
• 5-(Morpholinomethyl)-3-[(5-nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-oxazolidinone
• Nafenopin
  Nafenopin
  Nafenopin is a hypolipidemic agent....
  
  
• Naphthalene
  Naphthalene
  Naphthalene is an organic compound with formula . It is a white crystalline solid with a characteristic odor that is detectable at concentrations as low as 0.08 ppm by mass. As an aromatic hydrocarbon, naphthalene's structure consists of a fused pair of benzene rings...
  
  
• Nickel
  Nickel
  Nickel is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile...
  
  , metallic and alloys
• Niridazole
  Niridazole
  Niridazole is a schistosomicide. It is used to treat schistosomiasis, the helmintic disease caused by certain flatworms from the genus Schistosoma . It is also known by its trade name Ambilgar. It is usually is given as tablets. Niridazole has central nervous system toxicity and can cause...
  
  
• Nitrilotriacetic acid
  Nitrilotriacetic acid
  Nitrilotriacetic acid , C6H9NO6, is a polyamino carboxylic acid and is used as a chelating agent which forms coordination compounds with metal ions such as Ca2+, Cu2+ or Fe3+.The uses of NTA are similar to that of EDTA...
  
   and its salts
• 5-Nitroacenaphthene
• 2-Nitroanisole
• Nitrobenzene
  Nitrobenzene
  Nitrobenzene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5NO2. It is a water-insoluble pale yellow oil with an almond-like odor. It freezes to give greenish-yellow crystals. It is produced on a large scale as a precursor to aniline. Although occasionally used as a flavoring or perfume...
  
  
• 6-Nitrochrysene
• Nitrofen (technical-grade)
• 2-Nitrofluorene
  2-Nitrofluorene
  2-Nitrofluorene is a a by-product of combustion and is a nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon . 2-Nitrofluorene is listed as an IARC Group 2B carcinogen, indicating it is possibly carcinogenic to humans....
  
  
• 1-[(5-Nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-imidazolidinone
• N-[4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]acetamide
• Nitrogen mustard N-oxide
• Nitromethane
  Nitromethane
  Nitromethane is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is the simplest organic nitro compound. It is a slightly viscous, highly polar liquid commonly used as a solvent in a variety of industrial applications such as in extractions, as a reaction medium, and as a cleaning solvent...
  
  
• 2-Nitropropane
• 1-Nitropyrene
  1-Nitropyrene
  1-Nitropyrene is a by-product of combustion and is the predominant nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emitted in a diesel engine. 1-Nitropyrene is listed as an IARC Group 2B carcinogen, indicating it is possibly carcinogenic to humans....
  
  
• 4-Nitropyrene
• N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine
• N-Nitrosodiethanolamine
• N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine
• 3-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)propionitrile
• N-Nitrosomethylethylamine
• N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine
• N-Nitrosomorpholine
• N-Nitrosopiperidine
• N-Nitrosopyrrolidine
• N-Nitrososarcosine
• Ochratoxin A
  Ochratoxin A
  Ochratoxin A, a toxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum, is one of the most abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins in the world. Human exposure occurs mainly through consumption of improperly stored food products, particularly contaminated grain...
  
  
• Oestrogen-progestogen therapy, postmenopausal
• Oil Orange SS
• Oxazepam
  Oxazepam
  Oxazepam , is a drug which is a short to intermediate acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine derivative...
  
  
• Palygorskite
  Palygorskite
  Palygorskite or attapulgite is a magnesium aluminium phyllosilicate with formula 2Si4O10·4 which occurs in a type of clay soil common to the Southeastern United States. It is one of the types of fuller's earth.-Name:...
  
   (attapulgite) (long fibres, >5 µm)
• Panfuran S (containing dihydroxymethylfuratrizine)
• Phenazopyridine hydrochloride
• Phenobarbital
  Phenobarbital
  Phenobarbital or phenobarbitone is a barbiturate, first marketed as Luminal by Friedr. Bayer et comp. It is the most widely used anticonvulsant worldwide, and the oldest still commonly used. It also has sedative and hypnotic properties but, as with other barbiturates, has been superseded by the...
  
  
• Phenolphthalein
  Phenolphthalein
  Phenolphthalein is a chemical compound with the formula C20H14O4 and is often written as "HIn" or "phph" in shorthand notation. Often used in titrations, it turns colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions...
  
  
• Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride
• Phenyl glycidyl ether
• Phenytoin
  Phenytoin
  Phenytoin sodium is a commonly used antiepileptic. Phenytoin acts to suppress the abnormal brain activity seen in seizure by reducing electrical conductance among brain cells by stabilizing the inactive state of voltage-gated sodium channels...
  
  
• PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine
  2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine
  2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine is one of the most abundant heterocyclic amines in cooked meat. It is classified as a IARC Group 2B carcinogen, possibly carcinogenic to humans, and is considered "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen" by the U.S. Department of Health and...
  
  )
• Polychlorophenols and their sodium salts (mixed exposures)
• Ponceau MX
• Ponceau 3R
• Potassium bromate
  Potassium bromate
  Potassium bromate , is a bromate of potassium and takes the form of white crystals or powder.-Uses in baking:Potassium bromate is typically used as a flour improver , strengthening the dough and allowing higher rising. It is an oxidizing agent, and under the right conditions, will be completely...
  
  
• Progestin
  Progestin
  A progestin is a synthetic progestogen that has progestinic effects similar to progesterone. The two most common uses of progestins are for hormonal contraception , and to prevent endometrial hyperplasia from unopposed estrogen in hormone replacement therapy...
  
  s
• Progestogen-only contraceptives
• 1,3-Propane sultone
• β-Propiolactone
• Propylene oxide
  Propylene oxide
  Propylene oxide is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH3CHCH2O. This colourless volatile liquid is produced on a large scale industrially, its major application being its use for the production of polyether polyols for use in making polyurethane plastics...
  
  
• Propylthiouracil
  Propylthiouracil
  Propylthiouracil or 6-n-Propylthiouracil is a thioamide drug used to treat hyperthyroidism by decreasing the amount of thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland...
  
  
• Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields associated with wireless phone use
• Refractory ceramic fibres
• Riddelliine
  Riddelliine
  Riddelliine is a chemical compound classified as a pyrrolizidine alkaloid. It was first isolated from Senecio riddellii and is also found in a variety of medicinal plants including Jacobaea vulgaris, ragwort, groundsel, and others plants in the genus Senecio .Riddelliine can be found as a...
  
  
• Safrole
  Safrole
  Safrole, also known as shikimol, is a phenylpropene. It is a colorless or slightly yellow oily liquid. It is typically extracted from the root-bark or the fruit of sassafras plants in the form of sassafras oil , or synthesized from other related methylenedioxy...
  
  
• Schistosoma japonicum
  Schistosoma japonicum
  Schistosoma japonicum is an important parasite and one of the major infectious agents of schistosomiasis.This parasite has a very wide host range, infecting at least 31 species of wild mammals, including 9 carnivores, 16 rodents, one primate , two insectivores and three artiodactyls and therefore...
  
  (infection with)
• Sodium ortho-phenylphenate
  Sodium orthophenyl phenol
  Sodium orthophenyl phenol is a compound used as a disinfectant. It is the sodium salt of 2-phenylphenol.As a food additive, it has E number E232....
  
  
• Special-purpose fibres such as E-glass and '475' glass fibres
• Sterigmatocystin
  Sterigmatocystin
  Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold.-Introduction:...
  
  
• Streptozotocin
  Streptozotocin
  Streptozotocin is a naturally occurring chemical that is particularly toxic to the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas in mammals...
  
  
• Styrene
• Sulfallate
• Tetrafluoroethylene
  Tetrafluoroethylene
  Tetrafluoroethylene is a chemical compound with the formula C2F4. It is the simplest alkene fluorocarbon. This gaseous species is used primarily in the industrial preparation of polymers.-Properties:...
  
  
• Tetranitromethane
  Tetranitromethane
  Tetranitromethane or TNM is an organic oxidizer with chemical formula C4. Its chemical structure consists of four nitro groups attached to one carbon atom...
  
  
• Thioacetamide
  Thioacetamide
  Thioacetamide is an organosulfur compound with the formula C2H5NS. This white crystalline solid is soluble in water and serves as a source of sulfide ions in the synthesis of organic and inorganic compounds. It is a prototypical thioamide....
  
  
• 4,4'-Thiodianiline
  4,4'-Thiodianiline
  4,4'-Thiodianiline is an aromatic amine which is presumed to be carcinogenic to humans.- Chemical structure and properties :TDA is not combustible, but when heated it may decompose to form irritating and toxic fumes...
  
  
• Thiouracil
  Thiouracil
  Thiouracil refers both to a specific molecule consisting of a sulfated uracil, and a family of molecules based upon that structure. The substance is a historically relevant antithyroid preparation; Astwood E.B. used it in 1943 as therapy of the Graves' disease for the first time....
  
  
• Titanium dioxide
  Titanium dioxide
  Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula . When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6, or CI 77891. Generally it comes in two different forms, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of...
  
  
• Toluene diisocyanate
  Toluene diisocyanate
  Toluene diisocyanate is an aromatic diisocyanate. It is produced for reaction with polyols to form polyurethanes. It exists in two isomers, 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI . 2,4-TDI is produced in the pure state, but TDI is often marketed as 80/20 and 65/35 mixtures of the 2,4 and 2,6 isomers respectively...
  
  s
• Trichlormethine (Trimustine hydrochloride)
• Trp-P-1 (3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole)
• Trp-P-2 (3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole)
• Trypan blue
  Trypan blue
  Trypan blue is a vital stain used to selectively colour dead tissues or cells blue. It is a diazo dye.Live cells or tissues with intact cell membranes are not coloured. Since cells are very selective in the compounds that pass through the membrane, in a viable cell trypan blue is not absorbed;...
  
  
• Uracil mustard
  Uracil mustard
  Uramustine or uracil mustard is a chemotherapy drug which belongs to the class of alkylating agents. It is used in lymphatic malignancies such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It works by damaging DNA, primarily in cancer cells that preferentially take up the uracil due to their need to make nucleic...
  
  
• Vanadium pentoxide
• Vinyl acetate
  Vinyl acetate
  Vinyl acetate is an organic compound with the formula CH3COOCH=CH2. A colorless liquid with a pungent odor, it is the precursor to polyvinyl acetate, an important polymer in industry.-Production:...
  
  
• 4-Vinylcyclohexene
  4-Vinylcyclohexene
  4-Vinylcyclohexene is an organic compound formed when 1,3-butadiene dimerizes in a Diels-Alder reaction. It is found in industrial processes involving 1,3-butadiene, including the manufacture of lauric acid...
  
  
• 4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide
• Zalcitabine
• Zidovudine
  Zidovudine
  Zidovudine or azidothymidine is a nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor , a type of antiretroviral drug used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. It is an analog of thymidine....
  
   (AZT)

Mixtures

• Bitumens, extracts of steam-refined and air-refined
• Carrageenan
  Carrageenan
  Carrageenans or carrageenins are a family of linear sulfated polysaccharides that are extracted from red seaweeds. There are several varieties of carrageen used in cooking and baking. Kappa-carrageenan is used mostly in breading and batter due to its gelling nature...
  
  , degraded
• Chlorinated paraffins
  Chlorinated paraffins
  Chlorinated paraffins are a complex mixture of polychlorinated n-alkanes and were introduced in the 1930s. The chlorination degree of CPs can vary between 30 and 70%. CPs are subdivided according to their carbon chain length into short chain CPs , medium chain CPs and long chain CPs...
  
   of average carbon chain length C₁₂ and average degree of chlorination approximately 60%
• Coffee
  Coffee
  Coffee is a brewed beverage with a dark,init brooo acidic flavor prepared from the roasted seeds of the coffee plant, colloquially called coffee beans. The beans are found in coffee cherries, which grow on trees cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in equatorial Latin America, Southeast Asia,...
  
   (urinary bladder)
• Diesel fuel, marine
• Engine exhaust, gasoline
  Gasoline
  Gasoline , or petrol , is a toxic, translucent, petroleum-derived liquid that is primarily used as a fuel in internal combustion engines. It consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives. Some gasolines also contain...
  
  
• Fuel oil
  Fuel oil
  Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue. Broadly speaking, fuel oil is any liquid petroleum product that is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power, except oils having a flash...
  
  s, residual (heavy)
• Gasoline
  Gasoline
  Gasoline , or petrol , is a toxic, translucent, petroleum-derived liquid that is primarily used as a fuel in internal combustion engines. It consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives. Some gasolines also contain...
  
  
• Magenta dyes (CI Basic Red and fuschins)
• Pickled vegetables (traditional in Asia)
• Polybrominated biphenyls [Firemaster BP-6, 59536-65-1]
• Toxaphene
  Toxaphene
  Toxaphene is an insecticide. It is a mixture of closely related substances whose use is now banned in most of the world due to concerns of toxicity.-Composition:...
  
   (Polychlorinated camphenes)
• Toxins derived from Fusarium moniliforme
• Welding
  Welding
  Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material that cools to become a strong joint, with pressure sometimes...
  
   fumes

Exposure circumstances

• Carpentry
  Carpentry
  A carpenter is a skilled craftsperson who works with timber to construct, install and maintain buildings, furniture, and other objects. The work, known as carpentry, may involve manual labor and work outdoors....
  
   and joinery
• Cobalt
  Cobalt
  Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. It is found naturally only in chemically combined form. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal....
  
   metal without tungsten carbide
  Tungsten carbide
  Tungsten carbide is an inorganic chemical compound containing equal parts of tungsten and carbon atoms. Colloquially, tungsten carbide is often simply called carbide. In its most basic form, it is a fine gray powder, but it can be pressed and formed into shapes for use in industrial machinery,...
  
  
• Dry cleaning
  Dry cleaning
  Dry cleaning is any cleaning process for clothing and textiles using a chemical solvent other than water. The solvent used is typically tetrachloroethylene , abbreviated "perc" in the industry and "dry-cleaning fluid" by the public...
  
   (occupational exposure as)
• Firefighting (occupational exposure as)
• Printing
  Printing
  Printing is a process for reproducing text and image, typically with ink on paper using a printing press. It is often carried out as a large-scale industrial process, and is an essential part of publishing and transaction printing....
  
   processes (occupational exposure as)
• Talc
  Talc
  Talc is a mineral composed of hydrated magnesium silicate with the chemical formula H2Mg34 or Mg3Si4O102. In loose form, it is the widely-used substance known as talcum powder. It occurs as foliated to fibrous masses, its crystals being so rare as to be almost unknown...
  
  -based body powders (perinal use of)
• Textile manufacturing
  Textile manufacturing
  Textile manufacturing is a major industry. It is based in the conversion of three types of fibre into yarn, then fabric, then textiles. These are then fabricated into clothes or other artifacts. Cotton remains the most important natural fibre, so is treated in depth...
  
   industry (work in)

External links

• Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, International Agency for Research on Cancer
  International Agency for Research on Cancer
  The International Agency for Research on Cancer is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health Organisation of the United Nations....
  
  
• IARC Monographs - Classifications - by Group