Liliopsida
Encyclopedia
Liliopsida is a botanical name
for the class
containing the family
Liliaceae
(or Lily Family). It is considered synonymous (or nearly synonymous) with the name monocotyledon
. Publication of the name is credited to Scopoli (in 1760): see author citation (botany)
. This name is formed by replacing the termination -aceae in the name Liliaceae
by the termination -opsida (Art 16 of the ICBN).
Although in principle it is true that circumscription of this class will vary with the taxonomic system being used, in practice this name is very strongly linked to the Cronquist system
, and the allied Takhtajan system
. These two are the only major systems to use the name, and in both these systems it refers to the group more widely known as the monocotyledon
s. Earlier systems referred to this group by the name Monocotyledones, with Monocotyledoneae an earlier spelling (these names may be used in any rank). Systems such as the Dahlgren
and Thorne systems (more recent than the Takhtajan and Cronquist systems) refer to this group by the name Liliidae
(a name in the rank of subclass). Modern systems, such as the APG
and APG II system
s refer to this group by the name monocots (a name for a clade
). Therefore in practice the name Liliopsida will almost surely refer to the usage as in the Cronquist system.
In summary the monocotyledons were named:
Each of the systems mentioned above use their own internal taxonomy for the group.
used this internal taxonomy:
is
is
Botanical name
A botanical name is a formal scientific name conforming to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and, if it concerns a plant cultigen, the additional cultivar and/or Group epithets must conform to the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants...
for the class
Class (biology)
In biological classification, class is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, order, family, genus, and species, with class fitting between phylum and order...
containing the family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
The Liliaceae, or the lily family, is a family of monocotyledons in the order Liliales. Plants in this family have linear leaves, mostly with parallel veins but with several having net venation , and flower arranged in threes. Several have bulbs, while others have rhizomes...
(or Lily Family). It is considered synonymous (or nearly synonymous) with the name monocotyledon
Monocotyledon
Monocotyledons, also known as monocots, are one of two major groups of flowering plants that are traditionally recognized, the other being dicotyledons, or dicots. Monocot seedlings typically have one cotyledon , in contrast to the two cotyledons typical of dicots...
. Publication of the name is credited to Scopoli (in 1760): see author citation (botany)
Author citation (botany)
In botanical nomenclature, author citation refers to citing the person who validly published a botanical name, i.e. who first published the name while fulfilling the formal requirements as specified by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature...
. This name is formed by replacing the termination -aceae in the name Liliaceae
Liliaceae
The Liliaceae, or the lily family, is a family of monocotyledons in the order Liliales. Plants in this family have linear leaves, mostly with parallel veins but with several having net venation , and flower arranged in threes. Several have bulbs, while others have rhizomes...
by the termination -opsida (Art 16 of the ICBN).
Although in principle it is true that circumscription of this class will vary with the taxonomic system being used, in practice this name is very strongly linked to the Cronquist system
Cronquist system
The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in his texts An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants and The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants .Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two...
, and the allied Takhtajan system
Takhtajan system
A system of plant taxonomy, the Takhtajan system of plant classification was published by Armen Takhtajan, in several versions from the 1950s onwards. It is usually compared to the Cronquist system. Key publications:-External links:* Takhtajan system at...
. These two are the only major systems to use the name, and in both these systems it refers to the group more widely known as the monocotyledon
Monocotyledon
Monocotyledons, also known as monocots, are one of two major groups of flowering plants that are traditionally recognized, the other being dicotyledons, or dicots. Monocot seedlings typically have one cotyledon , in contrast to the two cotyledons typical of dicots...
s. Earlier systems referred to this group by the name Monocotyledones, with Monocotyledoneae an earlier spelling (these names may be used in any rank). Systems such as the Dahlgren
Dahlgren system
One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was published by monocot specialist Rolf Dahlgren. His wife Gertrud Dahlgren carried on after his death.According to the extensive listing by Professor Reveal One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was...
and Thorne systems (more recent than the Takhtajan and Cronquist systems) refer to this group by the name Liliidae
Liliidae
Liliidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used ; the only requirement being that it includes the family Liliaceae....
(a name in the rank of subclass). Modern systems, such as the APG
APG system
The APG system of plant classification is the first, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. It was superseded in 2003 by a revision, the APG II system, and then in 2009 by a further...
and APG II system
APG II system
The APG II system of plant classification is the second, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in April 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. It was a revision of the first APG system, published in 1998, and was superseded in 2009...
s refer to this group by the name monocots (a name for a clade
Clade
A clade is a group consisting of a species and all its descendants. In the terms of biological systematics, a clade is a single "branch" on the "tree of life". The idea that such a "natural group" of organisms should be grouped together and given a taxonomic name is central to biological...
). Therefore in practice the name Liliopsida will almost surely refer to the usage as in the Cronquist system.
In summary the monocotyledons were named:
- Monocotyledoneae in the de Candolle system and the Engler systemEngler systemOne of the prime systems of plant taxonomy, the Engler system was devised by Adolf Engler.According to Engler, Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien the main groups of plants are:* I. divisio Schizophyta* II. divisio Phytosarcodina...
. - Monocotyledones in the Bentham & Hooker systemBentham & Hooker systemAn early taxonomic system, the Bentham & Hooker system for seed plants was published in :The system recognises the following main groups:*DICOTYLEDONUM POLYPETALARUM*: Series 1. THALAMIFLORÆ*: Series 2. DISCIFLORÆ*: Series 3. CALYCIFLORÆ...
and the Wettstein systemWettstein systemA system of plant taxonomy, the Wettstein system recognised the following main groups, according to* I. phylum Schizophyta*::: 1. classis Schizophyceae*::: 2. classis Schizomycetes* II. phylum Monadophyta* III. phylum Myxophyta... - class Liliopsida in the TakhtajanTakhtajan systemA system of plant taxonomy, the Takhtajan system of plant classification was published by Armen Takhtajan, in several versions from the 1950s onwards. It is usually compared to the Cronquist system. Key publications:-External links:* Takhtajan system at...
and the Cronquist systemCronquist systemThe Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in his texts An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants and The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants .Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two...
(also in the Reveal systemReveal systemA modern system of plant taxonomy, the Reveal system of plant classification was drawn up by the botanist J.L. Reveal , professor emeritus at the Norton Brown Herbarium, Maryland .The last update of the system was made in 1999...
). - subclass LiliidaeLiliidaeLiliidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used ; the only requirement being that it includes the family Liliaceae....
in the Dahlgren systemDahlgren systemOne of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was published by monocot specialist Rolf Dahlgren. His wife Gertrud Dahlgren carried on after his death.According to the extensive listing by Professor Reveal One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was...
and the Thorne system (1992)Thorne system (1992)A modern system of plant taxonomy, the Thorne system of plant classification was drawn up by the botanist Robert F. Thorne . He replaced it in 2000 with a new system. These two systems were published in:...
. - clade monocots in the APG systemAPG systemThe APG system of plant classification is the first, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. It was superseded in 2003 by a revision, the APG II system, and then in 2009 by a further...
, the APG II systemAPG II systemThe APG II system of plant classification is the second, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in April 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. It was a revision of the first APG system, published in 1998, and was superseded in 2009...
and the APG III systemAPG III systemThe APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy...
.
Each of the systems mentioned above use their own internal taxonomy for the group.
Liliopsida in the Takhtajan system
The Takhtajan systemTakhtajan system
A system of plant taxonomy, the Takhtajan system of plant classification was published by Armen Takhtajan, in several versions from the 1950s onwards. It is usually compared to the Cronquist system. Key publications:-External links:* Takhtajan system at...
used this internal taxonomy:
- class Liliopsida [ = monocotyledons]
- subclass LiliidaeLiliidaeLiliidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used ; the only requirement being that it includes the family Liliaceae....
- superorder LilianaeLilianaeLilianae is a botanical name, in use for a superorder . Such a superorder will of necessity include the family Liliaceae...
- superorder Dioscoreanae
- superorder Lilianae
- subclass CommelinidaeCommelinidaeCommelinidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used ; the only requirement being that it includes the family Commelinaceae...
- superorder Bromelianae
- superorder Pontederianae
- superorder Zingiberanae
- superorder Commelinanae
- superorder Hydatellanae
- superorder Juncanae
- superorder Poanae
- subclass ArecidaeArecidaeArecidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used ; the only requirement being that it includes the family Arecaceae....
- superorder Arecanae
- subclass AlismatidaeAlismatidaeAlismatidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used ; the only requirement being that it includes the family Alismataceae...
- superorder Alismatanae
- subclass Triurididae
- superorder Triuridanae
- subclass Aridae'
- superorder Aranae
- superorder Cyclanthanae
- superorder Pandananae
- superorder Typhanae
- subclass Liliidae
Liliopsida in the Cronquist system
The internal taxonomy in the Cronquist systemCronquist system
The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in his texts An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants and The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants .Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two...
is
- class Liliopsida [ = monocotyledons]
- subclass AlismatidaeAlismatidaeAlismatidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used ; the only requirement being that it includes the family Alismataceae...
- order CyclanthalesPandanalesPandanales is an order of flowering plants, with a pantropical distribution.The APG III system places the Pandanales in the monocots. Both the APG III and APG II systems include five families in this order:* Cyclanthaceae* Pandanaceae* Stemonaceae...
- order AralesAralesArales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. The name was used in the Cronquist system for an order placed in subclass Arecidae, circumscribed as :* order Arales*: family Acoraceae*: family Araceae...
- order Cyclanthales
- subclass CommelinidaeCommelinidaeCommelinidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used ; the only requirement being that it includes the family Commelinaceae...
- order CommelinalesCommelinalesCommelinales is the botanical name of an order of flowering plants. It comprises five families: Commelinaceae, Haemodoraceae, Hanguanaceae, Philydraceae, and Pontederiaceae. All the families combined contain over 800 species in about 70 genera; the majority of species are in the Commelinaceae...
- order EriocaulalesEriocaulalesEriocaulales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. The name was published by Nakai. In the Cronquist system the name was used for an order placed in the subclass Commelinidae. The order consisted of one family only :...
- order RestionalesRestionalesRestionales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. In the Cronquist system it is used for an order and circumscribed as:* order Restionales*: family Flagellariaceae...
- order JuncalesJuncalesJuncales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. In the Engler system and in the Cronquist system it is circumscribed as:* order Juncales*: family Juncaceae...
- order CyperalesCyperalesCyperales is a name for an order of flowering plants. As used in the Engler system and in the Wettstein system it consisted of only the single family...
- order HydatellalesHydatellalesHydatellales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. In the Cronquist system, 1981, the name was used for an order placed in the subclass Commelinidae in class Liliopsida [=monocotyledons]...
- order TyphalesTyphalesTyphales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. In the Cronquist system the name was used for an order placed in the subclass Commelinidae. The order consisted of :* order Typhales*: family Sparganiaceae...
- order Commelinales
- subclass ZingiberidaeZingiberidaeZingiberidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used ; the only requirement being that it includes the family Zingiberaceae....
- order BromelialesBromelialesThe Bromeliales is the botanical name of an order of flowering plants. Such an order has been recognized by a few systems of plant taxonomy, with a various placement. It appears that it always has had the same circumscription:...
- order ZingiberalesZingiberalesZingiberales is an order of flowering plants. The order has been widely recognised by the taxonomists, at least for the past few decades. This order includes many familiar plants like ginger, cardamom, turmeric, galangal and myoga of the Zingiberaceae or ginger family, and bananas and plantains...
- order Bromeliales
- subclass LiliidaeLiliidaeLiliidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used ; the only requirement being that it includes the family Liliaceae....
- order LilialesLilialesLiliales is an order of monocotyledonous flowering plants. This order of necessity includes the family Liliaceae, but both the family and the order have had a widely disputed history, with the circumscription varying greatly from one taxonomist to another...
- order OrchidalesOrchidalesOrchidales is a botanical name of an order of flowering plants. In taxonomical systems, this is a relatively recent name as early systems used descriptive botanical names for the order containing the orchids. The Bentham & Hooker and the Engler systems had the orchids in order Microspermae while...
- order Liliales
- subclass Alismatidae
Liliopsida in the Reveal system
The internal taxonomy in the Reveal systemReveal system
A modern system of plant taxonomy, the Reveal system of plant classification was drawn up by the botanist J.L. Reveal , professor emeritus at the Norton Brown Herbarium, Maryland .The last update of the system was made in 1999...
is
- class 3. Liliopsida
- subclass 1. AlismatidaeAlismatidaeAlismatidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used ; the only requirement being that it includes the family Alismataceae...
- superorder 1. Butomanae
- superorder 2. Alismatanae
- subclass 2. Triurididae
- subclass 3. Aridae
- superorder 1. Acoranae
- superorder 2. Aranaea
- superorder 3. Cyclanthanae
- superorder 4. Pandananae
- subclass 4. LiliidaeLiliidaeLiliidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used ; the only requirement being that it includes the family Liliaceae....
- subclass 5. ArecidaeArecidaeArecidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used ; the only requirement being that it includes the family Arecaceae....
- superorder 1. Arecanae
- subclass 6. CommelinidaeCommelinidaeCommelinidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used ; the only requirement being that it includes the family Commelinaceae...
- superorder 1. Bromelianae
- superorder 2. Pontederianae
- superorder 3. Commelinanae
- superorder 4. Hydatellanae
- superorder 5. Typhanae
- superorder 6. Juncanae
- subclass 7. ZingiberidaeZingiberidaeZingiberidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used ; the only requirement being that it includes the family Zingiberaceae....
- superorder 1. Zingiberanae
- subclass 1. Alismatidae