APG II system
Encyclopedia
The APG II system of plant classification is the second, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in April 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
. It was a revision of the first APG system
, published in 1998, and was superseded in 2009 by a further revision, the APG III system
. APG II was published as:
Each of the APG systems represents the broad consensus of a number of systematic
botanists, united in the APG, working at several institutions worldwide.
The APG II system recognized 45 orders
, five more than the APG system. The new orders were Austrobaileyales
, Canellales
, Gunnerales
, Celastrales
, and Crossosomatales
, all of which were families unplaced as to order, although contained in supra-ordinal
clades, in the APG system. APG II recognized 457 families
, five fewer than the APG system. Thirty-nine of the APG II families were not placed in any order, but 36 of the 39 were placed in a supra-ordinal clade within the angiosperms. Fifty-five of the families came to be known as "bracketed families". They were optional segregates
of families that could be circumscribed
in a larger sense.
The APG II system was influential and was adopted in whole or in part (sometimes with modifications) in a number of references. It was superseded 6½ years later by the APG III system
, published in October 2009.
Main groups in the system (all unranked clade
s between the ranks
of class
and order
):
Shown below is the classification in full detail, except for the fifteen genera and three families that were unplaced in APG II
. The unplaced taxa
were listed at the end of the appendix in a section entitled "Taxa of Uncertain Position". Under some of the clades are listed the families that were placed incertae sedis
in that clade. Thirty-six families were so placed. This means that their relationship
to other members of the clade is not known.
Note: "+ ..." = optionally separate family, that may be split off from the preceding family.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, or APG, refers to an informal international group of systematic botanists who came together to try to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants that would reflect new knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies., three...
. It was a revision of the first APG system
APG system
The APG system of plant classification is the first, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. It was superseded in 2003 by a revision, the APG II system, and then in 2009 by a further...
, published in 1998, and was superseded in 2009 by a further revision, the APG III system
APG III system
The APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy...
. APG II was published as:
- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean SocietyBotanical Journal of the Linnean SocietyThe Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society is a scientific journal publishing original papers relating to the taxonomy of all plant groups and fungi, including anatomy, biosystematics, cytology, ecology, ethnobotany, electron microscopy, morphogenesis, palaeobotany, palynology and...
141(4): 399-436. (Available online: Abstract | Full text (HTML) | Full text (PDF))
Each of the APG systems represents the broad consensus of a number of systematic
Systematics
Biological systematics is the study of the diversification of terrestrial life, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees...
botanists, united in the APG, working at several institutions worldwide.
The APG II system recognized 45 orders
Order (biology)
In scientific classification used in biology, the order is# a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, family, genus, and species, with order fitting in between class and family...
, five more than the APG system. The new orders were Austrobaileyales
Austrobaileyales
Austrobaileyales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants, consisting of about 100 species of woody plants, perhaps the most famous of which is the spice star anise.- In different classifications :...
, Canellales
Canellales
Canellales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants, one of the four orders of the magnoliids. It is defined to contain two families: Canellaceae and Winteraceae, which comprise 136 species of fragrant trees and shrubs...
, Gunnerales
Gunnerales
Gunnerales is an order of flowering plants. In the APG III system it contains two genera: Gunnera and Myrothamnus. These are assigned to two separate families . In the Cronquist system Gunneraceae was placed in the Haloragales and Myrothamnaceae in the Hamamelidales.-External links:* in Stevens,...
, Celastrales
Celastrales
Celastrales is an order of flowering plants. They are found throughout the tropics and subtropics, with only a few species extending far into the temperate regions. There are about 1200 to 1350 species in about 100 genera. All but 7 of these genera are in the large family Celastraceae...
, and Crossosomatales
Crossosomatales
The Crossosomatales are an order, newly recognized by the AGP II, of flowering plants, included within the Rosids, which are part of the eudicots...
, all of which were families unplaced as to order, although contained in supra-ordinal
Order (biology)
In scientific classification used in biology, the order is# a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, family, genus, and species, with order fitting in between class and family...
clades, in the APG system. APG II recognized 457 families
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
, five fewer than the APG system. Thirty-nine of the APG II families were not placed in any order, but 36 of the 39 were placed in a supra-ordinal clade within the angiosperms. Fifty-five of the families came to be known as "bracketed families". They were optional segregates
Segregate (taxonomy)
In taxonomy, a segregate, or a segregate taxon is created when a taxon is split off, from another taxon. This other taxon will be better known, usually bigger, and will continue to exist, even after the segregate taxon has been split off...
of families that could be circumscribed
Circumscription (taxonomy)
In taxonomy, circumscription is the definition of the limits of a taxonomic group of organisms. One goal of taxonomy is to achieve a stable circumscription for every taxonomic group. Achieving stability can be simple or difficult....
in a larger sense.
The APG II system was influential and was adopted in whole or in part (sometimes with modifications) in a number of references. It was superseded 6½ years later by the APG III system
APG III system
The APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy...
, published in October 2009.
Main groups in the system (all unranked clade
Clade
A clade is a group consisting of a species and all its descendants. In the terms of biological systematics, a clade is a single "branch" on the "tree of life". The idea that such a "natural group" of organisms should be grouped together and given a taxonomic name is central to biological...
s between the ranks
Taxonomic rank
In biological classification, rank is the level in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, and class. Each rank subsumes under it a number of less general categories...
of class
Class (biology)
In biological classification, class is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, order, family, genus, and species, with class fitting between phylum and order...
and order
Order (biology)
In scientific classification used in biology, the order is# a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, family, genus, and species, with order fitting in between class and family...
):
- angiosperms :
- magnoliids
- monocots
- commelinidsCommelinidsIn plant taxonomy, commelinids is a name used by the APG III system for a clade within the monocots, which in its turn is a clade within the angiosperms. The commelinids are the only clade that the APG has informally named within the monocots...
- commelinids
- eudicotsEudicotsEudicots and Eudicotyledons are botanical terms introduced by Doyle & Hotton to refer to a monophyletic group of flowering plants that had been called tricolpates or non-Magnoliid dicots by previous authors...
- core eudicots
- rosidsRosidsThe rosids are members of a large clade of flowering plants, containing about 70,000 species, more than a quarter of all angiosperms. The clade is divided into 16 to 20 orders, depending upon circumscription and classification. These orders, in turn, together comprise about 140 families...
- eurosids I
- eurosids II
- asteridsAsteridsIn the APG II system for the classification of flowering plants, the name asterids refers to a clade .Most of the taxa belonging to this clade had been referred to the Asteridae in the Cronquist system and to the Sympetalae in earlier systems...
- euasterids I
- euasterids II
- rosids
- core eudicots
Shown below is the classification in full detail, except for the fifteen genera and three families that were unplaced in APG II
Unplaced in APG II
When the APG II system of plant classification was published in April 2003, fifteen genera and three families were placed incertae sedis in the angiosperms, and were listed in a section of the appendix entitled "Taxa of uncertain position"....
. The unplaced taxa
Taxon
|thumb|270px|[[African elephants]] form a widely-accepted taxon, the [[genus]] LoxodontaA taxon is a group of organisms, which a taxonomist adjudges to be a unit. Usually a taxon is given a name and a rank, although neither is a requirement...
were listed at the end of the appendix in a section entitled "Taxa of Uncertain Position". Under some of the clades are listed the families that were placed incertae sedis
Incertae sedis
, is a term used to define a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Uncertainty at specific taxonomic levels is attributed by , , and similar terms.-Examples:*The fossil plant Paradinandra suecica could not be assigned to any...
in that clade. Thirty-six families were so placed. This means that their relationship
Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms , which is discovered through molecular sequencing data and morphological data matrices...
to other members of the clade is not known.
- paraphyletic gradeEvolutionary gradeIn alpha taxonomy, a grade refers to a taxon united by a level of morphological or physiological complexity. The term was coined by British biologist Julian Huxley, to contrast with clade, a strictly phylogenetic unit.-Definition:...
basal angiospermsBasal angiospermsThe basal angiosperms are the first flowering plants to diverge from the ancestral angiosperm. In particular, the most basal angiosperms are the so-called ANITA grade which is made up of Amborella , Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales...
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-
- family AmborellaceaeAmborellaceaeAmborella is a genus of rare understory shrubs or small trees endemic to the island of New Caledonia. The genus consists of only a single species, Amborella trichopoda, and is the only member of the family Amborellaceae. Wood of Amborella lacks the vessels characteristic of most flowering plants...
- family ChloranthaceaeChloranthaceaeChloranthaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. The family consists of four genera, totalling several dozen species, of herbaceous or woody plants occurring in Southeast Asia, the Pacific, Madagascar, Central & South America, and the West Indies...
- family NymphaeaceaeNymphaeaceaeNymphaeaceae is a family of flowering plants. Members of this family are commonly called water lilies and live in freshwater areas in temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains eight genera. There are about 70 species of water lilies around the world. The genus...
[+ family CabombaceaeCabombaceaeCabombaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. The family has been recognised as distinct by at least some taxonomists and by APG III...
]
- family Amborellaceae
- order AustrobaileyalesAustrobaileyalesAustrobaileyales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants, consisting of about 100 species of woody plants, perhaps the most famous of which is the spice star anise.- In different classifications :...
- order Ceratophyllales
-
- clade magnoliids
-
- order CanellalesCanellalesCanellales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants, one of the four orders of the magnoliids. It is defined to contain two families: Canellaceae and Winteraceae, which comprise 136 species of fragrant trees and shrubs...
- order LauralesLauralesThe Laurales are an order of flowering plants. They are magnoliids, related to the Magnoliales.The order includes about 2500-2800 species from 85-90 genera, which comprise seven families of trees and shrubs. Most of the species are tropical and subtropical, though a few genera reach the temperate...
- order MagnolialesMagnolialesMagnoliales is an order of flowering plants.-Classification:The Magnoliales includes six families:* Annonaceae...
- order PiperalesPiperalesPiperales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. It necessarily includes the family Piperaceae but otherwise has been treated variously over time...
- order Canellales
-
- clade monocots
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-
- family PetrosaviaceaePetrosaviaceaePetrosaviaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by only few taxonomists: the plants involved were usually treated as belonging to the family Liliaceae....
- family Petrosaviaceae
- order Acorales
- order AlismatalesAlismatalesAlismatales is an order of flowering plants including about 2500 species. Pleants assigned to this order are mostly tropical or aquatic.-Description:...
- order AsparagalesAsparagalesAsparagales is the name of an order of plants, used in modern classification systems such as the APG III system . The order takes its name from the family Asparagaceae and is placed in the monocots. The order has only recently been recognized in classification systems...
- order DioscorealesDioscorealesDioscoreales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Dioscoreaceae.In the APG II system, of 2003, this order was placed in the clade monocots and comprised the families Burmanniaceae, Dioscoreaceae and Nartheciaceae.Under the APG system of 1998,...
- order LilialesLilialesLiliales is an order of monocotyledonous flowering plants. This order of necessity includes the family Liliaceae, but both the family and the order have had a widely disputed history, with the circumscription varying greatly from one taxonomist to another...
- order PandanalesPandanalesPandanales is an order of flowering plants, with a pantropical distribution.The APG III system places the Pandanales in the monocots. Both the APG III and APG II systems include five families in this order:* Cyclanthaceae* Pandanaceae* Stemonaceae...
-
- clade commelinidsCommelinidsIn plant taxonomy, commelinids is a name used by the APG III system for a clade within the monocots, which in its turn is a clade within the angiosperms. The commelinids are the only clade that the APG has informally named within the monocots...
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-
- family DasypogonaceaeDasypogonaceaeDasypogonaceae is a botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has not been commonly recognized by taxonomists: the plants involved were usually included in the family Xanthorrhoeaceae....
- family Dasypogonaceae
- order Arecales
- order CommelinalesCommelinalesCommelinales is the botanical name of an order of flowering plants. It comprises five families: Commelinaceae, Haemodoraceae, Hanguanaceae, Philydraceae, and Pontederiaceae. All the families combined contain over 800 species in about 70 genera; the majority of species are in the Commelinaceae...
- order PoalesPoalesPoales is a large order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons, and includes families of plants such as the grasses, bromeliads, and sedges. Sixteen plant families are currently recognized by botanists to be part of Poales....
- order ZingiberalesZingiberalesZingiberales is an order of flowering plants. The order has been widely recognised by the taxonomists, at least for the past few decades. This order includes many familiar plants like ginger, cardamom, turmeric, galangal and myoga of the Zingiberaceae or ginger family, and bananas and plantains...
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-
-
- clade eudicotsEudicotsEudicots and Eudicotyledons are botanical terms introduced by Doyle & Hotton to refer to a monophyletic group of flowering plants that had been called tricolpates or non-Magnoliid dicots by previous authors...
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- family BuxaceaeBuxaceaeBuxaceae are a small family of four or five genera and about 90-120 species of flowering plants. They are shrubs and small trees, with a cosmopolitan distribution...
[+ family DidymelaceaeDidymelaceaeDidymelaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family has been recognised by a fair number of taxonomists, at least over the past few decades....
] - family SabiaceaeSabiaceaeSabiaceae is a family of flowering plants, native to tropical to warm temperate regions of southern Asia and the Americas.In the Cronquist system the family was placed in the order Ranunculales, but more recent classifications place it as the sole family in the order Sabiales, or , as unplaced to...
- family TrochodendraceaeTrochodendraceaeTrochodendraceae is a family of flowering plants with two living genera found in southeast Asia. The two living species share the feature of secondary xylem without vessels, which is quite rare in angiosperms...
[+ family Tetracentraceae]
- family Buxaceae
- order ProtealesProtealesProteales is the botanical name of an order of flowering plants. Such an order has been recognized by almost all taxonomists.-Families:The APG II system, of 2003, also recognizes this order, and places it in the clade eudicots with this circumscription:...
- order RanunculalesRanunculalesRanunculales is an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Ranunculaceae, the buttercup family, because the name of the order is based on the name of a genus in that family. Ranunculales belongs to a paraphyletic group known as the basal eudicots...
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- clade core eudicots
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- family Aextoxicaceae
- family BerberidopsidaceaeBerberidopsidaceaeBerberidopsidaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by only a few taxonomists: the plants involved have often been treated as belonging to family Flacourtiaceae....
- family DilleniaceaeDilleniaceaeDilleniaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been universally recognized by taxonomists. It is known to gardeners for the genus Hibbertia, which contains many commercially valuable garden species....
- order GunneralesGunneralesGunnerales is an order of flowering plants. In the APG III system it contains two genera: Gunnera and Myrothamnus. These are assigned to two separate families . In the Cronquist system Gunneraceae was placed in the Haloragales and Myrothamnaceae in the Hamamelidales.-External links:* in Stevens,...
- order CaryophyllalesCaryophyllalesCaryophyllales is an order of flowering plants that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, and many carnivorous plants. Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves.-Description:...
- order SantalalesSantalalesSantalales is an order of flowering plants with a cosmopolitan distribution, but heavily concentrated in tropical and subtropical regions.Most have seeds without a testa, which is unusual for flowering plants...
- order SaxifragalesSaxifragalesSaxifragales is an order of flowering plants. Their closest relatives are a large eudicot group known as the rosids by the definition of rosids given in the APG II classification system. Some authors define the rosids more widely, including Saxifragales as their most basal group. Saxifragales is...
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- clade rosidsRosidsThe rosids are members of a large clade of flowering plants, containing about 70,000 species, more than a quarter of all angiosperms. The clade is divided into 16 to 20 orders, depending upon circumscription and classification. These orders, in turn, together comprise about 140 families...
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- family AphloiaceaeAphloiaceaeAphloiaceae Takht. 1985, is a monogeneric family of flowering plants. It contains only one species Aphloia theiformis Benn., a species of evergreen shrubs or small trees occurring in East Africa, Madagascar, the Mascarene Islands and the Seychelles....
- family GeissolomataceaeGeissolomataceaeThe Geissolomataceae is a monotypic family of flowering plants native to the Cape Province of South Africa. The plants are xerophytic evergreen shrubs and are known to accumulate aluminum....
- family Ixerbaceae
- family PicramniaceaePicramniaceaeThe Picramniales are a small, mainly neotropical order of plants containing one family, the Picramniaceae, and three genera Alvaradoa, Nothotalisia and Picramnia. Members of the order were formerly placed in the family Simaroubaceae or misidentified as species in the family Sapindaceae, in the...
- family Strasburgeriaceae
- family VitaceaeVitaceaeVitaceae are a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants including the grapevine and Virginia creeper. The family name is derived from the genus Vitis...
- family Aphloiaceae
- order CrossosomatalesCrossosomatalesThe Crossosomatales are an order, newly recognized by the AGP II, of flowering plants, included within the Rosids, which are part of the eudicots...
- order GeranialesGeranialesGeraniales are a small order of flowering plants, included within the rosid subgroup of dicotyledons. The largest family in the order is Geraniaceae with over 800 species. In addition, the order includes some small families, contributing together another less than 40 species...
- order MyrtalesMyrtalesThe Myrtales are an order of flowering plants placed as a basal group within the rosid group of dicotyledons...
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- clade eurosids I
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- family ZygophyllaceaeZygophyllaceaeThe Zygophyllaceae is a family of flowering plants that contains the bean-caper and caltrop. It includes around 285 species in 22 genera.In the APG III system of classification, the families Zygophyllaceae and Krameriaceae compose the order Zygophyllales...
[+ family Krameriaceae] - family HuaceaeHuaceaeHuaceae is a family of plant in the rosids group, which has been classed in the orders Malpighiales, Malvales, and Violales or in its own order Huales. The APG II system places it in the clade eurosids I, whereas the APG III system of 2009 placed it within the Oxalidales. It contains the following...
- family Zygophyllaceae
- order CelastralesCelastralesCelastrales is an order of flowering plants. They are found throughout the tropics and subtropics, with only a few species extending far into the temperate regions. There are about 1200 to 1350 species in about 100 genera. All but 7 of these genera are in the large family Celastraceae...
- order CucurbitalesCucurbitalesThe Cucurbitales are an order of flowering plants, included in the rosid group of dicotyledons. This order mostly belongs to tropical areas, with limited presence in subtropic and temperate regions. The order includes shrubs and trees, together with many herbs and climbers...
- order FabalesFabalesFabales is an order of flowering plants. It is included in the rosid group of the eudicots in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II classification system...
- order FagalesFagalesThe Fagales are an order of flowering plants, including some of the best known trees. The order name is derived from genus Fagus, Beeches. They belong among the rosid group of dicotyledons...
- order MalpighialesMalpighialesMalpighiales is one of the largest orders of flowering plants, containing about 16000 species, approximately 7.8% of the eudicots. The order is very diverse and hard to recognize except with molecular phylogenetic evidence. It is not part of any of the classification systems that are based only on...
- order OxalidalesOxalidalesThe Oxalidales are an order of flowering plants, included within the rosid subgroup of eudicots. The following families are typically placed here:* Family Brunelliaceae* Family Cephalotaceae * Family Connaraceae...
- order RosalesRosalesRosales is an order of flowering plants. It is one of the four orders in the nitrogen fixing clade of the fabids and is sister to a clade consisting of Fagales and Cucurbitales. It contains about 7700 species, distributed into about 260 genera. Rosales comprises nine families, the type family...
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- clade eurosids II
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- family TapisciaceaeTapisciaceaeTapisciaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants. Until recently it had been abandoned by taxonomists, and it was not recognised in the APG II system of 2003. Recently, however, it has been reinstated to encompass the two small genera Tapiscia and Huertea....
- family Tapisciaceae
- order BrassicalesBrassicalesThe Brassicales are an order of flowering plants, belonging to the eurosids II group of dicotyledons under the APG II system. One character common to many members of the order is the production of glucosinolate compounds...
- order MalvalesMalvalesMalvales are an order of flowering plants. As circumscribed by APG II-system, it includes about 6000 species within nine families. The order is placed in the eurosids II, which are part of the eudicots....
- order SapindalesSapindalesSapindales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. Well-known members of Sapindales include citrus; maples, horse-chestnuts, lychees and rambutans; mangos and cashews; frankincense and myrrh; mahogany and neem....
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- clade asteridsAsteridsIn the APG II system for the classification of flowering plants, the name asterids refers to a clade .Most of the taxa belonging to this clade had been referred to the Asteridae in the Cronquist system and to the Sympetalae in earlier systems...
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- order CornalesCornalesCornales is an order of flowering plants, basal among the asterids, containing about 600 species. Plants within Cornales usually have four-parted flowers, drupaceous fruits, and inferior gynoecia topped with disc-shaped nectaries...
- order EricalesEricalesThe Ericales are a large and diverse order of dicotyledons, including for example tea, persimmon, blueberry, Brazil nut, and azalea. The order includes trees and bushes, lianas and herbaceous plants. Together with ordinary autophytic plants, the Ericales include chlorophyll-deficient...
- order Cornales
- clade euasterids I
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- family BoraginaceaeBoraginaceaeBoraginaceae, the Borage or Forget-me-not family, include a variety of shrubs, trees, and herbs, totaling about 2,000 species in 146 genera found worldwide.A number of familiar plants belong to this family....
- family IcacinaceaeIcacinaceaeIcacinaceae is a family of flowering plants.It consists of trees, shrubs, and lianas, primarily of the tropics.The family was traditionally circumscribed quite broadly, with around 55 genera totalling over 400 species...
- family Oncothecaceae
- family Vahliaceae
- family Boraginaceae
- order GarryalesGarryalesThe Garryales are a small order of dicotyledons, including only two families and three genera:* Family Garryaceae**Garrya**Aucuba* Family Eucommiaceae**Eucommia...
- order GentianalesGentianalesGentianales are an order of flowering plants, included within the asterid group of dicotyledons.The circumscription of Gentiales in the Cronquist system included a broadly defined Loganiaceae , Retziaceae, Gentianaceae, Saccifoliaceae, Apocynaceae, and Asclepiadaceae...
- order LamialesLamialesLamiales is an order in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It includes approximately 11,000 species divided into about 20 families...
- order SolanalesSolanalesThe Solanales are an order of flowering plants, included in the asterid group of dicotyledons. Some older sources used the name Polemoniales for this order....
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- clade euasterids II
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- family BruniaceaeBruniaceaeBruniaceae is a family of shrubs native to the cape region of South Africa. They are mostly restricted to the Cape Province, but a small number of species occur in KwaZulu-Natal....
- family ColumelliaceaeColumelliaceaeColumelliaceae is a family of trees and shrubs native to the Andes of South America.In the APG II taxonomy they are placed in the order Lamiales, but a 2008 study suggested that they are sister to the Bruniaceae, and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website proposes incorporating this finding by placing...
[+ family Desfontainiaceae] - family Eremosynaceae
- family EscalloniaceaeEscalloniaceaeThe Escalloniaceae is a family of flowering plants comprising about 130 species in seven genera. In the APG II system it is one of eight families in the euasterids II clade that are unplaced as to order...
- family ParacryphiaceaeParacryphiaceaeParacryphiaceae is a family of woody shrubs and trees native to Australia, south-east Asia, and New Caledonia. Under the APG II system, this family contains two genera: the monotypic Paracryphia, endemic to New Caledonia; and Quintinia, with 25 species in the Philippines, New Guinea, the east coast...
- family Polyosmaceae
- family Sphenostemonaceae
- family Tribelaceae
- family Bruniaceae
- order ApialesApialesThe Apiales are an order of flowering plants. The families given at right are those recognized in the APG III system. This is typical of the newer classifications, though there is some slight variation, and in particular the Torriceliaceae may be divided...
- order AquifolialesAquifolialesThe Aquifoliales are an order of flowering plants, including most notably the Aquifoliaceae, or holly family, and also the Helwingiaceae and the Phyllonomaceae . In 2001, the families Stemonuraceae and Cardiopteridaceae were added to this order...
- order AsteralesAsteralesAsterales is an order of dicotyledonous flowering plants that includes the composite family and its related families.The order is a cosmopolite, and includes mostly herbaceous species, although a small number of trees and shrubs are also present.The Asterales can be characterized on the...
- order DipsacalesDipsacalesThe Dipsacales are an order of flowering plants, included within the asterid group of dicotyledons.Under the Cronquist system, the order included Adoxaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Dipsacaceae, and Valerianaceae. Under the more recent Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system, the circumscription of the order is...
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Note: "+ ..." = optionally separate family, that may be split off from the preceding family.