Latin Patriarch of Antioch
Encyclopedia
The Latin Patriarch of Antioch was an office created in 1098 by Bohemund
Bohemund I of Antioch
Bohemond I , Prince of Taranto and Prince of Antioch, was one of the leaders of the First Crusade. The Crusade had no outright military leader, but instead was ruled by a committee of nobles...
, founder of the Principality of Antioch
Principality of Antioch
The Principality of Antioch, including parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria, was one of the crusader states created during the First Crusade.-Foundation:...
, one of the crusader states
Crusader states
The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal states created by Western European crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and the Holy Land , and during the Northern Crusades in the eastern Baltic area...
.
The seat of the Patriarch of Antioch
Patriarch of Antioch
Patriarch of Antioch is a traditional title held by the Bishop of Antioch. As the traditional "overseer" of the first gentile Christian community, the position has been of prime importance in the church from its earliest period...
was one of the oldest and most prestigious in Christendom. At one time it was the principal city of Syria; the third largest city of the Roman Empire, after Rome and Alexandria. When the Great Schism
East–West Schism
The East–West Schism of 1054, sometimes known as the Great Schism, formally divided the State church of the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively...
took place in 1054, the four Greek Patriarchs of Antioch
Patriarch of Antioch
Patriarch of Antioch is a traditional title held by the Bishop of Antioch. As the traditional "overseer" of the first gentile Christian community, the position has been of prime importance in the church from its earliest period...
, Jerusalem
Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem
The Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem is the head bishop of the Orthodox Church of Jerusalem, ranking fourth of nine Patriarchs in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Since 2005, the Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem has been Theophilos III...
, Constantinople
Patriarch of Constantinople
The Ecumenical Patriarch is the Archbishop of Constantinople – New Rome – ranking as primus inter pares in the Eastern Orthodox communion, which is seen by followers as the One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church....
and Alexandria
Patriarch of Alexandria
The Patriarch of Alexandria is the Archbishop of Alexandria and Cairo, Egypt. Historically, this office has included the designation of Pope , and did so earlier than that of the Bishop of Rome...
"formed" the Eastern Orthodox Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Orthodox Church, officially called the Orthodox Catholic Church and commonly referred to as the Eastern Orthodox Church, is the second largest Christian denomination in the world, with an estimated 300 million adherents mainly in the countries of Belarus, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Georgia, Greece,...
, while the Pope
Pope
The Pope is the Bishop of Rome, a position that makes him the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church . In the Catholic Church, the Pope is regarded as the successor of Saint Peter, the Apostle...
of Rome "formed" the Roman Catholic Church
Roman Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church, with over a billion members. Led by the Pope, it defines its mission as spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ, administering the sacraments and exercising charity...
. ("formed" is used in quotations because neither side started anything new after the schism and both continued unaltered and the same as they did pre-schism - the Western Church being under the jurisdiction of Rome, and the Greek Church under the jurisdiction of Constantinople
Constantinople
Constantinople was the capital of the Roman, Eastern Roman, Byzantine, Latin, and Ottoman Empires. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city.-Names:...
.)
After 1054, the See of Antioch came under the influence of the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire during the periods of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centred on the capital of Constantinople. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania to its inhabitants and neighbours, the Empire was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State...
. As part of his grand strategy
Grand strategy
Grand strategy comprises the "purposeful employment of all instruments of power available to a security community". Military historian B. H. Liddell Hart says about grand strategy:...
, the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos
Alexios I Komnenos
Alexios I Komnenos, Latinized as Alexius I Comnenus , was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118, and although he was not the founder of the Komnenian dynasty, it was during his reign that the Komnenos family came to full power. The title 'Nobilissimus' was given to senior army commanders,...
sought to utilize the military elan and prowess of the Frankish and European princes of the First Crusade
First Crusade
The First Crusade was a military expedition by Western Christianity to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquest of the Levant, ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem...
in recovering for him the Eastern Roman Empire, including Antioch and its See.
However, after the Siege of Antioch
Siege of Antioch
The Siege of Antioch took place during the First Crusade in 1097 and 1098. The first siege, by the crusaders against the Muslim city, lasted from October 21, 1097, to June 2, 1098. The second siege, against the crusaders who had occupied it, lasted from June 7 to June 28, 1098.-Background:Antioch...
in 1098, Bohemund
Bohemund I of Antioch
Bohemond I , Prince of Taranto and Prince of Antioch, was one of the leaders of the First Crusade. The Crusade had no outright military leader, but instead was ruled by a committee of nobles...
refused to submit Antioch to Byzantine rule and set himself up as Prince of Antioch
Principality of Antioch
The Principality of Antioch, including parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria, was one of the crusader states created during the First Crusade.-Foundation:...
. In the arguments over ecclesiastical authority, the Greek Patriarch, John the Oxite
John the Oxite
John VII the Oxite was the Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch at the time of the Siege of Antioch in 1097 in front of the besieging army of the First Crusade. He was imprisoned by the Turkish governor, Yaghi-Siyan, who suspected his loyalty. On occasion he was hung from the walls and his feet were hit...
, was expelled and fled to Constantinople
Constantinople
Constantinople was the capital of the Roman, Eastern Roman, Byzantine, Latin, and Ottoman Empires. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city.-Names:...
and Bohemund established the a Latin Rite church in the city, whose head took the title of Patriarch.
The Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire during the periods of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centred on the capital of Constantinople. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania to its inhabitants and neighbours, the Empire was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State...
was greatly offended by this and tried to re-establish either a Greek patriarchate or a joint patriarchate. Though the Treaty of Devol
Treaty of Devol
The Treaty of Devol was an agreement made in 1108 between Bohemond I of Antioch and Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, in the wake of the First Crusade. It is named after the Byzantine fortress of Devol in Macedonia...
in 1108 nominally restored a Greek patriarch, the treaty was never enforced. Under Manuel I Komnenos
Manuel I Komnenos
Manuel I Komnenos was a Byzantine Emperor of the 12th century who reigned over a crucial turning point in the history of Byzantium and the Mediterranean....
there was briefly a joint patriarchate when Antioch
Antioch
Antioch on the Orontes was an ancient city on the eastern side of the Orontes River. It is near the modern city of Antakya, Turkey.Founded near the end of the 4th century BC by Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals, Antioch eventually rivaled Alexandria as the chief city of the...
fell under Byzantine control, but for the most part there was only a Latin patriarch. The Byzantine Empire recognized this de facto control of the See of Antioch and the Latin Patriarch soon played a key role in solidifying ties between the Crusader states and the Byzantine Empire. This represented one of the sole instances of coordinated action by Byzantine and the Franks throughout the crusader period, and led to a number of joint political, diplomatic, military, and marriage alliances. The Latin Patriarch of Antioch was established to serve the Catholic members of the diocese and represent all Christians living in its territory and was one of the major ecclesiastical authorities in the Crusader states
Crusader states
The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal states created by Western European crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and the Holy Land , and during the Northern Crusades in the eastern Baltic area...
. Throughout the Crusader period both Greeks and Latins served under its hierarchy which included numerous suffragan bishops, abbots, cathedrals, monasteries, and churches under its ecclesiastical rule.
The Latin Patriarch remained in Antioch until the principality was captured by the Mamluks in 1268, when the seat of the Latin Patriarch moved to Rome. Damascus quickly grew in dominance, eclipsing Antioch, and the Greek Patriarchate's seat was transferred there in 1342.
Both a Latin and Greek Patriarchs continued to be appointed by the Pope and the Byzantine Emperor respectively during the following centuries. However, the Latin Patriarch was a titular office, with its seat at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
The Papal Basilica of Saint Mary Major , known also by other names, is the largest Roman Catholic Marian church in Rome, Italy.There are other churches in Rome dedicated to Mary, such as Santa Maria in Trastevere, Santa Maria in Aracoeli, Santa Maria sopra Minerva, but the greater size of the...
in Rome. It continued to play a role in helping to protect various isolated Christian communities in the Near East and eventually secured their unity with Rome. The last holder of this office was Roberto Vicentini, who died without a successor in 1953. The post itself was abolished in 1964.
List of Latin Patriarchs of Antioch
- Peter I of Narbonne (1098–1100)
- Bernard of ValenceBernard of ValenceBernard of Valence was the Latin Patriarch of Antioch from 1100 to 1135 who attended the Battle of Sarmada with Roger of Salerno.-References:...
(1100–1135) - Ralph I of Domfront (1135–1139)
- Aimery of LimogesAimery of LimogesAimery or Aymery of Limoges , Aimerikos in Greek and Hemri in Armenian, was a Roman Catholic ecclesiarch in Frankish Outremer and the fourth Latin Patriarch of Antioch from c. 1140 until his death. Throughout his lengthy episcopate he was the most powerful figure in the Principality of Antioch...
(1139–1193) - Ralph II (1193–1196)
- Peter II of Angoulême (1196–1208)
- Peter III of Locedio (1209–1217)
- vacant (1217–1226)
- Albert Rezzato (1226–1245)
- Opizo Fieschi (1247–1292), in exile after 1268
- unknown
- LudovicoLudovicoLudovico is an Italian name given to males. It is sometimes spelled Lodovico.It may refer to:-In religion:* Ludovico Bertonio , Italian Jesuit missionary* Ludovico of Casoria , Italian Franciscan monk* Ludovico Donato Ludovico is an Italian name given to males. It is sometimes spelled Lodovico.It...
(1476) - Luigi CaetaniLuigi CaetaniLuigi Caetani was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Capua from 17 March 1624 until his resignation on 1 March 1627. He was ordained a Bishop on 12 June 1622 and appointed the Coadjutor Archbishop of Capua on 14 November 1622...
(1622–1626) - Giovanni Battista Pamphili (1626–1629), later Pope Innocent X of Rome
- Cesare MontiCesare Montithumb|Cardinal Cesare MontiCesare Monti was an Italian Catholic Cardinal who served as Patriarch of Antioch and Archbishop of Milan.-Early life:...
(1629-1633)- unknown
- Charles Thomas Maillard de Tournon (1701–1710)
- Giberto Bartolomeo Borromeo (1711–1735)
- Joaquín Fernández Portocarrero (1735-1760?)
- unknown
- Antonio Despuig y Dameto (1799–1813)
- vacant (1813–1822)
- Lorenzo Girolamo MatteiLorenzo Girolamo MatteiLorenzo Girolamo Mattei was an Italian cardinal from the house of Mattei. He was promoted to cardinal by pope Gregory XVI in the consistory of 15 April 1833. He was also nominal Latin Patriarch of Antioch.-External links:...
(1822–1833)- unknown - possibly Fabio Maria AsquiniFabio Maria AsquiniFabio Maria Asquini was a Catholic Cardinal and was Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Induglences and Sacred Relics and Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals.-Personal life:...
listed as the Titular Archbishop of Tarsus (Antioch) from 1837 and was later Latin Patriarch of ConstantinopleLatin Patriarch of ConstantinopleThe Latin Patriarch of Constantinople was an office established as a result of Crusader activity in the Near East. The title should not be confused with that of the Patriarch of Constantinople, an office which existed before and after....
.
- unknown - possibly Fabio Maria Asquini
- Albert Barbolani di Montauto (1856–1857)
- Iosephus Melchiades Ferlisi (1858–1860, became titular Latin Patriarch of ConstantinopleLatin Patriarch of ConstantinopleThe Latin Patriarch of Constantinople was an office established as a result of Crusader activity in the Near East. The title should not be confused with that of the Patriarch of Constantinople, an office which existed before and after....
- vacant (1860–1862)
- Carolus Belgrado (1862–1866)
- Paulus Brunoni (1868–1877)
- vacant (1877–1879)
- Petrus De Villanova (1879–1881)
- Placidus Ralli (1882–1884)
- vacant (1884–1886)
- Vencentius Tizzani (1886–1892)
- vacant (1892–1895)
- Francesco di Paola CassettaFrancesco di Paola CassettaFrancesco di Paola Cassetta was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of the Council from 1914 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1899.-Biography:...
(1895–1899) - Carlo NocellaCarlo NocellaCarlo Nocella was an Italian cardinal. He was Secretary of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation , Latin Patriarch of Antioch , and Latin Patriarch of Constantinople ....
(1899–1901), died 1903, became titular Latin Patriarch of ConstantinopleLatin Patriarch of ConstantinopleThe Latin Patriarch of Constantinople was an office established as a result of Crusader activity in the Near East. The title should not be confused with that of the Patriarch of Constantinople, an office which existed before and after....
. - Lorenzo Passarini (1901–1915)
- Ladislao Michele Zaleski (1916–1925)
- Roberto Vicentini (1925–1953)
- vacant (1953–1964)
This patriarchate was officially abolished in 1964.
See also
- List of Popes
- Patriarch of AntiochPatriarch of AntiochPatriarch of Antioch is a traditional title held by the Bishop of Antioch. As the traditional "overseer" of the first gentile Christian community, the position has been of prime importance in the church from its earliest period...
- Latin Patriarch of ConstantinopleLatin Patriarch of ConstantinopleThe Latin Patriarch of Constantinople was an office established as a result of Crusader activity in the Near East. The title should not be confused with that of the Patriarch of Constantinople, an office which existed before and after....
- Latin Patriarch of AlexandriaLatin Patriarch of AlexandriaThis is a list of The Latin Patriarchs of Alexandria established in 1215 during the pontificate of Pope Innocent III. This titular office was abolished in 1964. His patriachal seat in Rome was the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls....
- Latin Patriarch of JerusalemLatin Patriarch of JerusalemThe Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem is the title possessed by the Latin Rite Catholic Archbishop of Jerusalem. The Archdiocese of Jerusalem has jurisdiction for all Latin Rite Catholics in Israel, the Palestinian Territories, Jordan and Cyprus...
External links
- List of Latin Patriarchs of Antioch by Giga-Catholic Information