James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
Encyclopedia
Admiral James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez (or Sausmarez), GCB
(11 March 1757 – 9 October 1836) was an admiral
of the British Royal Navy
, notable for his victory at the Battle of Algeciras.
, Guernsey
to an old island family, the de Sausmarez. Many of his ancestors had distinguished themselves in the naval service, and he entered it as midshipman
at the age of thirteen. Upon joining the navy, he dropped the second 's' to become de Saumarez.
flagship
in North America. Saumarez distinguished himself under Parker, showing his courage at the attack of Charleston
in 1776. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1778, serving on the Victory
, then Vice Admiral Hyde Parker's
flagship, , in which he was present at the Battle of Dogger Bank
on 5 August 1781, when he was wounded. He was promoted commander
for his gallant services and appointed to the fireship Tisiphone. In 1782, Saumarez sailed his ship to the West Indies with despatches for Samuel Hood
and arrived in time to witness the closing stages of Hood's operations at St Kitts
on the 25th January 1782.
victory over de Grasse at the Battle of the Saintes
on (12 April 1782). During the battle and under his own iniative, Saumarez took his ship out of line to assist in the capture of De Grasse's flagship, Ville de Paris
. This action prompted Admiral Rodney to remark that, "The Russell's captain is a fine fellow, whoever he is."
When the war in America finished, Saumarez went ashore and did not go to sea again until 1793 when he was given command of the frigate, , a 36-gun fifth rate frigate
.
. British casualties were exceptionally light, with only one man wounded during the engagement. In reward, Saumarez was knighted by King George III and given a presentation plate by the City of London, although Saumarez later received a bill for £103 6s and 8d (the equivalent of £9,700 as of 2011), from a Mr. Cooke for "the honour of a knighthood". Saumarez refused to pay, telling Cooke to charge whomever had paid for Edward Pellew's knighthood after his successful action
. Saumarez later wrote to his brother that "I think it hard to pay so much for an honour which my services have been thought to deserve".
to Guernsey, but succeeded in gaining a safe anchorage in Guernsey harbour. After being promoted in 1795 he was appointed to the 74-gun , in the channel fleet, where he took part in the defeat of the French fleet at the Battle of Groix
off Lorient
, on the 22 June. Orion was one of the ships sent to reinforce Sir John Jervis in February 1797, when Saumarez distinguished himself in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent
. During the early stages he helped repel a sustained attack on the British line and covered the retreat of when she was forced to retire from the action. Colossus had sustained serious damage, her sails being virtually shot away and it looked as though she would be raked by Spanish warships, until Orion intervened. Later, when the engagement had turned to a general melee, Saumarez forced the Salvador del Mundo to surrender before attacking the Santissima Trinidad with the help of . Saumarez was certain he had forced her surrender too when the arrival of the remainder of the Spanish fleet forced Jervis to break off the engagement.
from February 1797 to April 1798. In May 1798, the Orion joined the squadron, under Nelson's command, that was sent into the Mediterranean to seek and destroy the French. Saumarez was Admiral Nelson's second in command at the Battle of the Nile
where he distinguished himself once more, forcing the surrender of the Peuple Souverain and the 80 gun Franklin.
during the winters of 1799 and 1800. In 1801, he was raised to the rank of Rear Admiral of the Blue, was created a baronet, and received the command of a small squadron which was destined to watch the movements of the Spanish fleet at Cadiz. Between 6 and 12 July, he performed a brilliant piece of service, in which after a first repulse at Algeciras
he routed a much superior combined force of French and Spanish ships at the Battle of the Gut of Gibraltar. For his services, Saumarez received the Order of the Bath
and the Freedom of the City of London. In 1803, he received a pension of £1200 a year.
During the Peace of Amiens, Saumarez remained at home with his family in Guernsey, and when war broke out again, he was given command of the naval forces defending the Channel Islands. He therefore was not present at the Battle of Trafalgar.
. Saumarez's mission was to protect the British trade which was a vital supply of Royal Navy stores, and to blockade enemy ports such as those under French control in north Germany. The Russian fleet was also kept under blockade until Alexander I reopened Russian ports. Sweden
, under pressure from France
, declared war in on Britain in November 1810 but Saumarez showed conspicuous tact towards the government of Sweden
and her shipping, correctly guessing that the Swedes, in common with their Russian neighbours, would eventually defy Napoleon. Charles XIII
later bestowed on him the Grand Cross of the military Order of the Sword
. Denmark
a French satellite, also needed to be kept under observation until it was overrun by the Swedish Army in 1814. In 1812, furious with Tsar's refusal to cease trading with Britain, Napoleon invaded Russia with half a million troops and Saumarez's fleet was instrumental in hampering French operations.
, in 1821 Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom
. From 1824 to 1827 he was Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth
. He was raised to the peerage as Baron de Saumarez
in 1831, and died in Guernsey in 1836. In celebration of de Saumarez's achievements, there is a statue of him in the National Maritime Museum
in London.
served together in 1797 and 1798 but their relationship was not a close one. In fact on a number of occasions it became quite strained. They first clashed after the Battle of Cape St Vincent. Saumarez had forced the surrender of the Santissima Trinidad but was unable to capture her because Jervis was forced to break off the engagement. Nelson attempted to console Saumarez by telling him that the Spanish had confirmed the Trinidad had indeed surrendered. Saumarez tersely replied "Whoever doubted it sir? I hope there is no need for such evidence to establish the truth of a report of a British officer".
In May 1798, when Saumarez was appointed to Nelson's squadron in the Mediterranean, Nelson preferred to confer with Troubridge and even though, as the senior captain, Saumarez was technically second in command, he was often left out of their conversations.
After the Battle of the Nile, while in conversation with Nelson, on the quarter deck of HMS Vanguard; Saumarez suggested that the tactic of doubling the French line had been a dangerous one as it meant exposing British ships to 'friendly fire'. Before he had a chance to explain, Nelson cut him short and angrily went below. Nelson decided that Saumarez should escort the prizes home and they never served together again.
Later Nelson wrote a letter saying, "I could have formed no opinion of Orion that was not favourable to her gallant and excellent commander (Saumarez) and crew". However, the awkwardness between them remained.
's Hornblower
novel 'The Happy Return' as a rear-admiral. He also appears as Admiral
of the Gibraltar Squadron
in "Master and Commander
" and also as Admiral
of the Baltic Fleet in "The Surgeon's Mate
", books from Patrick O'Brian
's Aubrey–Maturin series
. In Treachery (2008) (US title "The Privateer's Revenge") by Julian Stockwin
, Saumerez's purported orders (actually a forgery) result in the disgrace of Thomas Kydd.
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Order of the Bath
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. The name derives from the elaborate mediæval ceremony for creating a knight, which involved bathing as one of its elements. The knights so created were known as Knights of the Bath...
(11 March 1757 – 9 October 1836) was an admiral
Admiral
Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks, of the highest naval officers. It is usually considered a full admiral and above vice admiral and below admiral of the fleet . It is usually abbreviated to "Adm" or "ADM"...
of the British Royal Navy
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the British Armed Forces. Founded in the 16th century, it is the oldest service branch and is known as the Senior Service...
, notable for his victory at the Battle of Algeciras.
Early life
He was born at St Peter PortSt Peter Port
Saint Peter Port is the capital of Guernsey as well as the main port. The population in 2001 was 16,488. In Guernésiais and in French, historically the official language of Guernsey, the name of the town and its surrounding parish is St Pierre Port. The "port" distinguishes this parish from...
, Guernsey
Guernsey
Guernsey, officially the Bailiwick of Guernsey is a British Crown dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy.The Bailiwick, as a governing entity, embraces not only all 10 parishes on the Island of Guernsey, but also the islands of Herm, Jethou, Burhou, and Lihou and their islet...
to an old island family, the de Sausmarez. Many of his ancestors had distinguished themselves in the naval service, and he entered it as midshipman
Midshipman
A midshipman is an officer cadet, or a commissioned officer of the lowest rank, in the Royal Navy, United States Navy, and many Commonwealth navies. Commonwealth countries which use the rank include Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Kenya...
at the age of thirteen. Upon joining the navy, he dropped the second 's' to become de Saumarez.
Early service in the Mediterranean and American Revolutionary War
In 1770, Saumarez joined the in the Mediterranean. In 1775 he transferred to Sir Peter Parker'sSir Peter Parker, 1st Baronet
Admiral of the Fleet Sir Peter Parker, 1st Baronet was a British naval officer.-Naval career:Peter Parker was born probably in Ireland. He became a lieutenant in the Royal Navy in 1743 and captain in 1747. In 1761, he took command of HMS Buckingham and helped cover operations on Belle Île...
flagship
Flagship
A flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships, reflecting the custom of its commander, characteristically a flag officer, flying a distinguishing flag...
in North America. Saumarez distinguished himself under Parker, showing his courage at the attack of Charleston
Charleston, South Carolina
Charleston is the second largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina. It was made the county seat of Charleston County in 1901 when Charleston County was founded. The city's original name was Charles Towne in 1670, and it moved to its present location from a location on the west bank of the...
in 1776. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1778, serving on the Victory
HMS Victory
HMS Victory is a 104-gun first-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, laid down in 1759 and launched in 1765. She is most famous as Lord Nelson's flagship at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805....
, then Vice Admiral Hyde Parker's
Sir Hyde Parker, 5th Baronet
Vice-Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, 5th Baronet was a British naval commander.Parker was born at Tredington, Gloucestershire. His father, a clergyman, was a son of Sir Henry Parker. His paternal grandfather had married a daughter of Alexander Hyde, Bishop of Salisbury. He began his career at sea in the...
flagship, , in which he was present at the Battle of Dogger Bank
Battle of Dogger Bank (1781)
The naval Battle of the Dogger Bank took place on 5 August 1781 during the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, part of the American War of Independence, in the North Sea...
on 5 August 1781, when he was wounded. He was promoted commander
Commander
Commander is a naval rank which is also sometimes used as a military title depending on the individual customs of a given military service. Commander is also used as a rank or title in some organizations outside of the armed forces, particularly in police and law enforcement.-Commander as a naval...
for his gallant services and appointed to the fireship Tisiphone. In 1782, Saumarez sailed his ship to the West Indies with despatches for Samuel Hood
Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood
Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood was a British Admiral known particularly for his service in the American War of Independence and French Revolutionary Wars...
and arrived in time to witness the closing stages of Hood's operations at St Kitts
Battle of St. Kitts
The Battle of Saint Kitts, also known as the Battle of Frigate Bay, was a naval battle that took place on 25 and 26 January 1782 during the American Revolutionary War between a British fleet under Rear-Admiral Sir Samuel Hood and a larger French fleet under the Comte de Grasse.-Background:When Hood...
on the 25th January 1782.
Battle of the Saintes
While commanding the (74 guns), he contributed to Rodney'sGeorge Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney
George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney, KB was a British naval officer. He is best known for his commands in the American War of Independence, particularly his victory over the French at the Battle of the Saintes in 1782...
victory over de Grasse at the Battle of the Saintes
Battle of the Saintes
The Battle of the Saintes took place over 4 days, 9 April 1782 – 12 April 1782, during the American War of Independence, and was a victory of a British fleet under Admiral Sir George Rodney over a French fleet under the Comte de Grasse forcing the French and Spanish to abandon a planned...
on (12 April 1782). During the battle and under his own iniative, Saumarez took his ship out of line to assist in the capture of De Grasse's flagship, Ville de Paris
French ship Ville de Paris (1764)
The Ville de Paris was a large three-decker French ship of the line that became famous as the flagship of the Comte de Grasse during the American Revolutionary War....
. This action prompted Admiral Rodney to remark that, "The Russell's captain is a fine fellow, whoever he is."
When the war in America finished, Saumarez went ashore and did not go to sea again until 1793 when he was given command of the frigate, , a 36-gun fifth rate frigate
Frigate
A frigate is any of several types of warship, the term having been used for ships of various sizes and roles over the last few centuries.In the 17th century, the term was used for any warship built for speed and maneuverability, the description often used being "frigate-built"...
.
Action of 20 October 1793
It was in Crescent that Saumarez was involved in one of the first major, single ship actions of the war when he captured the French frigate La Reunion, in the Action of 20 October 1793Action of 20 October 1793
The Action of 20 October 1793 was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars fought off Cape Barfleur on the French coast of the English Channel...
. British casualties were exceptionally light, with only one man wounded during the engagement. In reward, Saumarez was knighted by King George III and given a presentation plate by the City of London, although Saumarez later received a bill for £103 6s and 8d (the equivalent of £9,700 as of 2011), from a Mr. Cooke for "the honour of a knighthood". Saumarez refused to pay, telling Cooke to charge whomever had paid for Edward Pellew's knighthood after his successful action
Action of 18 June 1793
The Action of 18 June 1793 was the first decisive and one of the most celebrated encounters between British and French frigates during the French Revolutionary Wars. The action occurred off Start Point in Devon, when the British frigate HMS Nymphe encountered and chased the French frigate Cléopâtre...
. Saumarez later wrote to his brother that "I think it hard to pay so much for an honour which my services have been thought to deserve".
Battle of Cape St Vincent
While in command of a small squadron, he was on 5 June 1794 attacked by a superior French force on the way from PlymouthPlymouth
Plymouth is a city and unitary authority area on the coast of Devon, England, about south-west of London. It is built between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west, where they join Plymouth Sound...
to Guernsey, but succeeded in gaining a safe anchorage in Guernsey harbour. After being promoted in 1795 he was appointed to the 74-gun , in the channel fleet, where he took part in the defeat of the French fleet at the Battle of Groix
Battle of Groix
The Second Battle of Groix was a naval engagement that took place on 23 June 1795 during the French Revolutionary War off the west coast of France....
off Lorient
Lorient
Lorient, or L'Orient, is a commune and a seaport in the Morbihan department in Brittany in north-western France.-History:At the beginning of the 17th century, merchants who were trading with India had established warehouses in Port-Louis...
, on the 22 June. Orion was one of the ships sent to reinforce Sir John Jervis in February 1797, when Saumarez distinguished himself in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent
Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1797)
In the Battle of Cape St Vincent a British fleet under Admiral Sir John Jervis defeated a larger Spanish fleet under Admiral Don José de Córdoba near Cape St. Vincent, Portugal.-Origins:...
. During the early stages he helped repel a sustained attack on the British line and covered the retreat of when she was forced to retire from the action. Colossus had sustained serious damage, her sails being virtually shot away and it looked as though she would be raked by Spanish warships, until Orion intervened. Later, when the engagement had turned to a general melee, Saumarez forced the Salvador del Mundo to surrender before attacking the Santissima Trinidad with the help of . Saumarez was certain he had forced her surrender too when the arrival of the remainder of the Spanish fleet forced Jervis to break off the engagement.
Blockade of Cadiz and the Battle of the Nile
Saumarez remained with Jervis's fleet and was present at the blockade of CadizCádiz
Cadiz is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the homonymous province, one of eight which make up the autonomous community of Andalusia....
from February 1797 to April 1798. In May 1798, the Orion joined the squadron, under Nelson's command, that was sent into the Mediterranean to seek and destroy the French. Saumarez was Admiral Nelson's second in command at the Battle of the Nile
Battle of the Nile
The Battle of the Nile was a major naval battle fought between British and French fleets at Aboukir Bay on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt from 1–3 August 1798...
where he distinguished himself once more, forcing the surrender of the Peuple Souverain and the 80 gun Franklin.
Battle of Algeciras and Gut of Gibraltar
On his return from Egypt, he received the command of , of 80 guns, with orders to watch the French fleet off BrestBrest, France
Brest is a city in the Finistère department in Brittany in northwestern France. Located in a sheltered position not far from the western tip of the Breton peninsula, and the western extremity of metropolitan France, Brest is an important harbour and the second French military port after Toulon...
during the winters of 1799 and 1800. In 1801, he was raised to the rank of Rear Admiral of the Blue, was created a baronet, and received the command of a small squadron which was destined to watch the movements of the Spanish fleet at Cadiz. Between 6 and 12 July, he performed a brilliant piece of service, in which after a first repulse at Algeciras
Battle of Algeciras Bay
The Battle of Algeciras Bay refers to two separate battles in July 1801 between an allied French-Spanish fleet and the British near Gibraltar. In the first battle, the French drove off an attack by the larger British fleet and captured one ship of the line...
he routed a much superior combined force of French and Spanish ships at the Battle of the Gut of Gibraltar. For his services, Saumarez received the Order of the Bath
Order of the Bath
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. The name derives from the elaborate mediæval ceremony for creating a knight, which involved bathing as one of its elements. The knights so created were known as Knights of the Bath...
and the Freedom of the City of London. In 1803, he received a pension of £1200 a year.
During the Peace of Amiens, Saumarez remained at home with his family in Guernsey, and when war broke out again, he was given command of the naval forces defending the Channel Islands. He therefore was not present at the Battle of Trafalgar.
The Baltic Campaign
In 1808 he was given command of the Baltic fleet with his flag in HMS VictoryHMS Victory
HMS Victory is a 104-gun first-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, laid down in 1759 and launched in 1765. She is most famous as Lord Nelson's flagship at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805....
. Saumarez's mission was to protect the British trade which was a vital supply of Royal Navy stores, and to blockade enemy ports such as those under French control in north Germany. The Russian fleet was also kept under blockade until Alexander I reopened Russian ports. Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
, under pressure from France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
, declared war in on Britain in November 1810 but Saumarez showed conspicuous tact towards the government of Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
and her shipping, correctly guessing that the Swedes, in common with their Russian neighbours, would eventually defy Napoleon. Charles XIII
Charles XIII of Sweden
Charles XIII & II also Carl, , was King of Sweden from 1809 and King of Norway from 1814 until his death...
later bestowed on him the Grand Cross of the military Order of the Sword
Order of the Sword
The Order of the Sword is a Swedish order of chivalry created by King Frederick I of Sweden on February 23, 1748, together with the Order of the Seraphim and the Order of the Polar Star.Awarded to officers, and originally intended as an award for bravery and particularly long or useful service, it...
. Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
a French satellite, also needed to be kept under observation until it was overrun by the Swedish Army in 1814. In 1812, furious with Tsar's refusal to cease trading with Britain, Napoleon invaded Russia with half a million troops and Saumarez's fleet was instrumental in hampering French operations.
Latter years
At the Peace of 1814, Saumarez attained the rank of Admiral; and in 1819 he was made Rear-Admiral of the United KingdomRear-Admiral of the United Kingdom
The Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom is a now honorary office generally held by a senior Royal Navy admiral. Despite the title, the Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom is usually a full admiral...
, in 1821 Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom
Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom
The Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom is an honorary office generally held by a senior Royal Navy admiral. Despite the title, the Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom is usually a full admiral. He is the official deputy to the Lord High Admiral, an honorary office vested in the Sovereign from...
. From 1824 to 1827 he was Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth
Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth
The Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth was a senior commander of the Royal Navy for hundreds of years. Plymouth Command was a name given to the units, establishments, and staff operating under the admiral's command. In the nineteenth century the holder of the office was known as Commander-in-Chief,...
. He was raised to the peerage as Baron de Saumarez
Baron de Saumarez
Baron de Saumarez, in the Island of Guernsey, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 15 September 1831 for the prominent naval commander Admiral Sir James Saumarez, 1st Baronet. He had already been created a Baronet, of Guernsey, on 13 June 1801. Lord de Saumarez was...
in 1831, and died in Guernsey in 1836. In celebration of de Saumarez's achievements, there is a statue of him in the National Maritime Museum
National Maritime Museum
The National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, England is the leading maritime museum of the United Kingdom and may be the largest museum of its kind in the world. The historic buildings forming part of the Maritime Greenwich World Heritage Site, it also incorporates the Royal Observatory, Greenwich,...
in London.
Relationship with Nelson
Saumarez and NelsonHoratio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson
Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, 1st Duke of Bronté, KB was a flag officer famous for his service in the Royal Navy, particularly during the Napoleonic Wars. He was noted for his inspirational leadership and superb grasp of strategy and unconventional tactics, which resulted in a number of...
served together in 1797 and 1798 but their relationship was not a close one. In fact on a number of occasions it became quite strained. They first clashed after the Battle of Cape St Vincent. Saumarez had forced the surrender of the Santissima Trinidad but was unable to capture her because Jervis was forced to break off the engagement. Nelson attempted to console Saumarez by telling him that the Spanish had confirmed the Trinidad had indeed surrendered. Saumarez tersely replied "Whoever doubted it sir? I hope there is no need for such evidence to establish the truth of a report of a British officer".
In May 1798, when Saumarez was appointed to Nelson's squadron in the Mediterranean, Nelson preferred to confer with Troubridge and even though, as the senior captain, Saumarez was technically second in command, he was often left out of their conversations.
After the Battle of the Nile, while in conversation with Nelson, on the quarter deck of HMS Vanguard; Saumarez suggested that the tactic of doubling the French line had been a dangerous one as it meant exposing British ships to 'friendly fire'. Before he had a chance to explain, Nelson cut him short and angrily went below. Nelson decided that Saumarez should escort the prizes home and they never served together again.
Later Nelson wrote a letter saying, "I could have formed no opinion of Orion that was not favourable to her gallant and excellent commander (Saumarez) and crew". However, the awkwardness between them remained.
Appearances in naval fiction
Saumerez appears as a minor character in C. S. ForesterC. S. Forester
Cecil Scott "C.S." Forester was the pen name of Cecil Louis Troughton Smith , an English novelist who rose to fame with tales of naval warfare. His most notable works were the 11-book Horatio Hornblower series, depicting a Royal Navy officer during the Napoleonic era, and The African Queen...
's Hornblower
Hornblower
Hornblower may refer to:In fiction:*Horatio Hornblower, a fictional officer of the British Royal Navy created by C.S. Forester*A family of hobbits in the works of J.R.R...
novel 'The Happy Return' as a rear-admiral. He also appears as Admiral
Admiral
Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks, of the highest naval officers. It is usually considered a full admiral and above vice admiral and below admiral of the fleet . It is usually abbreviated to "Adm" or "ADM"...
of the Gibraltar Squadron
Gibraltar Squadron
The Gibraltar Squadron is a unit of the British Royal Navy. It is the only resident sea-going Royal Naval unit in Gibraltar, attached to British Forces Gibraltar...
in "Master and Commander
Master and Commander
Master and Commander is a historical naval novel by Patrick O'Brian. First published in 1969 , it is first in the Aubrey-Maturin series of stories of Captain Jack Aubrey and the naval surgeon Stephen Maturin. Closely based on the historical feats of Lord Cochrane, O'Brian's novel is set in the...
" and also as Admiral
Admiral
Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks, of the highest naval officers. It is usually considered a full admiral and above vice admiral and below admiral of the fleet . It is usually abbreviated to "Adm" or "ADM"...
of the Baltic Fleet in "The Surgeon's Mate
The Surgeon's Mate
The Surgeon's Mate is a historical novel written by Patrick O'Brian and set during the Napoleonic Wars. It is the seventh book in the Aubrey–Maturin series.-Plot summary:...
", books from Patrick O'Brian
Patrick O'Brian
Patrick O'Brian, CBE , born Richard Patrick Russ, was an English novelist and translator, best known for his Aubrey–Maturin series of novels set in the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars and centred on the friendship of English Naval Captain Jack Aubrey and the Irish–Catalan physician Stephen...
's Aubrey–Maturin series
Aubrey–Maturin series
The Aubrey–Maturin series is a sequence of nautical historical novels—20 completed and one unfinished—by Patrick O'Brian, set during the Napoleonic Wars and centering on the friendship between Captain Jack Aubrey of the Royal Navy and his ship's surgeon Stephen Maturin, who is also a physician,...
. In Treachery (2008) (US title "The Privateer's Revenge") by Julian Stockwin
Julian Stockwin
Julian Stockwin is an author of historical action-adventure fiction.-Biography:Born in 1944, Stockwin soon developed a love for the sea...
, Saumerez's purported orders (actually a forgery) result in the disgrace of Thomas Kydd.
See also
- Sir John Ross, Memoirs of Admiral Lord de Saumarez (2 vols, 1838)
- Shayer, David James Saumarez: The Life and Achievements of Admiral Lord de Saumarez of Guernsey (La Société Guernesiaise 2006)
- The Naval Chronicle, Volume 6. J. Gould, 1801. (reissued by Cambridge University PressCambridge University PressCambridge University Press is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by Henry VIII in 1534, it is the world's oldest publishing house, and the second largest university press in the world...
, 2010. ISBN 9781108018456) - Ch. 6, Saumarez: The Fleet Officer and Division Commander, in
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