James Crutchfield
Encyclopedia
James Crutchfield was an American
St. Louis, Missouri
based, barrelhouse blues singer, pianist
, and songwriter
, whose career spanned seven decades. His repertoire consisted of original and classic blues
and boogie-woogie
and depression-era popular songs.
Known as the 'King of barrelhouse blues', Crutchfield's better known songs include "I Believe You Need A Shot" and "My Baby Cooks My Breakfast". He worked with Elmore James
and Boyd Gilmore.
, when the high water was highest." James Crutchfield said his mother Sarah was a "Geechee" - a descendent of slaves of the Georgia
/Carolina
sea islands and said he much resembled her. His father, Tom Crutchfield, he described as a large copper-colored man from southwestern Mississippi
, whom he'd never met until he was eight years old and with whom he maintained a cordial relationship with thereafter. An only child, James and his mother, a farm worker, migrated through Louisiana
and east Texas
with the cotton and sugarcane seasons, moving often and sometimes living in tents. His earliest memories were of the boys coming home from World War I
and the silent westerns of William S. Hart
, whom he idolized.
Around 1920, his mother married and settled in Bogalusa, Louisiana
. In his early teens, while employed as the janitor
in a theater, Crutchfield began to teach himself to play on the house piano. Also around this time, curious about the exact day of his birth, he went to the Baton Rouge library and told the story his mother had told him to an intrigued librarian. Together they looked through the 1912 newspapers and found that indeed, there had been a flood
then, which crested on May 25. From that time on, he used that date as his birthday.
In 1927, working as an under-age employee for a local railroad, James Crutchfield lost his left leg below the knee in a coupling
accident. The railroad settled out of court for twenty-thousand dollars. Part of the money was used to buy his mother a house in Baton Rouge and the rest, considering his now diminished employment
opportunities, was used to subsidize his fledgling musical career.
s; performing as The M & O Kid in deference to his mentor - the barrelhouse bluesman M & O, of whom Crutchfield in later years said was the best he's ever heard. The establishments that served the lumber and levee camps typically stayed open all day and night and provided food, drink and lodging for two piano players who each played a 12-hour shift for tips. Competition for these jobs was cut-throat and Crutchfield developed his life-long habit of playing for hours without a break, out of fear that somebody better would sit down and play in his absence and steal his job; which had evidently happened.
Another early influence was Papa Lord God - a Texan: "Oh Papa Lord God, he was bad, man, he was baaad!" Little Brother Montgomery
showed him "44 Blues
" when the Montgomery brothers performed in Bogalusa; and he traded techniques in after-hours sessions with Champion Jack Dupree
when they played at rival nightclubs on the same street in Baton Rouge, early in their careers. James Crutchfield worked as accompanist to Joe Pullum
in the early 1930s and performed with him in Texas
and Louisiana; occasionally hopping freight trains for transportation. He was to play Pullum's hit "Black Gal" for the rest of his life. Shortly after the end of World War II
, Crutchfield performed with Elmore James
and Boyd Gilmore in the Goodman, Mississippi
area.
In 1948, James Crutchfield moved to St. Louis, Missouri; a city with a venerable blues piano tradition dating back to the ragtime
era. He worked in the Gaslight Square entertainment district at various venues, including a decade residency at "Miss Rosalee's" Left Bank. In 1955, Crutchfield was appearing with Bat the Hummingbird (drums) at a bar located at 2220 Market Street that was formerly Tom Turpin
's Rosebud Saloon, where Scott Joplin
had performed half a century earlier. He was found here by Bob Koester
on a tip from policeman Charlie O'Brien, and recorded a few days later along with Speckled Red
. One of the songs ("Levee Blues") was released several years later on an anthology album
Barrelhouse Blues and Stomps on the Euphonic record label
. Six selections can be heard on the compilation album
Biddle Street Barrelhousin; released in 2000 on Delmark Records
.
The decline of Gaslight Square in the late 1960s was also the decline of James Crutchfield's musical career. He was professionally inactive in the 1970s, and worked as a cook
at the State Hospital for a number of years. In the early 1980s he was collecting and selling junk tires and running a gambling
operation.
piano players that might still be alive. They contacted the same Charlie O'Brien who was instrumental in Crutchfield being recorded a quarter century earlier, and he reported that Crutchfield was still around and in fine form. Swingmaster visited St. Louis that year, but had no luck finding him. They returned in 1983 and this time, with the assistance of bluesman Henry Townsend
, they were successful. Crutchfield traveled to the Netherlands
later that year and recorded the album, Original Barrelhouse Blues, which was re-released on CD in 2001 as St. Louis Blues Piano. He appeared at several venues in the Netherlands, notably a concert in a stadium in Utrecht
that he later said was the largest crowd he had ever performed for.
Back in St. Louis, local impresario Mark O'Shaughnessy guided Crutchfield's comeback, and introduced him to the contemporary blues scene. He received a publicity boost when he was selected as the first recipient of the Lillian Carter Award for Outstanding Senior Citizen in 1984. Crutchfield and his wife Ernestine moved to the Soulard neighborhood, an area known for its many nightclubs, and he played weekly at Broadway Oyster Bar, 1860 Saloon and Mike & Min's, among other engagements. In the late 1980s, Crutchfield was regularly performing with a back-up group: Guitar Frank, Papa John (washtub bass
) and Rosceaux (washboard
). He played the 1988 St. Louis Blues Festival at the Jefferson Memorial; appeared every weekend at Allen Avenue; and began playing every Wednesday night for the next 12 years at Venice Cafe, where many of St. Louis' top blues and jazz
musicians would often sit in.
During his performances, Crutchfield would sometimes improvise lyrics on the spot, about individual audience members while smiling and winking at them. It was usually well-received.
In the early 1990s, Crutchfield replaced the "tub" and "rub-board" with Sharon Foehner (bass) and Bill Howell (drums), and added Andy Milner (harmonica). In addition to weekly engagements, one-nighters, parties and weddings; he appeared at the 1993 St. Louis Blues Festival on the riverfront; Harp Attack at Mississippi Nights
; and the Casa Loma Ballroom. A well-known and popular character around the neighborhood, Crutchfield's annual birthday celebration at Molly's began the summer beer garden
season in Soulard.
Crutchfield appeared at the 1997 St. Louis Blues Festival and continued working regularly, performing with local rock and roll
pioneer Bennie Smith and the Urban Blues Express in his last years. Ironically, the sources differ on the exact day of his death from complications from heart disease
. He died on December 7, or 8, 2001 in St. Louis; almost the last bluesman of his era. An impromptu parade through the streets of Soulard was held in his honor.
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
St. Louis, Missouri
St. Louis, Missouri
St. Louis is an independent city on the eastern border of Missouri, United States. With a population of 319,294, it was the 58th-largest U.S. city at the 2010 U.S. Census. The Greater St...
based, barrelhouse blues singer, pianist
Pianist
A pianist is a musician who plays the piano. A professional pianist can perform solo pieces, play with an ensemble or orchestra, or accompany one or more singers, solo instrumentalists, or other performers.-Choice of genres:...
, and songwriter
Songwriter
A songwriter is an individual who writes both the lyrics and music to a song. Someone who solely writes lyrics may be called a lyricist, and someone who only writes music may be called a composer...
, whose career spanned seven decades. His repertoire consisted of original and classic blues
Blues
Blues is the name given to both a musical form and a music genre that originated in African-American communities of primarily the "Deep South" of the United States at the end of the 19th century from spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads...
and boogie-woogie
Boogie-woogie
Boogie-woogie has the following meanings:*Boogie-woogie, a piano-based music style*Boogie-woogie , a swing dance or a dance that imitates the rock-n-roll dance of the 1950s*"Boogie Woogie" , a song by EuroGroove and Dannii Minogue...
and depression-era popular songs.
Known as the 'King of barrelhouse blues', Crutchfield's better known songs include "I Believe You Need A Shot" and "My Baby Cooks My Breakfast". He worked with Elmore James
Elmore James
Elmore James was an American blues guitarist, singer, songwriter and band leader. He was known as "the King of the Slide Guitar" and had a unique guitar style, noted for his use of loud amplification and his stirring voice.-Biography:James was born Elmore Brooks in the old Richland community in...
and Boyd Gilmore.
Childhood
There is no record of James Crutchfield's birth: "My mama never know'd what day it was, she never know'd what month it was, but she always know'd what year it was. 'Lotta folks back in them days never even know'd that much, but my mama always did. She told me I was born in '12, in Baton RougeBaton Rouge, Louisiana
Baton Rouge is the capital of the U.S. state of Louisiana. It is located in East Baton Rouge Parish and is the second-largest city in the state.Baton Rouge is a major industrial, petrochemical, medical, and research center of the American South...
, when the high water was highest." James Crutchfield said his mother Sarah was a "Geechee" - a descendent of slaves of the Georgia
Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia is a state located in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. The state is named after King George II of Great Britain. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788...
/Carolina
North Carolina
North Carolina is a state located in the southeastern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north. North Carolina contains 100 counties. Its capital is Raleigh, and its largest city is Charlotte...
sea islands and said he much resembled her. His father, Tom Crutchfield, he described as a large copper-colored man from southwestern Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, whose name comes from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi...
, whom he'd never met until he was eight years old and with whom he maintained a cordial relationship with thereafter. An only child, James and his mother, a farm worker, migrated through Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are local governments equivalent to counties...
and east Texas
East Texas
East Texas is a distinct geographic and ecological area in the U.S. state of Texas.According to the Handbook of Texas, the East Texas area "may be separated from the rest of Texas roughly by a line extending from the Red River in north central Lamar County southwestward to east central Limestone...
with the cotton and sugarcane seasons, moving often and sometimes living in tents. His earliest memories were of the boys coming home from World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
and the silent westerns of William S. Hart
William S. Hart
William Surrey Hart was an American silent film actor, screenwriter, director and producer. He is remembered for having "imbued all of his characters with honor and integrity."-Biography:...
, whom he idolized.
Around 1920, his mother married and settled in Bogalusa, Louisiana
Bogalusa, Louisiana
Bogalusa is a city in Washington Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 13,365 at the 2000 census. It is the principal city of the Bogalusa Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Washington Parish and is also part of the larger New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa...
. In his early teens, while employed as the janitor
Janitor
A janitor or custodian is a professional who takes care of buildings, such as hospitals and schools. Janitors are responsible primarily for cleaning, and often some maintenance and security...
in a theater, Crutchfield began to teach himself to play on the house piano. Also around this time, curious about the exact day of his birth, he went to the Baton Rouge library and told the story his mother had told him to an intrigued librarian. Together they looked through the 1912 newspapers and found that indeed, there had been a flood
Flood
A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land. The EU Floods directive defines a flood as a temporary covering by water of land not normally covered by water...
then, which crested on May 25. From that time on, he used that date as his birthday.
In 1927, working as an under-age employee for a local railroad, James Crutchfield lost his left leg below the knee in a coupling
Coupling
A coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for the purpose of transmitting power. Couplings do not normally allow disconnection of shafts during operation, however there are torque limiting couplings which can slip or disconnect when some torque limit is exceeded.The...
accident. The railroad settled out of court for twenty-thousand dollars. Part of the money was used to buy his mother a house in Baton Rouge and the rest, considering his now diminished employment
Employment
Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. An employee may be defined as:- Employee :...
opportunities, was used to subsidize his fledgling musical career.
Career
By the end of the 1920s, James Crutchfield had begun traveling a rough and tumble circuit of Louisiana lumber camps, Mississippi levee camps and east Texas juke jointJuke joint
Juke joint is the vernacular term for an informal establishment featuring music, dancing, gambling, and drinking, primarily operated by African American people in the southeastern United States. The term "juke" is believed to derive from the Gullah word joog, meaning rowdy or disorderly...
s; performing as The M & O Kid in deference to his mentor - the barrelhouse bluesman M & O, of whom Crutchfield in later years said was the best he's ever heard. The establishments that served the lumber and levee camps typically stayed open all day and night and provided food, drink and lodging for two piano players who each played a 12-hour shift for tips. Competition for these jobs was cut-throat and Crutchfield developed his life-long habit of playing for hours without a break, out of fear that somebody better would sit down and play in his absence and steal his job; which had evidently happened.
Another early influence was Papa Lord God - a Texan: "Oh Papa Lord God, he was bad, man, he was baaad!" Little Brother Montgomery
Little Brother Montgomery
Eurreal Wilford "Little Brother" Montgomery was an American jazz, boogie-woogie and blues pianist and singer....
showed him "44 Blues
Forty-Four (song)
"Forty-Four" or "44 Blues" is a blues standard whose origins have been traced back to early 1920s Louisiana. However, it was Roosevelt Sykes, who provided the lyrics and first recorded it in 1929, that helped popularize the song...
" when the Montgomery brothers performed in Bogalusa; and he traded techniques in after-hours sessions with Champion Jack Dupree
Champion Jack Dupree
William Thomas Dupree, best known as Champion Jack Dupree, was an American blues pianist. His birth date is disputed, given as July 4, July 10, and July 23, in the years 1908, 1909, or 1910. He died on January 21, 1992.-Biography:...
when they played at rival nightclubs on the same street in Baton Rouge, early in their careers. James Crutchfield worked as accompanist to Joe Pullum
Joe Pullum
Joe Pullum was an American Texas blues singer and songwriter.-Biography:Pullum, a Houston-born nightclub singer, was one of the more obscure blues stars. He was accompanied on his few recordings by two pianists; Rob Cooper on his earlier discs, and Andy Boy on his later efforts...
in the early 1930s and performed with him in Texas
Texas
Texas is the second largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state by area in the contiguous United States.The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in...
and Louisiana; occasionally hopping freight trains for transportation. He was to play Pullum's hit "Black Gal" for the rest of his life. Shortly after the end of World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, Crutchfield performed with Elmore James
Elmore James
Elmore James was an American blues guitarist, singer, songwriter and band leader. He was known as "the King of the Slide Guitar" and had a unique guitar style, noted for his use of loud amplification and his stirring voice.-Biography:James was born Elmore Brooks in the old Richland community in...
and Boyd Gilmore in the Goodman, Mississippi
Goodman, Mississippi
Goodman is a town in Holmes County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,252 at the 2000 census. It is the birthplace of John A. Lomax , pioneering folklorist, andDavid Herbert Donald , Pulitzer-prize-winning historian....
area.
In 1948, James Crutchfield moved to St. Louis, Missouri; a city with a venerable blues piano tradition dating back to the ragtime
Ragtime
Ragtime is an original musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1897 and 1918. Its main characteristic trait is its syncopated, or "ragged," rhythm. It began as dance music in the red-light districts of American cities such as St. Louis and New Orleans years before being published...
era. He worked in the Gaslight Square entertainment district at various venues, including a decade residency at "Miss Rosalee's" Left Bank. In 1955, Crutchfield was appearing with Bat the Hummingbird (drums) at a bar located at 2220 Market Street that was formerly Tom Turpin
Tom Turpin
Thomas Million John Turpin was an African-American composer of ragtime music.Tom Turpin was born in Savannah, Georgia, a son of John L. Turpin and Lulu Waters Turpin. In his early twenties he opened a saloon in St...
's Rosebud Saloon, where Scott Joplin
Scott Joplin
Scott Joplin was an American composer and pianist. Joplin achieved fame for his ragtime compositions, and was later dubbed "The King of Ragtime". During his brief career, Joplin wrote 44 original ragtime pieces, one ragtime ballet, and two operas...
had performed half a century earlier. He was found here by Bob Koester
Bob Koester
Robert Gregg "Bob" Koester is the American founder and owner of Delmark Records, one of the oldest independent record labels in the United States, and one of jazz's best-known imprints...
on a tip from policeman Charlie O'Brien, and recorded a few days later along with Speckled Red
Speckled Red
Speckled Red was born Rufus Perryman in Monroe, Louisiana. He was an American blues and boogie-woogie piano player and singer, most noted for his recordings of "The Dirty Dozens", with exchanges of insults and vulgar remarks that have long been a part of African American folklore.The family moved...
. One of the songs ("Levee Blues") was released several years later on an anthology album
Album
An album is a collection of recordings, released as a single package on gramophone record, cassette, compact disc, or via digital distribution. The word derives from the Latin word for list .Vinyl LP records have two sides, each comprising one half of the album...
Barrelhouse Blues and Stomps on the Euphonic record label
Record label
In the music industry, a record label is a brand and a trademark associated with the marketing of music recordings and music videos. Most commonly, a record label is the company that manages such brands and trademarks, coordinates the production, manufacture, distribution, marketing and promotion,...
. Six selections can be heard on the compilation album
Compilation album
A compilation album is an album featuring tracks from one or more performers, often culled from a variety of sources The tracks are usually collected according to a common characteristic, such as popularity, genre, source or subject matter...
Biddle Street Barrelhousin; released in 2000 on Delmark Records
Delmark Records
Delmark Records is an independent American jazz and blues record label, based in Chicago since 1958. The label originated in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1953 when owner Bob Koester released a recording of the Windy City Six, a traditional jazz group, under the "Delmar" imprint.-History:Born in 1932 in...
.
The decline of Gaslight Square in the late 1960s was also the decline of James Crutchfield's musical career. He was professionally inactive in the 1970s, and worked as a cook
Cook (profession)
A cook is a person who prepares food for consumption. In Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Canada this profession requires government approval ....
at the State Hospital for a number of years. In the early 1980s he was collecting and selling junk tires and running a gambling
Gambling
Gambling is the wagering of money or something of material value on an event with an uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning additional money and/or material goods...
operation.
Rediscovery
In 1981, Swingmaster, a new Dutch record label, was interested in recording any of the old-time St. Louis barrelhouseBoogie-woogie
Boogie-woogie has the following meanings:*Boogie-woogie, a piano-based music style*Boogie-woogie , a swing dance or a dance that imitates the rock-n-roll dance of the 1950s*"Boogie Woogie" , a song by EuroGroove and Dannii Minogue...
piano players that might still be alive. They contacted the same Charlie O'Brien who was instrumental in Crutchfield being recorded a quarter century earlier, and he reported that Crutchfield was still around and in fine form. Swingmaster visited St. Louis that year, but had no luck finding him. They returned in 1983 and this time, with the assistance of bluesman Henry Townsend
Henry Townsend (musician)
Henry 'Mule' Townsend was an American blues singer, guitarist and pianist.-Career:Townsend was born in Shelby, Mississippi and grew up in Cairo, Illinois. He left home at the age of nine because of an abusive father and hoboed his way to St. Louis, Missouri...
, they were successful. Crutchfield traveled to the Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
later that year and recorded the album, Original Barrelhouse Blues, which was re-released on CD in 2001 as St. Louis Blues Piano. He appeared at several venues in the Netherlands, notably a concert in a stadium in Utrecht
Utrecht
Utrecht is a city in the Netherlands.The name may also refer to:* Utrecht , of which Utrecht is the capital* Utrecht , including the city of Utrecht* Bishopric of Utrecht* Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht...
that he later said was the largest crowd he had ever performed for.
Back in St. Louis, local impresario Mark O'Shaughnessy guided Crutchfield's comeback, and introduced him to the contemporary blues scene. He received a publicity boost when he was selected as the first recipient of the Lillian Carter Award for Outstanding Senior Citizen in 1984. Crutchfield and his wife Ernestine moved to the Soulard neighborhood, an area known for its many nightclubs, and he played weekly at Broadway Oyster Bar, 1860 Saloon and Mike & Min's, among other engagements. In the late 1980s, Crutchfield was regularly performing with a back-up group: Guitar Frank, Papa John (washtub bass
Washtub bass
The washtub bass, or "gutbucket", is a stringed instrument used in American folk music that uses a metal washtub as a resonator. Although it is possible for a washtub bass to have four or more strings and tuning pegs, traditional washtub basses have a single string whose pitch is adjusted by...
) and Rosceaux (washboard
Washboard
A washboard is a tool designed for hand washing clothing. With mechanized cleaning of clothing becoming more common by the end of the 20th century, the washboard has become better known for its originally subsidiary use as a musical instrument....
). He played the 1988 St. Louis Blues Festival at the Jefferson Memorial; appeared every weekend at Allen Avenue; and began playing every Wednesday night for the next 12 years at Venice Cafe, where many of St. Louis' top blues and jazz
Jazz
Jazz is a musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States. It was born out of a mix of African and European music traditions. From its early development until the present, jazz has incorporated music from 19th and 20th...
musicians would often sit in.
During his performances, Crutchfield would sometimes improvise lyrics on the spot, about individual audience members while smiling and winking at them. It was usually well-received.
In the early 1990s, Crutchfield replaced the "tub" and "rub-board" with Sharon Foehner (bass) and Bill Howell (drums), and added Andy Milner (harmonica). In addition to weekly engagements, one-nighters, parties and weddings; he appeared at the 1993 St. Louis Blues Festival on the riverfront; Harp Attack at Mississippi Nights
Mississippi Nights
Mississippi Nights was a music club in St. Louis, Missouri that achieved national recognition for the number of big-name acts and performers it hosted....
; and the Casa Loma Ballroom. A well-known and popular character around the neighborhood, Crutchfield's annual birthday celebration at Molly's began the summer beer garden
Beer garden
Beer garden is an open-air area where beer, other drinks and local food are served. The concept originates from and is most common in Southern Germany...
season in Soulard.
Crutchfield appeared at the 1997 St. Louis Blues Festival and continued working regularly, performing with local rock and roll
Rock and roll
Rock and roll is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily from a combination of African American blues, country, jazz, and gospel music...
pioneer Bennie Smith and the Urban Blues Express in his last years. Ironically, the sources differ on the exact day of his death from complications from heart disease
Heart disease
Heart disease, cardiac disease or cardiopathy is an umbrella term for a variety of diseases affecting the heart. , it is the leading cause of death in the United States, England, Canada and Wales, accounting for 25.4% of the total deaths in the United States.-Types:-Coronary heart disease:Coronary...
. He died on December 7, or 8, 2001 in St. Louis; almost the last bluesman of his era. An impromptu parade through the streets of Soulard was held in his honor.
Discography
- Barrelhouse Blues and Stomps: Various Artists - Euphonic ESR-1205 (1957)
- "Levee Blues"
- Original Barrelhouse Blues - Swingmaster 2109 (1985)
- "Piggly Wiggly Blues" / "Pearly Mae" / "I Believe You Need A Shot" / "Forty-Four Blues" / "Bogalusa Blues" / "My Baby Cooks My Breakfast" / "Black Woman" / "U.S.- Russian Blues" / "Barrelhouse Blues" / "My Little Lucille"
- Biddle Street Barrelhousin: Various Artists - Delmark DE-739 (2000)
- "Levee Blues" / "Blow North Wind" / "How Long Blues" / "Black Gal" / "Ora-Nelle Blues" / "Pearly Mae Blues"
- St. Louis Blues Piano - Swingmaster CD 2205 (2001) - re-issue of Swingmaster 2109