List of Governors of the Province of Cartagena
Encyclopedia
The Province of Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
was erected in 1533, instantaneously after the conquistador
Don
Pedro de Heredia
set foot on the city, thus fulfilling his part in the contract of conquest made with the King Charles V
of Spain.
It changed names and even became independent during the 19th century but essentially conserved its territorial area.
The following is the list of the Governors or Presidents of the Province, or in other cases Republic of Cartagena.
Leaders of the territory when it was an independent nation are also included here.
in Cartagena de Indias and its election as alternative capital of the New Grenada.
During this time, Cartagena de Indias mayor
had some powers (judicial and administrative of other kind) that actually has not, and many of the powers vested in today's mayor were of the Governor, making him besides its military and budgetary authority in the province, a semi-mayor of the capital city, and because of its importance had significant autonomy from Bogotá
playing a vital role in the New Grenada balance of powers.
In this list appears the title, name, length of the governorship and notes about the incumbency.
and the convocation of Juntas throughout Spain trasformed the traditional order. Although everything remained the same, the instability of this period makes almost impossible to state what was the precise status of the province.
This triumvirate was fragile and was replaced by a "Supreme Junta" where the locals had more power, this could be regarded as a sort of fight between the virtually nonexistent royal power and the city councils.
By this time the chaos dominated the political scene, many reclaimed independence of the viceroyalty, others of the province, others the return of the Ancien regime and others keeping the status quo during this time, being the governor, or whatever the title had the office, was always a short victory of each faction.
In 11 November 1811, the Assembly declared Cartagena de Indias an independent nation, from Spain, and also of any type of control from Bogotá
and proceeded to elect his first president. The majority of historians regard this as very important but, in practice, those who voted against independence adhered to the Cádiz Cortes
, Napoleon I
, Charles IV
or even an ethereal absolutism in name of Ferdinand VII of Spain. Again, the office of governor with all the men under its command was in the service of the faction in power, making the province switching from absolutist, to pan-Hispanic liberal, to independent, to absolutist again.
Between 1811 and 1814 the original province annexed through war the neighboring province of Santa Marta
, unifying for the first time the eastern Caribbean Coast of South America. This expansion of and consolidation of the Cartagena Republic was short-lived, the pan-Hispanic liberals adhering to the Cádiz Cortes
took office again and stopped hostilities against the royalists in Santa Marta
but kept the lands gained by the revolutionaries.
After the city and its province returned to the hands of the absolutist royalists in 1815 the Ancien regime so longed by most of the capital and its inhabitants proved to be anachronous, because the problems created by the revolution and the new times that came with it overturned the old system, and the representatives of the absolutism
were just that: representatives, they followed orders, and restoration was harsh without concessions, almost all historians coincide that that was the sign of the failure of the restoration.
The holocaust of Cartagena, the failure of the restoration and the growing radicalism of the second reign of the recently restored Ferdinand VII fed the Spanish Americas with the real desire of independence for the first time, after the dramatic but lets say educational experience of home rule. The campaign of reconquista
of Pablo Morillo
from Cartagena became harder and harder because popular sentiment began to shift from the first time for full union of the provinces and independence of Spain.
Intendent from Cartagena de Indias.
Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...
was erected in 1533, instantaneously after the conquistador
Conquistador
Conquistadors were Spanish soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain in the 15th to 16th centuries, following Europe's discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492...
Don
Don (honorific)
Don, from Latin dominus, is an honorific in Spanish , Portuguese , and Italian . The female equivalent is Doña , Dona , and Donna , abbreviated "Dª" or simply "D."-Usage:...
Pedro de Heredia
Pedro de Heredia
Pedro de Heredia, Spanish conqueror, founder of the city Cartagena de Indias, in Colombia.Noble from birth, for being involved in many brawls he was forced to leave Spain. He established himself in La Española. Later on, he accepted the job of lieutenant offered by the governor of Santa Marta,...
set foot on the city, thus fulfilling his part in the contract of conquest made with the King Charles V
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I, of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary retirement and abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I and his son Philip II in 1556.As...
of Spain.
It changed names and even became independent during the 19th century but essentially conserved its territorial area.
The following is the list of the Governors or Presidents of the Province, or in other cases Republic of Cartagena.
Leaders of the territory when it was an independent nation are also included here.
Province of Cartagena de Indias (1533-1810)
The province of Cartagena in its initial form lasted between 1533 and 1810, the title of the province's chief executive was Governor. With exceptions in 1539 and 1540, provisional leaders served without that title and during the Viceroyalty the administrative power of the governor diminished due to the presence of the ViceroyViceroy
A viceroy is a royal official who runs a country, colony, or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch. The term derives from the Latin prefix vice-, meaning "in the place of" and the French word roi, meaning king. A viceroy's province or larger territory is called a viceroyalty...
in Cartagena de Indias and its election as alternative capital of the New Grenada.
During this time, Cartagena de Indias mayor
Mayor
In many countries, a Mayor is the highest ranking officer in the municipal government of a town or a large urban city....
had some powers (judicial and administrative of other kind) that actually has not, and many of the powers vested in today's mayor were of the Governor, making him besides its military and budgetary authority in the province, a semi-mayor of the capital city, and because of its importance had significant autonomy from Bogotá
Bogotá
Bogotá, Distrito Capital , from 1991 to 2000 called Santa Fé de Bogotá, is the capital, and largest city, of Colombia. It is also designated by the national constitution as the capital of the department of Cundinamarca, even though the city of Bogotá now comprises an independent Capital district...
playing a vital role in the New Grenada balance of powers.
In this list appears the title, name, length of the governorship and notes about the incumbency.
- 1. Don Pedro de HerediaPedro de HerediaPedro de Heredia, Spanish conqueror, founder of the city Cartagena de Indias, in Colombia.Noble from birth, for being involved in many brawls he was forced to leave Spain. He established himself in La Española. Later on, he accepted the job of lieutenant offered by the governor of Santa Marta,...
(1533–1535) Founder of the City and the province. - 2. Don Juan de Badillo (1535–1537) In his name exist the 1st. and 2nd. streets of Badillo in the City.
- 3. Don Juan de Santacruz (1537–1539)
- 4. Exc. Cartagena de Indias City CouncilCity councilA city council or town council is the legislative body that governs a city, town, municipality or local government area.-Australia & NZ:Because of the differences in legislation between the States, the exact definition of a City Council varies...
(1539–1540) - 5. Don Miguel Díaz de Armendáriz (1540-1540)
- 6. Don Alonso de Zurita (1540-1540)
- 7. Don Francisco De Montaño (1540-1540)
- 8. Don Pedro de HerediaPedro de HerediaPedro de Heredia, Spanish conqueror, founder of the city Cartagena de Indias, in Colombia.Noble from birth, for being involved in many brawls he was forced to leave Spain. He established himself in La Española. Later on, he accepted the job of lieutenant offered by the governor of Santa Marta,...
(1540–1554) - 9. Don Juan MaldonadoJuan MaldonadoJuan Maldonado was a Spanish Jesuit theologian and exegete.-Life:...
(1554–1556) - 10. Don Jorge de Quintanilla (1556-1556)
- 11. Don Gonzalo Jiménez de QuesadaGonzalo Jiménez de QuesadaGonzalo Jiménez de Quesada was a Spanish explorer and conquistador in Colombia. He explored the northern part of South America. While successful in many of his exploits, acquiring massive amounts of gold and emeralds, he ended his career disastrously; and has been suggested as a possible model...
(1556–1557) - 12. Don Francisco Velásquez (1557-1557)
- 13. Don Juan de Bustos y Villegas (1557–1562) Resisted the pirate attack of Martin Cote
- 14. Don Martin de las Alas (1562–1563)
- 15. Don Anton Davalos de Luna (1563–1567) Died in office of natural causes (disease)
- 16. Don Alonso de Vargas (1567-1567) The shortest governor in history, his rule lasted only 5 days and 3 hours, Died in office from appendicitisAppendicitisAppendicitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix. It is classified as a medical emergency and many cases require removal of the inflamed appendix, either by laparotomy or laparoscopy. Untreated, mortality is high, mainly because of the risk of rupture leading to...
. - 17. Don Juan Lope de Orozco (1567–1572) Interim governor
- 18. Don Francisco Bahamonde de LugoFrancisco Bahamonde De LugoFrancisco Bahamonde De Lugo is the Grandson of Inés de Lugo , a Spanish Military man, conquistador, city founder, and administrator. Francisco Bahamonde De Lugo was born in the Canary Islands. He was Governor of Puerto Rico between 1564 and 1568...
(1572–1573) Died in office of natural causes - 19. Don Hernan Suarez de Villalobos (1573–1574)
- 20. Don Pedro Fernandez de Busto (1574–1577)
- 21. Don Pedro de Lodeña (1577–1585)
- 22. Don Pedro de Acuña y De los Monteros, KnightKnightA knight was a member of a class of lower nobility in the High Middle Ages.By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior....
of Sovereign Military Order of Malta (1585–1589) - 23. Dr. Don Antonio Gonzalez y Queipo del Llano (1589–1590)
- 24. Don Jerónimo de Zuazo y Casasola, KnightKnightA knight was a member of a class of lower nobility in the High Middle Ages.By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior....
of the Order of SantiagoOrder of SantiagoThe Order of Santiago was founded in the 12th century, and owes its name to the national patron of Galicia and Spain, Santiago , under whose banner the Christians of Galicia and Asturias began in the 9th century to combat and drive back the Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula.-History:Santiago de...
(1590–1605), Died in office of natural causes. Made many public works and began the construction of the city government palace. - 25. Don Francisco Sarmiento de Sotomayor (1605–1606) Interim.
- 26. Don Diego Fernández de Velasco, KnightKnightA knight was a member of a class of lower nobility in the High Middle Ages.By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior....
of the Order of AlcantaraOrder of AlcántaraThe Order of Alcántara , also called the Knights of St. Julian, was originally a military order of León, founded in 1166 and confirmed by Pope Alexander III in 1177.-Alcántara:...
, Marquis of Solaner - 27. Don Garci Girón de Loayza, Count of Villasañudo (1613–1620)
- 28. Don Diego de Escobar y Olañeta, Marquis of Mohedana de la Frontera, KnightKnightA knight was a member of a class of lower nobility in the High Middle Ages.By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior....
of the Order of SantiagoOrder of SantiagoThe Order of Santiago was founded in the 12th century, and owes its name to the national patron of Galicia and Spain, Santiago , under whose banner the Christians of Galicia and Asturias began in the 9th century to combat and drive back the Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula.-History:Santiago de...
(1620–1625) Finished the city government palace and refurbished many other civil buildings. - 29. Don Francisco de Berrio y de Garriztabengoa, Lord of Azcárate (1625–1628)
- 30. Ing. Don Francisco de Murga y Veleidén, Marquis of las Murallas (1628–1633) Began the works in the city walls, in recognition of his efficiency gained the title of Marquis "of the walls".
- 31. Don Pedro de Fidalgo y Oreiro, Marquis of Fica del Duero, KnightKnightA knight was a member of a class of lower nobility in the High Middle Ages.By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior....
of the Order of SantiagoOrder of SantiagoThe Order of Santiago was founded in the 12th century, and owes its name to the national patron of Galicia and Spain, Santiago , under whose banner the Christians of Galicia and Asturias began in the 9th century to combat and drive back the Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula.-History:Santiago de...
(1633–1636) - 31. Don Nicolas de Larraspuru y de Villanueva (1636–1637)
- 32. Don Gonzalo de Herrera y de la Calzada, Marquis of Villalta (1637-1637) The Villalta manor was the first noble estate established in the New Grenada, in 1540, the governor held other minor titles but acquired this one through marriage.
- 33. Don Vicente de los Reyes Villalobos, (1637–1638)
- 34. Field MarshalField MarshalField Marshal is a military rank. Traditionally, it is the highest military rank in an army.-Etymology:The origin of the rank of field marshal dates to the early Middle Ages, originally meaning the keeper of the king's horses , from the time of the early Frankish kings.-Usage and hierarchical...
Don Melchor de Aguilera (1638–1640) - 35. Gen. Don Diego Fernández de Córdoba, Marquis of Guadalcázar, KnightKnightA knight was a member of a class of lower nobility in the High Middle Ages.By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior....
of the Order of SantiagoOrder of SantiagoThe Order of Santiago was founded in the 12th century, and owes its name to the national patron of Galicia and Spain, Santiago , under whose banner the Christians of Galicia and Asturias began in the 9th century to combat and drive back the Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula.-History:Santiago de...
(1640–1641) Do not confuse him with his father with the same name, who was Viceroy of New Spain, and of PeruPeruPeru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....
(1640–1641) - 36. Don Hortuno de Aldape (1641–1643)
- 37. Gen. Don Luis Fernandez de Córdoba, KnightKnightA knight was a member of a class of lower nobility in the High Middle Ages.By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior....
of the Order of SantiagoOrder of SantiagoThe Order of Santiago was founded in the 12th century, and owes its name to the national patron of Galicia and Spain, Santiago , under whose banner the Christians of Galicia and Asturias began in the 9th century to combat and drive back the Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula.-History:Santiago de...
(1643–1646) - 38. Don Clemente Soriano (1647-1647)
- 39. Don Pedro Zapata de Moxos (1647–1648)
- 40. Don Fernando de la Rivaguero, KnightKnightA knight was a member of a class of lower nobility in the High Middle Ages.By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior....
of the Order of SantiagoOrder of SantiagoThe Order of Santiago was founded in the 12th century, and owes its name to the national patron of Galicia and Spain, Santiago , under whose banner the Christians of Galicia and Asturias began in the 9th century to combat and drive back the Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula.-History:Santiago de...
(1648–1654) - 41. Don Pedro Zapata de Moxos (1654-1654)
- 42. Don Francisco Rexis Corbalán (1654-1654)
- 43. Don Juan Pérez de Guzmán (1654–1659)
- 44. Don Diego de Portugal y de Sintra, Grandee of Spain Member of the Portuguese Royal Family (1659–1661). Only royal to rule in the New Grenada.
- 45. Don Juan Pérez de Guzmán, (1661–1664)
- 46. Don Benito de Figueroa y Barrantes (1664–1668)
- 47. Don Pedro De Ulloa y Rivadeneira (1668–1677)
- 48. Don José Daza y Guzmán (1677–1678)
- 49. Gen. Don Rafael Capsir y Sanz (1678–1684) during his rule occurred the event of the Cessatio a divinis.
- 50. Don Juan De Pando y Estrada (1684–1686)
- 51. Don Francisco de Castro y de Castro (1686–1687) Residenced by the King because of many violent events ordered by him during his tenure, it is widely believed that was severely mentally ill.
- 52. Don Martin De Zevallos y De la Cerda (1687–1692)
- 53. Don Diego de Portugal y de Sintra, Grandee of Spain, (1692–1695) Second time.
- 54. Field MarshalField MarshalField Marshal is a military rank. Traditionally, it is the highest military rank in an army.-Etymology:The origin of the rank of field marshal dates to the early Middle Ages, originally meaning the keeper of the king's horses , from the time of the early Frankish kings.-Usage and hierarchical...
Don Diego de los RiosDiego de los RíosDiego de los Ríos was the last Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines. He became the governor during the Spanish American War with the capital at Iloilo on August 13, 1898. He later transferred his capital to Fort Pilar in Zamboanga when he saw the Visayan rebels closing on him in October of...
(1695–1698) Died defending the city during the Raid of Pointis in 1698. Do not confuse with his great grandson who was last governor of the PhilippinesPhilippinesThe Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam... - 55. Don Juan Díaz-Pimienta y Solanarubias, Marquis of Villareal de la Mancha (1698–1706) Began the reconstruction of the city.
- 56. Don José Zúñiga y La Cerda (1706–1710)
- 57. Don Jeronimo de Badillo (1710–1715) Finished the reconstruction of the public buildings and oversaw the beginning of the economic expansion of the city in the 18th century.
- 58. Field MarshalField MarshalField Marshal is a military rank. Traditionally, it is the highest military rank in an army.-Etymology:The origin of the rank of field marshal dates to the early Middle Ages, originally meaning the keeper of the king's horses , from the time of the early Frankish kings.-Usage and hierarchical...
Don Francisco de Baloco y Leigrave, (1715–1720), the Baloco street in the Cartagena de Indias is in his memory. - 59. Don Alberto de Bertodano y Dolores (1720–1722)
- 60. Col. Don Luis de Aponte (1722–1725)
- 61. Field MarshalField MarshalField Marshal is a military rank. Traditionally, it is the highest military rank in an army.-Etymology:The origin of the rank of field marshal dates to the early Middle Ages, originally meaning the keeper of the king's horses , from the time of the early Frankish kings.-Usage and hierarchical...
Don Juan José de Andía, Marquis of Villahermosa (1725–1731) - 62. Col. Antonio de la Sala (1731–1735)
- 63. Don Pedro Fidalgo (1735–1739)
- 64 Don Melchor de NavarreteMelchor de NavarreteMelchor de Navarrete was a Spanish soldier and governor of Cartagena de Indias , Spanish Florida and the Yucatan .- Biography :...
Marquis of la Defensa de San Luis (1739–1742) - 65. Don Basilio de Gante (1742–1749)
- 66. Lt. Don Ignacio de la Sala, son of the 64th. governor, finished many public works and is known as the builder of the CádizCádizCadiz is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the homonymous province, one of eight which make up the autonomous community of Andalusia....
puerta de tierra. (1749–1750) - 67. Don Fernando Morillo Velarde KnightKnightA knight was a member of a class of lower nobility in the High Middle Ages.By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior....
of the Order of AlcantaraOrder of AlcántaraThe Order of Alcántara , also called the Knights of St. Julian, was originally a military order of León, founded in 1166 and confirmed by Pope Alexander III in 1177.-Alcántara:...
(1750–1754) curiously, a far relative of Pablo MorilloPablo MorilloPablo Morillo y Morillo, Count of Cartagena and Marquess of La Puerta, aka El Pacificador was a Spanish general....
who destroyed the city sixty years later. - 68. Don José de Sobremonte Marquis de Sobremonte, (1754–1761) built many public buildings like the first bullringBullringA bullring is an arena where bullfighting is performed. Bullrings are often associated with Spain, but they can also be found in neighboring countries and the New World...
of the New Grenada, and finished the city walls. - 69. Don Fernando Morillo Velarde KnightKnightA knight was a member of a class of lower nobility in the High Middle Ages.By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior....
of the Order of AlcantaraOrder of AlcántaraThe Order of Alcántara , also called the Knights of St. Julian, was originally a military order of León, founded in 1166 and confirmed by Pope Alexander III in 1177.-Alcántara:...
(1761–1766) Second time - 70. Don Gregorio de la Sierra (1766–1773)
- 71. Col. Don Juan Díaz de Torrezar y Pimienta, KnightKnightA knight was a member of a class of lower nobility in the High Middle Ages.By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior....
of the Order of Charles III. (1773–1782) Built many hospitals and opened many roads, its very well remembered because of his efficiency. He was the son of the 59th governor. Became Viceroy of the New Grenada after his incumbency ended, but died shortly after. Some say the Viceroy that succeeded him, had a part in this. - 72. Don Roque de Quiroga (1782–1785)
- 73. Don José de Carrión y Andrade (1785–1789)
- 74. Don Antonio de Narváez y de la Torre Marquis of Santa Coa (1789-1789)
- 75. Don Joaquin de Cañaveral y Ponce (1789–1796) During his tenure the expansive economic cycle reached a peak and stabilized since then, and opened the city's Consulate of Commerce.
- 76. Field MarshalField MarshalField Marshal is a military rank. Traditionally, it is the highest military rank in an army.-Etymology:The origin of the rank of field marshal dates to the early Middle Ages, originally meaning the keeper of the king's horses , from the time of the early Frankish kings.-Usage and hierarchical...
Don Anastasio Zejudo (1796–1808), Died in office, suffocated a negro revolt instigated by the recently independent HaitiHaitiHaiti , officially the Republic of Haiti , is a Caribbean country. It occupies the western, smaller portion of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Ayiti was the indigenous Taíno or Amerindian name for the island...
slave republic. - 77 Don Francisco de Montes (1808–1810) Deposed by a JuntaMilitary dictatorshipA military dictatorship is a form of government where in the political power resides with the military. It is similar but not identical to a stratocracy, a state ruled directly by the military....
after the events of the Peninsular WarPeninsular WarThe Peninsular War was a war between France and the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom, and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars. The war began when French and Spanish armies crossed Spain and invaded Portugal in 1807. Then, in 1808, France turned on its...
.
Peninsular War, Revolution and Independence (1810-1820)
The events of the peninsular warPeninsular War
The Peninsular War was a war between France and the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom, and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars. The war began when French and Spanish armies crossed Spain and invaded Portugal in 1807. Then, in 1808, France turned on its...
and the convocation of Juntas throughout Spain trasformed the traditional order. Although everything remained the same, the instability of this period makes almost impossible to state what was the precise status of the province.
- 78. Don Blas de Soria Santacruz, assumed as chief of the JuntaMilitary dictatorshipA military dictatorship is a form of government where in the political power resides with the military. It is similar but not identical to a stratocracy, a state ruled directly by the military....
of Cartagena de Indias with two vocals: Don Antonio de Narváez y de la Torre and Don Tomás De Andrés Torres. (1810-1810)
This triumvirate was fragile and was replaced by a "Supreme Junta" where the locals had more power, this could be regarded as a sort of fight between the virtually nonexistent royal power and the city councils.
- 79. Dr. Don Jose Maria Garcia de Toledo y De Madariaga Marquis of Valdehoyos (1810-1810) under the title of President of the Junta.
- 80. Gen. Don Antonio de Narváez y de la Torre Marquis of Santa Coa (1810-1810) with the title of President-Governor
By this time the chaos dominated the political scene, many reclaimed independence of the viceroyalty, others of the province, others the return of the Ancien regime and others keeping the status quo during this time, being the governor, or whatever the title had the office, was always a short victory of each faction.
- 81. Don Jose Davila (1810–1811) with the title of Governor
- 82. Dr. Don José María Del Real y Mirandela (1811-1811) with the title of General Supreme Governor
- 83. Don José Ignacio de Cavero y CárdenasJosé Ignacio de Cavero y CárdenasJosé Ignacio de Cavero y Cárdenas was a Mexican-Colombian lawyer and politician. A Precursor of the Independence of Colombia, as the 4th President of the Supreme Junta of Cartagena de Indias he was a signatory of the declaration of independence of the Cartagena Province from the Viceroyalty of the...
(1811-1811) with the title of President of the Junta - 84. Dr. Don José María Del Real y Mirandela (1811-1811) Second time
- 85. Don Manuel Rodriguez de Torices (1811-1811) as Prefect of the Constituent Assembly of Cartagena de Indias
In 11 November 1811, the Assembly declared Cartagena de Indias an independent nation, from Spain, and also of any type of control from Bogotá
Bogotá
Bogotá, Distrito Capital , from 1991 to 2000 called Santa Fé de Bogotá, is the capital, and largest city, of Colombia. It is also designated by the national constitution as the capital of the department of Cundinamarca, even though the city of Bogotá now comprises an independent Capital district...
and proceeded to elect his first president. The majority of historians regard this as very important but, in practice, those who voted against independence adhered to the Cádiz Cortes
Cádiz Cortes
The Cádiz Cortes were sessions of the national legislative body which met in the safe haven of Cádiz during the French occupation of Spain during the Napoleonic Wars...
, Napoleon I
Napoleon I
Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader during the latter stages of the French Revolution.As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815...
, Charles IV
Charles IV of Spain
Charles IV was King of Spain from 14 December 1788 until his abdication on 19 March 1808.-Early life:...
or even an ethereal absolutism in name of Ferdinand VII of Spain. Again, the office of governor with all the men under its command was in the service of the faction in power, making the province switching from absolutist, to pan-Hispanic liberal, to independent, to absolutist again.
Between 1811 and 1814 the original province annexed through war the neighboring province of Santa Marta
Santa Marta
Santa Marta is the capital city of the Colombian department of Magdalena in the Caribbean Region. It was founded in July 29, 1525 by the Spanish conqueror Rodrigo de Bastidas, which makes it the oldest remaining city in Colombia...
, unifying for the first time the eastern Caribbean Coast of South America. This expansion of and consolidation of the Cartagena Republic was short-lived, the pan-Hispanic liberals adhering to the Cádiz Cortes
Cádiz Cortes
The Cádiz Cortes were sessions of the national legislative body which met in the safe haven of Cádiz during the French occupation of Spain during the Napoleonic Wars...
took office again and stopped hostilities against the royalists in Santa Marta
Santa Marta
Santa Marta is the capital city of the Colombian department of Magdalena in the Caribbean Region. It was founded in July 29, 1525 by the Spanish conqueror Rodrigo de Bastidas, which makes it the oldest remaining city in Colombia...
but kept the lands gained by the revolutionaries.
- 86. Don Gabriel Gutierrez de Piñeres (1811–1814) During his period the capital lived one of its darkest periods, full of disorder, anarchy and civil strife in the name of liberty. He finally lost his post due to the disorder that he fomented, the city lived 2 months without government in 1814 and was severely impoverished and damaged. Many pamphlets of enemies of his time described him as a Tropical Robbespierre and that was not far from truth.
- 87. Don Juan De Dios Amador y Lopez de Lozanarubias (1815-1815) Endured the siege of Pablo MorilloPablo MorilloPablo Morillo y Morillo, Count of Cartagena and Marquess of La Puerta, aka El Pacificador was a Spanish general....
of the royalist faction, that doomed the city to utter destruction and left it almost as a ghost townGhost townA ghost town is an abandoned town or city. A town often becomes a ghost town because the economic activity that supported it has failed, or due to natural or human-caused disasters such as floods, government actions, uncontrolled lawlessness, war, or nuclear disasters...
. - 88. Don Juan Elias López-Tagle y de Madariaga, cousin of ex-governor García de Toledo, was delegated by Amador to give up the city keys to Pablo MorilloPablo MorilloPablo Morillo y Morillo, Count of Cartagena and Marquess of La Puerta, aka El Pacificador was a Spanish general....
because he declared himself "morally incapable".
After the city and its province returned to the hands of the absolutist royalists in 1815 the Ancien regime so longed by most of the capital and its inhabitants proved to be anachronous, because the problems created by the revolution and the new times that came with it overturned the old system, and the representatives of the absolutism
Absolutism (European history)
Absolutism or The Age of Absolutism is a historiographical term used to describe a form of monarchical power that is unrestrained by all other institutions, such as churches, legislatures, or social elites...
were just that: representatives, they followed orders, and restoration was harsh without concessions, almost all historians coincide that that was the sign of the failure of the restoration.
The holocaust of Cartagena, the failure of the restoration and the growing radicalism of the second reign of the recently restored Ferdinand VII fed the Spanish Americas with the real desire of independence for the first time, after the dramatic but lets say educational experience of home rule. The campaign of reconquista
Reconquista
The Reconquista was a period of almost 800 years in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms succeeded in retaking the Muslim-controlled areas of the Iberian Peninsula broadly known as Al-Andalus...
of Pablo Morillo
Pablo Morillo
Pablo Morillo y Morillo, Count of Cartagena and Marquess of La Puerta, aka El Pacificador was a Spanish general....
from Cartagena became harder and harder because popular sentiment began to shift from the first time for full union of the provinces and independence of Spain.
- 89. Field MarshalField MarshalField Marshal is a military rank. Traditionally, it is the highest military rank in an army.-Etymology:The origin of the rank of field marshal dates to the early Middle Ages, originally meaning the keeper of the king's horses , from the time of the early Frankish kings.-Usage and hierarchical...
Don (honorific)Don Pablo MorilloPablo MorilloPablo Morillo y Morillo, Count of Cartagena and Marquess of La Puerta, aka El Pacificador was a Spanish general....
Count of Cartagena de Indias (1815-1815) - 90. Field Marshal Captain GeneralCaptain GeneralCaptain general is a high military rank and a gubernatorial title.-History:This term Captain General started to appear in the 14th century, with the meaning of commander in chief of an army in the field, probably the first usage of the term General in military settings...
Don Francisco de Montalvo y Ambulodi (1816-1815) - 91. Don Gabriel De Torres y Velasco (1815–1820) known for his descriptions of the city after was handed out to Morillo in 1815, only testimony left of the destruction.
Intendency of the Magdalena River and the Isthmus (1820-1832)
In August 1820, the Province of Cartagena was finally annexed to Greater Colombia and finally the revolutionary wars ended. In 1821 Cartagena and Santa Marta provinces merged in the Intendency of the Magdalena River and the Isthmus, and were ruled over a PrefectPrefect
Prefect is a magisterial title of varying definition....
Intendent from Cartagena de Indias.
- 92. Lt. Col. Don Jose Maria Córdoba (1820-1820)
- 93. Dr. Don Pedro GualPedro GualPedro Gual may refer to:*Pedro Gual Municipality, Miranda, Venezuela*Pedro Gual Escandón, President of Venezuela...
(1820–1821) - 94. Col Mr. Jacinto LaraJacinto LaraJacinto Lara , was a Venezuelan independence leader and hero of the Venezuelan War of Independence. His contribution included participating in Simón Bolívar's 1813 Admirable Campaign. He was briefly Prefect of the Intendency of the Magdalena River and the Isthmus in 1821...
(1821-1821) - 95. Mr. Manuel Romay (1821-1821) Under the title of Political governor of the Province
- 96. Gen. Don Mariano MontillaMariano MontillaMariano Montilla was a Major General of the Army of Venezuela in the Venezuelan War of Independence.-Youth:Montilla was born at Caracas.As a young man he went to Spain where he joined the American bodyguard company...
(1821–1822) The first as serve as Prefect Intendent in an organized Intendency. - 97. Col. Don Jose Vicente Ucros y de Herrera (1822–1824)
- 98. Dr. Don José Ignacio de Cavero y CárdenasJosé Ignacio de Cavero y CárdenasJosé Ignacio de Cavero y Cárdenas was a Mexican-Colombian lawyer and politician. A Precursor of the Independence of Colombia, as the 4th President of the Supreme Junta of Cartagena de Indias he was a signatory of the declaration of independence of the Cartagena Province from the Viceroyalty of the...
(1824-1824) - 99. Gen. Don Carlos SoubletteCarlos SoubletteCarlos Soublette was President of Venezuela 1837-1839 and 1843–1847, and a hero of the Venezuelan War of Independence....
(1824–1825) - 100. Dr. Don