John I of Saxony
Encyclopedia
John was a King
of Saxony
and a member of the House of Wettin.
He was born in Dresden
, the third son of Maximilian, Prince of Saxony
--younger son of the Elector Frederick Christian of Saxony—by his first wife, Caroline of Bourbon, Princess of Parma
.
, and Johann was now only preceded in the line of succession by his older brother Frederick Augustus .
When his uncle Anton succeeded his older brother as king (1827), Johann became the third in line to the throne, and after the father Maximilian renunciated his succession rights in 1830, Johan became in the second in line. Johann's older brother became King Frederick Augustus II in 1836; now he was the first in line of succession to the throne as Crown Prince (de: Kronprinz). The King, married twice, was childless. Johann remained as Heir presumptive during all the reign of his brother.
on 9 August 1854.
The Judiciary Organization of 1855, the extension of the railroad network, the introduction of the freedom of trade are mainly to be owed to his suggestion and promotion. Under his government, came the acceptance of the French Commercial Treaty (1862) and the acknowledgment of a contract with Italy. He exerted himself under influence of his minister Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust for the Great Germany Solution (de: Großdeutsche Lösung) of the imperial arrangement (under inclusion of Austria). In 1866 Saxony fought on the Austrian side in the Austro-Prussian War
. Finally, after the defeat of the Battle of Königgrätz
, Saxony joined the North German Confederation
and in 1871 the German Empire under the hegemony of the Kingdom of Prussia. The King died two years later, aged seventy-one.
Beyond his political work, Johann was busy with literature. Under the pseudonym
Philalethes he translated to German the Dante
's Divine Comedy
; some parts of this work were placed in the Schloss Weesenstein. The Dresden
district of Johannstadt was named after him.
on 10 November 1822 (by proxy) and again in Dresden
on 21 November 1822 (in person), Johann married with the Princess Amalia of Bavaria
(Amalie Auguste), daughter of King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria. They had nine children:
King John of Saxony died at Pillnitz
.
Monarch
A monarch is the person who heads a monarchy. This is a form of government in which a state or polity is ruled or controlled by an individual who typically inherits the throne by birth and occasionally rules for life or until abdication...
of Saxony
Kingdom of Saxony
The Kingdom of Saxony , lasting between 1806 and 1918, was an independent member of a number of historical confederacies in Napoleonic through post-Napoleonic Germany. From 1871 it was part of the German Empire. It became a Free state in the era of Weimar Republic in 1918 after the end of World War...
and a member of the House of Wettin.
He was born in Dresden
Dresden
Dresden is the capital city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe, near the Czech border. The Dresden conurbation is part of the Saxon Triangle metropolitan area....
, the third son of Maximilian, Prince of Saxony
Maximilian, Prince of Saxony
Maximilian of Saxony , was German prince and a member of the House of Wettin.He was the sixth but third and youngest surviving son of Frederick Christian, Elector of...
--younger son of the Elector Frederick Christian of Saxony—by his first wife, Caroline of Bourbon, Princess of Parma
Princess Caroline of Parma
Carolina of Parma was a Princess of Parma by birth, and Princess of Saxony by marriage to Prince Maximilian of Saxony. Carolina was the eldest child of Ferdinand, Duke of Parma and his wife Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria.-Family:Her full baptismal name was Carolina Maria Teresa Giuseppa...
.
Early life
During most of his life, Johann stood little chance of inheriting the Saxon Crown: he was preceded by his father and two older brothers, Frederick Augustus and Klemens. However, in 1822 Klemens died unmarried in ItalyItaly
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, and Johann was now only preceded in the line of succession by his older brother Frederick Augustus .
When his uncle Anton succeeded his older brother as king (1827), Johann became the third in line to the throne, and after the father Maximilian renunciated his succession rights in 1830, Johan became in the second in line. Johann's older brother became King Frederick Augustus II in 1836; now he was the first in line of succession to the throne as Crown Prince (de: Kronprinz). The King, married twice, was childless. Johann remained as Heir presumptive during all the reign of his brother.
King of Saxony
Johann became King of Saxony after the death of his brother Frederick Augustus IIFrederick Augustus II of Saxony
Frederick Augustus II |Tyrol]], 9 August 1854) was King of Saxony and a member of the House of Wettin.He was the eldest son of Maximilian, Prince of Saxony --younger son of the Elector Frederick Christian of Saxony—by his...
on 9 August 1854.
The Judiciary Organization of 1855, the extension of the railroad network, the introduction of the freedom of trade are mainly to be owed to his suggestion and promotion. Under his government, came the acceptance of the French Commercial Treaty (1862) and the acknowledgment of a contract with Italy. He exerted himself under influence of his minister Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust for the Great Germany Solution (de: Großdeutsche Lösung) of the imperial arrangement (under inclusion of Austria). In 1866 Saxony fought on the Austrian side in the Austro-Prussian War
Austro-Prussian War
The Austro-Prussian War was a war fought in 1866 between the German Confederation under the leadership of the Austrian Empire and its German allies on one side and the Kingdom of Prussia with its German allies and Italy on the...
. Finally, after the defeat of the Battle of Königgrätz
Battle of Königgrätz
The Battle of Königgrätz , also known as the Battle of Sadowa, Sadová, or Hradec Králové, was the decisive battle of the Austro-Prussian War, in which the Kingdom of Prussia defeated the Austrian Empire...
, Saxony joined the North German Confederation
North German Confederation
The North German Confederation 1866–71, was a federation of 22 independent states of northern Germany. It was formed by a constitution accepted by the member states in 1867 and controlled military and foreign policy. It included the new Reichstag, a parliament elected by universal manhood...
and in 1871 the German Empire under the hegemony of the Kingdom of Prussia. The King died two years later, aged seventy-one.
Beyond his political work, Johann was busy with literature. Under the pseudonym
Pseudonym
A pseudonym is a name that a person assumes for a particular purpose and that differs from his or her original orthonym...
Philalethes he translated to German the Dante
Dante Alighieri
Durante degli Alighieri, mononymously referred to as Dante , was an Italian poet, prose writer, literary theorist, moral philosopher, and political thinker. He is best known for the monumental epic poem La commedia, later named La divina commedia ...
's Divine Comedy
The Divine Comedy
The Divine Comedy is an epic poem written by Dante Alighieri between 1308 and his death in 1321. It is widely considered the preeminent work of Italian literature, and is seen as one of the greatest works of world literature...
; some parts of this work were placed in the Schloss Weesenstein. The Dresden
Dresden
Dresden is the capital city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe, near the Czech border. The Dresden conurbation is part of the Saxon Triangle metropolitan area....
district of Johannstadt was named after him.
Ancestry
Marriage and issue
In MunichMunich
Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat...
on 10 November 1822 (by proxy) and again in Dresden
Dresden
Dresden is the capital city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe, near the Czech border. The Dresden conurbation is part of the Saxon Triangle metropolitan area....
on 21 November 1822 (in person), Johann married with the Princess Amalia of Bavaria
Kingdom of Bavaria
The Kingdom of Bavaria was a German state that existed from 1806 to 1918. The Bavarian Elector Maximilian IV Joseph of the House of Wittelsbach became the first King of Bavaria in 1806 as Maximilian I Joseph. The monarchy would remain held by the Wittelsbachs until the kingdom's dissolution in 1918...
(Amalie Auguste), daughter of King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria. They had nine children:
- Maria Auguste Fredericka Karoline Ludovike Amalie Maximiliane Franziska Nepomucena Xaveria (b. Dresden, 22 January 1827 - d. Dresden, 8 October 1857), known as Maria.
- Frederick Augustus Albert Anton Ferdinand Joseph Karl Maria Baptist Nepomuk Wilhelm Xaver Georg FidelisAlbert of SaxonyAlbert of Saxony may refer to:* Albert of Saxony * Albert I, Duke of Saxony * Albert, Duke of Saxony * Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen * Albert of Saxony...
(b. Dresden, 23 April 1828 - d. Schloss Sibyllenort, 19 June 1902), King Albert of Saxony. - Maria Elisabeth Maximiliana Ludovika Amalie Franziska Sophia Leopoldine Anna Baptista Xaveria NepomucenaPrincess Elizabeth of SaxonyElisabeth of Saxony was a Princess of Saxony who married the second son of the King of Sardinia. She was the mother of Margherita, Queen of Italy.-Early life and family:...
(b. Dresden, 4 February 1830 - d. Stresa, 14 August 1912), known as Elisabeth; married firstly on 22 April 1850 to Ferdinando, Prince of SavoySavoySavoy is a region of France. It comprises roughly the territory of the Western Alps situated between Lake Geneva in the north and Monaco and the Mediterranean coast in the south....
and SardiniaKingdom of SardiniaThe Kingdom of Sardinia consisted of the island of Sardinia first as a part of the Crown of Aragon and subsequently the Spanish Empire , and second as a part of the composite state of the House of Savoy . Its capital was originally Cagliari, in the south of the island, and later Turin, on the...
and 1st Duke of Genoa, and secondly on 4 October 1856 to Niccolò, Marchese Rapallo. - Frederick Augustus Ernst Ferdinand Wilhelm Ludwig Anton Nepomuk Maria Baptist Xaver Vincenz (b. Dresden, 5 April 1831 - d. Schloss Weesenstein, 12 May 1847), known as Ernst.
- Frederick Augustus Georg Ludwig Wilhelm Maximilian Karl Maria Nepomuk Baptist Xaver Cyriacus RomanusGeorge of Saxony-Life:George was born in the Saxon capital Dresden. He was the second son of King John of Saxony and his wife Princess Amelia of Bavaria , daughter of King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria ....
(b. Pillnitz, 8 August 1832 - d. Pillnitz, 15 October 1904), King Georg of Saxony (1902). - Maria Sidonia Ludovica Mathilde Wilhelmine Auguste Xaveria Baptista Nepomucena Veronica Hyacinthia Deodata (b. Pillnitz, 16 August 1834 - d. Dresden, 1 March 1862), known as Sidonia.
- Anna Maria Maximiliane Stephania Karoline Johanna Luisa Xaveria Nepomucena Aloysia BenedictaPrincess Anna of Saxony (1836–1859)Princess Anna Maria Maximiliane Stephania Karoline Johanna Luisa Xaveria Nepomucena Aloysia Benedicta of Saxony, Duchess of Saxony Princess Anna Maria Maximiliane Stephania Karoline Johanna Luisa Xaveria Nepomucena Aloysia Benedicta of Saxony, Duchess of Saxony (Full German name: Prinzessin Anna...
, (b. Dresden, 4 January 1836 - d. Naples, 10 February 1859), known as Anna; married on 24 November 1856 to Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of TuscanyFerdinand IV, Grand Duke of TuscanyFerdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany was the last Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1859 to 1860. The House of Habsburg-Lorraine continued to hold the title as pretenders until the end of World War I.-Biography:...
. - Margarete Karoline Fredericka Cecilie Auguste Amalie Josephine Elisabeth Maria JohannaPrincess Margaretha of SaxonyPrincess Margaretha Karoline Friederike Cecilie Auguste Amalie Josephine Elisabeth Maria Johanna of Saxony, Duchess of Saxony...
(b. Dresden, 24 May 1840 - d. Monza, 15 September 1858), known as Margarete; married on 4 November 1856 to Archduke Carl Ludwig of Austria, her cousin. - Sophie Maria Friederike Auguste Leopoldine Alexandrine Ernestine Albertine ElisabethPrincess Sophie of SaxonyPrincess Sophie Maria Friederike Auguste Leopoldine Alexandrine Ernestine Albertine Elisabeth of Saxony, Duchess of Saxony was the eighth...
(b. Dresden, 15 March 1845 - d. Munich, 9 March 1867), known as Sophie; married on 11 February 1865 to Karl-Theodor, Duke in Bavaria, her cousin and brother of Empress Elisabeth of AustriaElisabeth of BavariaElisabeth of Austria was the spouse of Franz Joseph I, and therefore both Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary. She also held the titles of Queen of Bohemia and Croatia, among others...
.
King John of Saxony died at Pillnitz
Pillnitz
Pillnitz is a city quarter in the east of Dresden, Germany. The quarter is situated in the east of Dresden. It can be reached by bus, ship, walking along the river or by bicycle...
.