This article chronicles the attested movements of the fourth-century Roman emperor

Roman Emperor

The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period . The Romans had no single term for the office although at any given time, a given title was associated with the emperor...

s Constantine II

Constantine II (emperor)

Constantine II , was Roman Emperor from 337 to 340. Co-emperor alongside his brothers, his short reign saw the beginnings of conflict emerge between the sons of Constantine the Great, and his attempt to exert his perceived rights of primogeniture ended up causing his death in a failed invasion of...

 (referred to here as Constantinus), Constantius II

Constantius II

Constantius II , was Roman Emperor from 337 to 361. The second son of Constantine I and Fausta, he ascended to the throne with his brothers Constantine II and Constans upon their father's death....

 (referred to here as Constantius), Constans

Constans

Constans , was Roman Emperor from 337 to 350. He defeated his brother Constantine II in 340, but anger in the army over his personal life and preference for his barbarian bodyguards saw the general Magnentius rebel, resulting in Constans’ assassination in 350.-Career:Constans was the third and...

, Gallus

Constantius Gallus

Flavius Claudius Constantius Gallus , commonly known as Constantius Gallus, was a member of the Constantinian dynasty and Caesar of the Roman Empire . Gallus was consul three years, from 352 to 354.- Family :...

, and Julian the Apostate

Julian the Apostate

Julian "the Apostate" , commonly known as Julian, or also Julian the Philosopher, was Roman Emperor from 361 to 363 and a noted philosopher and Greek writer....

 from 337 to 361 CE. It does not cover the imperial usurpers

Roman usurper

Usurpers are individuals or groups of individuals who obtain and maintain the power or rights of another by force and without legal authority. Usurpation was endemic during roman imperial era, especially from the crisis of the third century onwards, when political instability became the rule.The...

 of the period, including Magnentius

Magnentius

Flavius Magnus Magnentius was a usurper of the Roman Empire .-Early life and career:...

, Vetranio

Vetranio

Vetranio , born in the province of Moesia in a part of the region located in modern Serbia, is sometimes but incorrectly referred to as Vetriano. He was an experienced soldier and officer when he was asked by Constantina, the sister of Roman Emperor Constantius II, to proclaim himself Caesar...

, Claudius Silvanus

Claudius Silvanus

Claudius Silvanus was a Roman general of Frankish descent, usurper in Gaul against Emperor Constantius II for 28 days in 355.- Origin and career :...

, and Poemenius. The chronology is principally derived from classicist Timothy Barnes

Timothy Barnes

Timothy David Barnes is a British classicist.Timothy David Barnes was born in Yorkshire in 1942. He was educated at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield until 1960, going up to Balliol College, Oxford, where he read Literae Humaniores, taking his BA in 1964 and MA in 1967...

' Athanasius and Constantius.

This article begins its coverage at the death of Constantine

Constantine I

Constantine the Great , also known as Constantine I or Saint Constantine, was Roman Emperor from 306 to 337. Well known for being the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity, Constantine and co-Emperor Licinius issued the Edict of Milan in 313, which proclaimed religious tolerance of all...

 on 22 May 337. After an interregnum of three months, during or after which the army and its agents lynched other potential successors, the three sons of Constantine declared themselves Augusti

Augustus (honorific)

Augustus , Latin for "majestic," "the increaser," or "venerable", was an Ancient Roman title, which was first held by Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus , and subsequently came to be considered one of the titles of what are now known as the Roman Emperors...

 on 9 September 337. Discarding their father's succession arrangements, the brothers divided the empire into three parts. Constantinus ruled the provinces of Gaul

Diocese of Gaul

The Diocese of Gaul was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, under the praetorian prefecture of Gaul...

, Britain, Spain, and Germany

Septem Provinciae

The Diocese of the Seven Provinces , originally called the Diocese of Vienne after the city of Vienna , was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, under the praetorian prefecture of Gaul...

 from Trier

Trier

Trier, historically called in English Treves is a city in Germany on the banks of the Moselle. It is the oldest city in Germany, founded in or before 16 BC....

. Constantius ruled the provinces of Asia Minor (the dioceses

Roman diocese

A Roman or civil diocese was one of the administrative divisions of the later Roman Empire, starting with the Tetrarchy. It formed the intermediate level of government, grouping several provinces and being in turn subordinated to a praetorian prefecture....

 of Pontus

Diocese of Pontus

The Diocese of Pontus was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of northern and northeastern Asia Minor up to the border with the Sassanid Empire in Armenia. The diocese was established after the reforms of Diocletian, and its vicarius, headquartered at Amaseia, was...

 and Asia

Diocese of Asia

The Diocese of Asia was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of western Asia Minor and the islands of the eastern Aegean Sea...

), Thrace

Diocese of Thrace

The Diocese of Thrace was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of the eastern Balkan Peninsula The Diocese of Thrace was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of the eastern Balkan Peninsula The Diocese of Thrace was a diocese of the later...

, the Levant and Egypt (the Diocese of the East

Diocese of the East

The Diocese of the East was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of the western Middle East, between the Mediterranean Sea and Mesopotamia...

) from Antioch

Antioch

Antioch on the Orontes was an ancient city on the eastern side of the Orontes River. It is near the modern city of Antakya, Turkey.Founded near the end of the 4th century BC by Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals, Antioch eventually rivaled Alexandria as the chief city of the...

. Constans ruled Italy, Africa

Diocese of Africa

The Diocese of Africa was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, incorporating the provinces of North Africa, except Mauretania Tingitana. Its seat was at Carthage, and it was subordinate to the Praetorian prefecture of Italy....

, and the dioceses of Pannonia

Diocese of Pannonia

The Diocese of Pannonia , from 379 known as the Diocese of Illyricum, was a diocese of the Late Roman Empire. The seat of the vicarius was Sirmium.-History:...

, Dacia

Diocese of Dacia

The Diocese of Dacia was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, in the area of modern Serbia and western Bulgaria. It was subordinate to the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum...

, and Macedonia

Diocese of Macedonia

The Diocese of Macedonia was a diocese of the later Roman Empire, forming part of the praetorian prefecture of Illyricum. Its capital was Thessalonica....

 from Naissus.

In 340, Constantius attempted to seize his brother Constans' territory, and was killed in battle during the ensuing civil war. Constans acquired his territory, and ruled from Trier, Milan

Milan

Milan is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital city of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area, roughly coinciding with its administrative province and the bordering Province of Monza and Brianza ,...

, and Sirmium

Sirmium

Sirmium was a city in ancient Roman Pannonia. Firstly mentioned in the 4th century BC and originally inhabited by the Illyrians and Celts, it was conquered by the Romans in the 1st century BC and subsequently became the capital of the Roman province of Lower Pannonia. In 294 AD, Sirmium was...

. In January 350, Constans was overthrown and killed in a palace revolution instigated by Magnentius. Magnentius was defeated and killed in the summer of 353 at the Battle of Mons Seleucus

Battle of Mons Seleucus

The Battle of Mons Seleucus was fought in 353 between the forces of the legitimate Roman emperor Constantius II of the line of Constantine I the Great and the forces of the usurper Magnentius. Constantius' forces were victorious, and Magnentius later committed suicide.It took place in today's...

, making Constantius the sole emperor.

From 351 to 359, Constantius ruled from Sirmium and Milan. Constantius appointed Gallus Caesar

Caesar (title)

Caesar is a title of imperial character. It derives from the cognomen of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator...

 (subordinate emperor) on 15 March 351, and delegated the rule of the eastern provinces to him. Gallus ruled from Antioch. He subsequently proved violent and cruel, and was recalled and executed in autumn 354. Constantius appointed Julian, the last surviving male relative of Constantine other than himself, Caesar on 6 November 355. Julian ruled the western provinces from Vienne

Vienne, Isère

Vienne is a commune in south-eastern France, located south of Lyon, on the Rhône River. It is the second largest city after Grenoble in the Isère department, of which it is a subprefecture. The city's population was of 29,400 as of the 2001 census....

, Sens

Sens

Sens is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.Sens is a sub-prefecture of the department. It is crossed by the Yonne and the Vanne, which empties into the Yonne here.-History:...

, and Paris

Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...

. To address Persian

Sassanid Empire

The Sassanid Empire , known to its inhabitants as Ērānshahr and Ērān in Middle Persian and resulting in the New Persian terms Iranshahr and Iran , was the last pre-Islamic Persian Empire, ruled by the Sasanian Dynasty from 224 to 651...

 influence and aggression on the eastern frontier, Constantius ruled from Antioch from 360 until his death.

Julian's troops proclaimed him Augustus in February 360. Constantius did not recognize Julian's claim to the title, but was detained from campaigning against him by Persian raids. Constantius died on 3 November 361 after declaring Julian his successor. Julian was sole emperor from Constantius' death until his own death in 363. This article ends its coverage at Julian's arrival in Constantinople

Constantinople

Constantinople was the capital of the Roman, Eastern Roman, Byzantine, Latin, and Ottoman Empires. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city.-Names:...

 on 11 December 361.

A † indicates that a date or an event is uncertain. A superscript S indicates that the manuscript is corrupt, and has been emended to follow Otto Seeck

Otto Seeck

Otto Seeck was a German classical historian who is perhaps best known for his work on the decline of the ancient world. He was born in Riga....

's corrections in his edition of the Codex Theodosianus. Manuscript details are given in brackets (as "mss. date" or "mss. year", etc.) for all emended texts. Unsourced events are purely conjectural.

Constantinus

See also: Constantine II

Constantine II (emperor)

Constantine II , was Roman Emperor from 337 to 340. Co-emperor alongside his brothers, his short reign saw the beginnings of conflict emerge between the sons of Constantine the Great, and his attempt to exert his perceived rights of primogeniture ended up causing his death in a failed invasion of...

Date	Event	Source
337, c. September	Confers with Constantius and Constans in Pannonia	Julian, Oratio 1, 19a, cf. Libanius, Oratio 59.75
338†	Campaigns in Germany	Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 3.12483 = Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 724 + add. (3, p. clxxii); (Troesmis: 337/340)
8 January 339	At Trier†	Codex Theodosianus 12.1.27
Late winter 340	Invades the territory of Constans and is killed near Aquileia Aquileia Aquileia is an ancient Roman city in what is now Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about 10 km from the sea, on the river Natiso , the course of which has changed somewhat since Roman times...	Jerome, Chronicon 235a; Chronica minora 1.236; Epitome de Caesaribus 41.21; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.5; Zonaras 13.5

Constantius II

See also: Constantius II

Constantius II

Constantius II , was Roman Emperor from 337 to 361. The second son of Constantine I and Fausta, he ascended to the throne with his brothers Constantine II and Constans upon their father's death....

Date	Event	Source
July† 337	At Viminacium Viminacium Viminacium was a major city and military camp of the Roman province of Moesia , and the capital of Moesia Superior. The archeological site occupies a total of 450 hectares. Viminacium is located 12 km from Kostolac, was devastated by Huns in the 5th century, but rebuilt by Justinian...	Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 5.2
August/September† 337	Campaigns against the Sarmatae Sarmatians The Iron Age Sarmatians were an Iranian people in Classical Antiquity, flourishing from about the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD....	Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 3.12483
337, c. September	Confers with Constantinus and Constans in Pannonia	Julian, Oratio 1.19a, cf. Libanius Orationes 59.75
September† 337	Returns to Constantinople	Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.7
November† 337	Returns to Antioch for the winter	Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.7, cf. Libanius Orationes 59.75, 66
Spring 338	At Caesarea in Cappadocia Kayseri Kayseri is a large and industrialized city in Central Anatolia, Turkey. It is the seat of Kayseri Province. The city of Kayseri, as defined by the boundaries of Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality, is structurally composed of five metropolitan districts, the two core districts of Kocasinan and...	Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 5.2
	Restores Arsaces Arshak II Arshak II or Arsaces II, was the son of King Tiran and was himself king of Armenia from 350 to 367.- Reign :In the early years of Arshak's reign, he found himself courted by the empires of Rome and Persia, both of which hope to win Armenia to their side in the ongoing conflicts between them...  to the throne of Armenia	Julian, Oratio 1.20d–21a, cf. Libanius, Oratio 59,76–80
11 October 338	At Antioch	Codex Theodosianus 12.1.23
28 October 338	At Emesa Homs Homs , previously known as Emesa , is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate. It is above sea level and is located north of Damascus...	Codex Theodosianus 12.1.25
27 December 338	At Antioch	Codex Theodosianus 2.6.4
339, c. January	At Antioch	Athanasius, Epistula encyclica 2.1; Historia Arianorum 10.1
339 or 340	At Hierapolis Hierapolis Hierapolis was the ancient Greco-Roman city which sat on top of hot springs located in south western Turkey near Denizli....	Papyri Abinnaeus 1.8–10
Summer 340	Invades Persian territory	Itinerarium Alexandri, pr. 1, cf. 4
12 August 340	At Edessa Edessa, Mesopotamia Edessa is the Greek name of an Aramaic town in northern Mesopotamia, as refounded by Seleucus I Nicator. For the modern history of the city, see Şanlıurfa.-Names:...	Codex Theodosianus 12.1.30S (place of issue transmitted as Bessae)
9 September 340	At Antioch	Codex Theodosianus 6.4.5/6
6 January 341	Attends the 'Dedication Council' at Antioch	Athanasius, de Synodis 25.1; Philostorgius p. 212.19–22 Bidez
12 February 341	At Antioch	Codex Theodosianus 5.13.1/2
341/2	Winters in Antioch	Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.13.5, cf. Jerome Chronicon 235f; Chronica minora 1.236
Early 342	Visits Constantinople to expel the bishop Paul Paul I of Constantinople Paul I or Paulus I or Saint Paul the Confessor , sixth bishop of Constantinople, elected AD 336 or 340. His feast day is on June 7.-Biography:...  and returns to Antioch immediately after	Libanius, Oratio 59.94–97; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.13.7, cf. Jerome Chronicon 235f; Chronica minora 1.236
31 March – 11 May 342	In Antioch	Codex Theodosianus 3.12.1; 12.1.33/4 (5, 8 April); 11.36.6
18 February 343	At Antioch	Codex Theodosianus 9.21.5
9 June – 4 July 343	In Hierapolis	Codex Theodosianus 8.1.1 (319 mss.); 12.1.35 (27 June); 15.8.1
Summer/autumn 343	Wins a victory over the Persians	Athanasius, Historia Arianorum 16.2, cf. Festus, Breviarium 27
October/November 343	Visits Constantinople†
344, c. April	At Antioch	Theodoret, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.8.56, 9.9–10, cf. Athanasius, Historia Arianorum 20.5
Summer 344†	Defeats the Persians near Singara Singara Singara was a strongly fortified post at the northern extremity of Mesopotamia, which for a while, as appears from many coins still extant, was occupied by the Romans as an advanced colony against the Persians...	Julian, Oratio 1, 26a; Libanius, Oratio 59.88, 99–120; Jerome, Chronicon 236l; Chronica minora 1.236 (both Jerome and the Chronica minora give the date as 348), cf. Festus, Breviarium 27
345	At Nisibis	Codex Theodosianus 11.7.5, cf. Ephraem, Carmina Nisibena 13.4–6, 14/5
Summer 345	At Edessa	Athanasius, Apologia contra Arianos 51.6
21 March 346	At Antioch	Codex Theodosianus 10.14.1S (315 mss.)
346, c. September	At Antioch	Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 5.2; Historia Arianorum 44.5, Historia acephala 1.2; Festal Index 17; Jerome, Chronicon 236e
8 March 347	At Ancyra Ankara Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of , and as of 2010 the metropolitan area in the entire Ankara Province had a population of 4.4 million....	Codex Theodosianus 11.36.8
347†, spring	Themistius Themistius Themistius , named , was a statesman, rhetorician, and philosopher. He flourished in the reigns of Constantius II, Julian, Jovian, Valens, Gratian, and Theodosius I; and he enjoyed the favour of all those emperors, notwithstanding their many differences, and the fact that he himself was not a...  delivers an imperial panegyric before Constantius at Ancyra	Themistius, Oratio 1
11 May 347	At Hierapolis†	Codex Theodosianus 5.6.1
348†, summer	Engages the Persians in battle near Singara	Festus, Breviarium 27
1 April 349	At Antioch	Codex Theodosianus 12.1.39
Summer 349	At Singara, then Emesa	Athanasius, Historia Arianorum 7.3
3 October 349	At Constantinople†	Codex Theodosianus 12.2.1 +15.1.6
Spring 350	At Edessa	Philostorgius, Historia Ecclesiastica 3.22
Summer 350	At Antioch while Shapur II Shapur II Shapur II the Great was the ninth King of the Persian Sassanid Empire from 309 to 379 and son of Hormizd II. During his long reign, the Sassanid Empire saw its first golden era since the reign of Shapur I...  besieges Nisibis	Theodoret, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.30.1, 9/10, 31.1
	Visits Nisibis after the siege	Zonaras 13.7
Autumn 350	Leaves Antioch heading west	Philostorgius, p. 215.22–24 Bidez
	Travels via Heraclea Heraclea Lyncestis Heraclea Lyncestis also spelled Herakleia Lynkestis was an ancient Greek city in the north-western region of the ancient kingdom of Macedon. It was founded by Philip II of Macedon in the middle of the 4th century BC in Lynkestis, after its conquest. The town was named in honor of the mythological...  to Serdica Sofia Sofia is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria and the 12th largest city in the European Union with a population of 1.27 million people. It is located in western Bulgaria, at the foot of Mount Vitosha and approximately at the centre of the Balkan Peninsula.Prehistoric settlements were excavated...	Zonaras 13.7
25 December 350	Engineers the abdication of Vetranio Vetranio Vetranio , born in the province of Moesia in a part of the region located in modern Serbia, is sometimes but incorrectly referred to as Vetriano. He was an experienced soldier and officer when he was asked by Constantina, the sister of Roman Emperor Constantius II, to proclaim himself Caesar...  at Naissus Niš Niš is the largest city of southern Serbia and third-largest city in Serbia . According to the data from 2011, the city of Niš has a population of 177,972 inhabitants, while the city municipality has a population of 257,867. The city covers an area of about 597 km2, including the urban area,...	Jerome, Chronicon 238c (place and year); Chronica minora 1.238 (day, year falsely given as 351); Zosimus 2.44.3/4
15 March 351	Proclaims Gallus Caesar at Sirmium	Chronica minora 1.238
Summer and autumn 351	In Sirmium before and during the campaign against Magnentius	Sulpicius Severus, Chron. 2.38.5–7; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.28.23; Zosimus 2.45.3, 48.3
351, October†	Present at the Council of Sirmium Council of Sirmium The Council of Sirmium generally refers to the third of the four episcopal councils held in Sirmium between 357 AD and 359 AD. Specifically one was held in 357, one in 358 and one in 359. The third council marked a temporary compromise between Arianism and the Western bishops of the Christian...  which deposed Photinus Photinus Photinus was a Christian heresiarch and bishop of Sirmium in Pannonia, best known for denying the incarnation of Christ. His name became synonymous in later literature for someone asserting that Christ was not God.- Life :...	Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.28.23, 29.1
26 February 352	At Sirmium	Codex Justinianus 6.22.5
12 May 352	At Sirmium	Codex Theodosianus 3.5.1S (319 mss.)
Summer 352	Campaign against the Sarmatae†
352, September†	Enters Italy	Chronica minora 1.67
3 November 352	At Milan	Codex Theodosianus 15.14.5
Spring–summer 353	In Milan	Historia acephala 1.7, cf. Festal Index 25; Codex Theodosianus 11.1.6 + 12.1.42 (22 May: year emended from 354), 16.8.7S (July 3: 357 mss.)
353, c. October – 354, Spring	Winters in Arles Arles Arles is a city and commune in the south of France, in the Bouches-du-Rhône department, of which it is a subprefecture, in the former province of Provence....	Ammianus 14.5.1; Codex Theodosianus 8.7.2S (3 November: 326 mss.); Ammianus 14.10.1
Spring 354	At Valentia Valence, Drôme Valence is a commune in southeastern France, the capital of the Drôme department, situated on the left bank of the Rhône, south of Lyon on the railway to Marseilles.Its inhabitants are called Valentinois...	Ammianus 14.10.1/2
	Crosses the Rhine at Rauracum	Ammianus 14.10.6
Autumn 354 – spring 355	Winters in Milan	Ammianus 14.10.16; Codex Theodosianus 11.34.2 (1 January); Codex Justinianus 6.22.6 (18 February)
355, c. June	Conducts expedition into Raetia Raetia Raetia was a province of the Roman Empire, named after the Rhaetian people. It was bounded on the west by the country of the Helvetii, on the east by Noricum, on the north by Vindelicia, on the west by Cisalpine Gaul and on south by Venetia et Histria...	Ammianus 15.4.1
	Goes to winter quarters in Milan	Ammianus 15.4.13, cf. Sulpicius Severus, Chron. 2.39.3, 8 (Council of Milan)
6 July 355 – 5 July 356	In Milan	Codex Theodosianus 14.3.2; Codex Theodosianus 12.1.43 (17 July 355); 1.5.5 (18 July 355); 6.29.1 (22 July 355); 12.12.1 (1 August 355); 9.34.6 (31 October 355); 16.10.6 (19 February 356); 9.42.2 (8 March 356); 11.16.8S (1 April 356: 357 mss.); 11.16.7 (2 April 356); 6.4.8–10 (11 April 356); 6.29.2S (17 April 356: 357 mss.); 13.10.3S (29 April 356: 357 mss.); 9.17.4S = Codex Justinianus 9.19.4S (13 June 356: 357 mss.); Codex Theodosianus 8.5.8S (24 June 356: 357 mss.); 1.2.7 (5 July 356)
6 November 355	Proclaims Julian Caesar at Milan	Ammianus 15.8.17; Chronica minora 1.238; Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 12, p. 277; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.34.5
1 December 355	Escorts Julian out of Milan, then returns to the city	Ammianus 15.8.18
Summer and autumn 356	Campaigns against the Alamanni Alamanni The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were originally an alliance of Germanic tribes located around the upper Rhine river . One of the earliest references to them is the cognomen Alamannicus assumed by Roman Emperor Caracalla, who ruled the Roman Empire from 211 to 217 and claimed thereby to be...  on the Upper Rhine Upper Rhine The Upper Rhine is the section of the Rhine in the Upper Rhine Plain between Basel, Switzerland and Bingen, Germany. The river is marked by Rhine-kilometers 170 to 529 ....	Ammianus 16.12.15/6
25 July 356	At Messadensis	Codex Theodosianus 11.30.25S (355 mss.)
2 September 356	At Dinumma	Codex Theodosianus 11.7.8S (355 mss.)
10 November 356 – 19 March 357	In Milan	Codex Theodosianus 16.2.13S (357 mss.); 9.16.5S (4 December 356: 357 mss.); 8.7.7S (27 December: a date in 357 is implied); 12.12.2 (15 January 357); 9.17.4 (15 January 357: 'id.Iun.' mss.); 9.16.4 (25 January 357); 15.1.1S (2 February 357: 320 mss.); 10.20.2S (358 mss.)
28 April 357	Enters Rome Rome Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...	Chronica minora 1.239
28 April – 29 May 357	In Rome	Ammianus 16.10.20 (length of stay); Codex Theodosianus 8.1.5 (6 May 357); 10.1.2S (17 May 357: 319 mss.)
7 or 10 June 357	At Helvillum	Codex Theodosianus 1.5.6 + 7
5 July 357	At Ariminum Rimini Rimini is a medium-sized city of 142,579 inhabitants in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy, and capital city of the Province of Rimini. It is located on the Adriatic Sea, on the coast between the rivers Marecchia and Ausa...	Codex Theodosianus 9.16.6S (358 mss.)
21 July 357	At Ravenna Ravenna Ravenna is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and the second largest comune in Italy by land area, although, at , it is little more than half the size of the largest comune, Rome...	Codex Theodosianus 12.1.40S (353 mss.)
	Passes through Tridentum Trento Trento is an Italian city located in the Adige River valley in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. It is the capital of Trentino...  on the way to the Danube	Ammianus 16.10.20
	Visits Pannonia and Moesia Moesia Moesia was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans, along the south bank of the Danube River. It included territories of modern-day Southern Serbia , Northern Republic of Macedonia, Northern Bulgaria, Romanian Dobrudja, Southern Moldova, and Budjak .-History:In ancient...	Zosimus 3.2.2; Julian, Epistula ad SPQ Atheniarum 279d
October 357 – 3 March 358	Winters in Sirmium	Ammianus 16.10.21; 17.12.1; Codex Theodosianus 8.5.10 (27 October 357: transmitted year either 357 or 358); 1.15.3S (3 December 357: 353 mss.); 7.4.3, 11.30.27 (18 December 357); 2.21.2S (18 December 357: 360 mss.); 9.42.4 (4 January 357); Codex Justinianus 3.26.8
April 358	Invades the territory of the Sarmatae Limigantes	Ammianus 17.12.4–6
	Returns in triumph to Sirmium	Ammianus 13.3.33
21–23 June 358	In Sirmium	Codex Theodosianus 12.1.44 + 45 (21 June 358); 8.13.4, 11.36.13 (23 June 358)
27 June 358	At Mursa Osijek Osijek is the fourth largest city in Croatia with a population of 83,496 in 2011. It is the largest city and the economic and cultural centre of the eastern Croatian region of Slavonia, as well as the administrative centre of Osijek-Baranja county...	Codex Theodosianus 12.1.46
358, c. October – 359, c. March	Winters in Sirmium	Ammianus 18.4.1; 19.11.1; Codex Theodosianus 2.21.1 (19 December 358)
Spring 359	Begins a campaign against the Sarmatae	Ammianus 19.11.2
	In the province of Valeria Pannonia Valeria The Pannonia Valeria or simply Valeria was one of the provinces of the Roman Empire. It was formed in the year 296, during the reign of emperor Diocletian. The capital of the province was Sopianae . Pannonia Valeria included parts of present-day Hungary and Croatia.-External links:*...	Ammianus 19.11.4
	Defeats the Limigantes near Acimincum	Ammianus 19.11.5–16
	Returns to Sirmium	Ammianus 19.11.17
22 May 359	At Sirmium	Codex Theodosianus 6.4.14 + 15; Athanasius, de Synodicus 8.3; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.37.18
28 May 359	At Sirmium	Codex Theodosianus 1.7.1
18 June 359	At Singidunum Singidunum Singidunum is the name for the ancient city in Serbia which became Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It was recorded that a Celtic tribe Scordisci settled the area in the 3rd century BC following the Gallic invasion of the Balkans. The Roman Empire conquered the area in 75 BC and later garrisoned...	Codex Theodosianus 11.30.28
†	At Adrianople†	Athanasius, de Synodicus 55.2/3 (implies intent to visit)
Autumn 359	Goes to Constantinople for the winter	Ammianus 19.11.17; 20.8.1; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.41.1; Sozomen, Historia Ecclesiastica 4.23.3, cf. Chronica minora 1.239 (implies Constantius' presence in Constantinople before 11 December 359)
December 359 – March 360	In Constantinople	Sozomen, Historia Ecclesiastica 4.23.4–7 (late December 359 – 1 January 360); Hilary, Ad Constantium 2.2 (Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum 65.198.9/10), cf. Jerome, de Virus Illustribus 100; Codex Theodosianus 4.13.4S; 11.36.10S (18 January 360: 356 and 354 mss.); 11.24.1 (4 February 360); 14.1.1S (24 February 360: 357 mss.); 7.4.5S (14 March 360: 359 mss.)
360, March†	At Caesarea in Cappadocia, receiving news that Julian has been proclaimed Augustus	Ammianus 20.9.1
	Travels via Melitene Malatya Malatya ) is a city in southeastern Turkey and the capital of its eponymous province.-Overview:The city site has been occupied for thousands of years. The Assyrians called the city Meliddu. Following Roman expansion into the east, the city was renamed in Latin as Melitene... , Lacotena, and Samosata Samosata Samosata was an ancient city on the right bank of the Euphrates whose ruins existed at the modern city of Samsat, Adıyaman Province, Turkey until the site was flooded by the newly-constructed Atatürk Dam....  to Edessa	Ammianus 20.11.4
After 21 September, 360	Leaves Edessa	Ammianus 20.11.4
	Visits Amida	Ammianus 20.11.4/5
	Besieges Bezabde Cizre Cizre is a town and district of Şırnak Province in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, located at the border to Syria, just to the north-west of the Turkish-Syrian-Iraqi tripoint....	Ammianus 20.11.6–31
17 December 360	At Hierapolis	Codex Theodosianus 7.4.6S (17 May mss.)
Late December 360 – 361, c. March	Winters in Antioch	Ammianus 20.11.32; Codex Theodosianus 16.2.16 (14 February 361); Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.45.10
3 May 361	At Gephyra	Codex Theodosianus 1.6.1, 28.1; 6.4.12, 13; 7.8.1; 11.1.7, 15.1, 23.1; 12.1.48; 13.1.3; 15.1.7 (all extracts from the same law)
29 May 361	At Doliche Gaziantep Gaziantep , Ottoman Turkish: Ayintab) previously and still informally called Antep; ʻayn tāb is a city in southeast Turkey and amongst the oldest continually inhabited cities in the world. The city is located 185 kilometres northeast of Adana and 127 kilometres by road north of Aleppo, Syria...	Codex Theodosianus 7.4.4S (358 mss.: place of issue written as Doridae)
	Crosses the Euphrates at Capersana, goes to Edessa, and later returns to Hierapolis (or perhaps Nicopolis Nicopolis Nicopolis — or Actia Nicopolis — was an ancient city of Epirus, founded 31 BC by Octavian in memory of his victory over Antony and Cleopatra at Actium the previous year. It was later the capital of Epirus Vetus... )	Ammianus 21.7.7, 13.8
Autumn 361	Briefly returns to Antioch	Ammianus 21.15.1/2
October 361	At Hippocephalus	Ammianus 21.15.2
	Falls ill at Tarsus Tarsus (city) Tarsus is a historic city in south-central Turkey, 20 km inland from the Mediterranean Sea. It is part of the Adana-Mersin Metropolitan Area, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Turkey with a population of 2.75 million...	Ammianus 21.15.2
3 November 361	Dies at Mopsucrenae in Cilicia Cilicia In antiquity, Cilicia was the south coastal region of Asia Minor, south of the central Anatolian plateau. It existed as a political entity from Hittite times into the Byzantine empire...	Jerome, Chronicon 242b; Ammianus 21.15.3 (date emended from 5 October); Chronica minora 1.240; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.47.4; 3.1.1

Constans

See also: Constans

Constans

Constans , was Roman Emperor from 337 to 350. He defeated his brother Constantine II in 340, but anger in the army over his personal life and preference for his barbarian bodyguards saw the general Magnentius rebel, resulting in Constans’ assassination in 350.-Career:Constans was the third and...

Date	Event	Source
337, c. September	Confers with Constantinus and Constantius in Pannonia	Julian, Oratio 1, 19a, cf. Libanius, Oratio 59.75
6 December 337	At Thessalonica Thessaloniki Thessaloniki , historically also known as Thessalonica, Salonika or Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of the region of Central Macedonia as well as the capital of the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace...	Codex Theodosianus 11.1.4; 11.7.8S (353 mss.)
338/346	Campaign against the Sarmatae	Corpus Incriptionum Latinarum 3.12483
12 June 338	At Viminacium	Codex Theodosianus 10.10.4
27 July 338	At Sirmium	Codex Theodosianus 15.1.5; Codex Justinianus 10.48.7
339†, 6 April	At Savaria Szombathely Szombathely is the 10th largest city in Hungary. It is the administrative centre of Vas county in the west of the country, located near the border with Austria...	Codex Theodosianus 10.10.6S (342 mss.)
19 January 340 – 2 February 340	At Naissus	Codex Theodosianus 12.1.29; 10.10.5
	Hears of Constantinus' invasion of his territory while in Dacia	Zonaras 13.5
9 April 340	At Aquileia	Codex Theodosianus 2.6.5; 10.15.3
25 June 340	At Milan	Codex Theodosianus 9.17.1
340†	Visits Rome†	Passio Artemii 9 = Philostorgius, Historia Ecclesiastica 3.1A
24 June 341	At Lauriacum Enns (city) Enns is a city in the Austrian state of Upper Austria, located 281 m above sea level on the river Enns, which forms the border with the state of Lower Austria....	Codex Theodosianus 8.2.1 = 12.1.31
Late 341	Campaigns against the Franci Franks The Franks were a confederation of Germanic tribes first attested in the third century AD as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul. Only the Salian Franks formed a...  in Gaul	Jerome, Chronicon 235b; Chronica minora 1.236
342	Wins a victory over the Franci and signs a treaty with them	Libanius, Oratio 59.127–136; Jerome, Chronicon 235e; Chronica minora 1.236; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.13.4
Summer 342	In Trier	Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.18
Autumn 342	Interviews Athanasius Athanasius of Alexandria Athanasius of Alexandria [b. ca. – d. 2 May 373] is also given the titles St. Athanasius the Great, St. Athanasius I of Alexandria, St Athanasius the Confessor and St Athanasius the Apostolic. He was the 20th bishop of Alexandria. His long episcopate lasted 45 years Athanasius of Alexandria [b....  in Milan	Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 4.3
4 December 342	At Milan	Codex Theodosianus 9.7.3
25 January 343	At Bononia Boulogne-sur-Mer -Road:* Metropolitan bus services are operated by the TCRB* Coach services to Calais and Dunkerque* A16 motorway-Rail:* The main railway station is Gare de Boulogne-Ville and located in the south of the city....	Codex Theodosianus 11.16.5, cf. Codex Justinianus 3.26.6
	Crosses to Britain in winter	Firmicus Maternus, De errore profanarum religionum 28.6; Libanius, Oratio 59.137–140; Ammianus 20.1.1
Spring 343	Returns from Britain to Gaul soon after his departure	Libanius, Oratio 59.139, 141
30 June 343	At Trier	Codex Theodosianus 12.1.36
Summer 343	Interviews Athanasius in Trier	Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 4.4, cf. 3.7
Autumn 344	In Pannonia	Libanius, Oratio 59.133
Early 345	Receives an embassy from Constantius at Poetovio Ptuj Ptuj is a city and one of 11 urban municipalities in Slovenia. Traditionally the area was part of the Lower Styria region. The municipality is now included in the Podravje statistical region...	Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 3.3
7 April 345	At Aquileia at Easter Easter Easter is the central feast in the Christian liturgical year. According to the Canonical gospels, Jesus rose from the dead on the third day after his crucifixion. His resurrection is celebrated on Easter Day or Easter Sunday... , where he interviews Athanasius	Athanasius, Apologia ad Constantium 15.4, cf. 3.7; Festal Index 17
15 May 345	At Trier	Codex Theodosianus 10.10.7
9 June or 11 July 345	At Cologne Cologne Cologne is Germany's fourth-largest city , and is the largest city both in the Germany Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than ten million inhabitants.Cologne is located on both sides of the...	Codex Theodosianus 3.5.7
Autumn† 345	Interviews Athanasius in Trier	Athansius, Apologia ad Constantium 4.5, cf. 3.7
346†, 5 March	At Sirmium	Codex Theodosianus 10.10.8S (353 mss.)
23 May 346	At Caesena Cesena Cesena is a city and comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy, south of Ravenna and west of Rimini, on the Savio River, co-chief of the Province of Forlì-Cesena. It is at the foot of the Apennines, and about 15 km from the Adriatic Sea.-History:Cesena was originally an Umbrian...	Codex Theodosianus 12.1.38
17 June 348	At Milan	Codex Theodosianus 10.14.2
27 May 349	At Sirmium	Codex Theodosianus 7.1.2 + 8.7.3
350, shortly after 18 January	Killed at Helena in Gaul	Eutropius, Breviarium 10.9.4; Jerome, Chronicon 237c; Chronica minora 1.237; Epitome de Caesaribus 41.23; Zosimus 2.42.5

Gallus

See also: Constantius Gallus

Constantius Gallus

Flavius Claudius Constantius Gallus , commonly known as Constantius Gallus, was a member of the Constantinian dynasty and Caesar of the Roman Empire . Gallus was consul three years, from 352 to 354.- Family :...

Date	Event	Source
15 March 351	Proclaimed Caesar at Sirmium	Chronica minora 1.238 (day); Passio Artemii 12 = Philostorgius, Historia Ecclesiastica 3.26a
7 May 351	Reaches Antioch	Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.28.22
	Campaigns in Mesopotamia Mesopotamia Mesopotamia is a toponym for the area of the Tigris–Euphrates river system, largely corresponding to modern-day Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey and southwestern Iran.Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization, Bronze Age Mesopotamia included Sumer and the... †	Philostorgius, Historia Ecclesiastica 3.28
Summer 352	Suppresses a Jewish rebellion in Galilee Galilee Galilee , is a large region in northern Israel which overlaps with much of the administrative North District of the country. Traditionally divided into Upper Galilee , Lower Galilee , and Western Galilee , extending from Dan to the north, at the base of Mount Hermon, along Mount Lebanon to the...	Jerome, Chronicon 238f
Late summer 353 – spring 354	At Antioch	Ammianus 14.1.4–9, 7.1–4
354, c. March	Visits Hierapolis	Ammianus 14.7.5
354, c. 1 September	Leaves Antioch	Ammianus 14.11.12
14–30 September 354	At Nicomedia Nicomedia Nicomedia was an ancient city in what is now Turkey, founded in 712/11 BC as a Megarian colony and was originally known as Astacus . After being destroyed by Lysimachus, it was rebuilt by Nicomedes I of Bithynia in 264 BC under the name of Nicomedia, and has ever since been one of the most... †	Papyri Laurentius 169 (consular date of 354 restored)
	Stripped of his imperial rank at Poetovio	Ammianus 14.11.19/20
October 354	Tried and executed near Pola Pula Pula is the largest city in Istria County, Croatia, situated at the southern tip of the Istria peninsula, with a population of 62,080 .Like the rest of the region, it is known for its mild climate, smooth sea, and unspoiled nature. The city has a long tradition of winemaking, fishing,...	Ammianus 14.11.20–30

Julian

See also: Julian the Apostate

Julian the Apostate

Julian "the Apostate" , commonly known as Julian, or also Julian the Philosopher, was Roman Emperor from 361 to 363 and a noted philosopher and Greek writer....

Date	Event	Source
6 November 355	Proclaimed Caesar at Milan	Ammianus 15.8.7; Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 12, p. 277; Chronica minora 1.238; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 2.34.5
6–30 November 355	At Milan	Ammianus 15.8.18
1 December 355	Leaves Milan	Ammianus 15.8.18
	Travels via Turin Turin Turin is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat...  to Vienne	Ammianus 15.8.18–21
December 355 – spring 356	At Vienne	Ammianus 16.1.1, 2.1
April/May 356	Present at the Council of Baeterrae†	Hilary, Ad Constantium 2 (Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum 65.198.5–15)
24 June 356	Reaches Autun	Ammianus 16.2.2
	Passes through Auxerre Auxerre Auxerre is a commune in the Bourgogne region in north-central France, between Paris and Dijon. It is the capital of the Yonne department.Auxerre's population today is about 45,000...	Ammianus 16.2.5
	Advances via Troyes Troyes Troyes is a commune and the capital of the Aube department in north-central France. It is located on the Seine river about southeast of Paris. Many half-timbered houses survive in the old town... , Reims, Decem Pagi Dieuze Dieuze is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.-People:Dieuze was the birthplace of:*Charles Hermite, mathematician*Edmond François Valentin About, novelist, publicist and journalist*Émile Friant, painter... , Brotomagus Brumath Brumath, also Brumpt, is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.-History:Brumath occupies the site of the Roman Brocomagus....	Ammianus 16.2.6–8
356, c. August	Recaptures Cologne	Ammianus 16.3.1/2, cf. Julian, Epistula ad SPQ Atheniarum 279b
	Visits Trier	Ammianus 16.3.3
356/7	Winters at Sens	Ammianus 16.3.3, 7.1, 11.1
Spring 357	Goes to Reims	Ammianus 16.11.1
	Marches toward Strasbourg Strasbourg Strasbourg is the capital and principal city of the Alsace region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace are historically German-speaking,...  and wins a victory Battle of Strasbourg The Battle of Strasbourg, also known as the Battle of Argentoratum, was fought in 357 between the Late Roman army under the Caesar Julian and the Alamanni tribal confederation led by the joint paramount king Chnodomar...  over the Alamanni	Ammianus 16.11.8–12.67
	Returns to Tres Tabernae Three Taverns Three Taverns was a place on the ancient Appian Way, about 18 km from Rome, designed for the reception of travellers, as the name indicates....	Ammianus 17.1.1
	Goes to Mainz Mainz Mainz under the Holy Roman Empire, and previously was a Roman fort city which commanded the west bank of the Rhine and formed part of the northernmost frontier of the Roman Empire...	Ammianus 17.1.2
	Conducts raid across the Rhine	Ammianus 17.1.2/3
December 357 – January 358	Besieges barbarians at a fortified town on the Meuse Meuse Meuse is a department in northeast France, named after the River Meuse.-History:Meuse is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790...  for 54 days	Ammianus 17.2.2/3
January–July 358	Winters in Paris	Ammianus 17.2.4, 8.1
July–autumn 358	Campaigns against the Salian Franci Salian Franks The Salian Franks or Salii were a subgroup of the early Franks who originally had been living north of the limes in the area above the Rhine. The Merovingian kings responsible for the conquest of Gaul were Salians. From the 3rd century on, the Salian Franks appear in the historical records as...  in Toxandria Toxandria Toxandria is the classical name for a region between the Meuse and the Scheldt rivers in the Netherlands and Belgium. The name is also spelled Taxandria...	Ammianus 17.8.3–10.10
1 January 359	In winter quarters at Paris	Ammianus 18.1.1
	Strengthens the Rhine frontier from Castra Herculis Arnhem Arnhem is a city and municipality, situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland and located near the river Nederrijn as well as near the St. Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development. Arnhem has 146,095 residents as one of the...  to Bingen Bingen am Rhein Bingen am Rhein is a town in the Mainz-Bingen district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.The settlement’s original name was Bingium, a Celtic word that may have meant “hole in the rock”, a description of the shoal behind the Mäuseturm, known as the Binger Loch. Bingen was the starting point for the...	Ammianus 18.2.4
	Crosses the Rhine from Mainz and conducts a raid into German territory	Ammianus 18.2.7–19
1 January 360	In winter quarters at Paris	Ammianus 20.1.1
360, February†	Proclaimed Augustus at Paris	Julian, Epistula ad SPQ Atheniarum 283a–285a; Ammianus 20.4.4–22; Zosimus 3.9.1–3
Summer 360	Crosses the Rhine at Tricesima and attacks the Franci Attuarii	Ammianus 20.10.1/2
Autumn 360	Marches up the left bank of the Rhine to Rauracum, then via Besançon Besançon Besançon , is the capital and principal city of the Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It had a population of about 237,000 inhabitants in the metropolitan area in 2008...  to Vienne	Ammianus 20.10.3
6 November 360 – 361, c. March	Winters at Vienne	Ammianus 20.10.3; 21.1 (6 November 360); 21.2.5 (6 January 361), 3.1
Spring 361	Attacks Germans, crosses the Rhine, and goes to Rauracum	Ammianus 21.3.3–4.8, 8.1
	Leaves Rauracum, advances up the Rhine, then down the Danube	Ammianus 21.8.1–10.2
Mid-July 361	Continues advancing down the Danube via Sirmium as far as the Pass of Succi	Ammianus 21.8.1–10.2
	Returns to Naissus	Ammianus 21.20.5
	At Naissus	Ammianus 21.12.1; Zosimus 3.11.2
	After receiving news of Constantius' death, leaves Naissus and travels via Philippopolis and Heraclea/Perinthus Marmara Eregli Marmara Ereğlisi is a town and district of Tekirdağ Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. The mayor is İbrahim Uyan .-Facts:Ereğli is 30 km east of the town of Tekirdağ, and 90 km west of Istanbul near a small pointed headland on the north shore of the Marmara Sea...  to Constantinople	Ammianus 21.12.3; 22.2
11 December 361	Enters Constantinople	Ammianus 22.2.4; Chronica minora 1.240; Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica 3.1.2

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    Dominic Montserrat
    Dominic Alexander Sebastian Montserrat was a British egyptologist and papyrologist.- Life :Montserrat studied Egyptology at Durham University and received his PhD in Classics at University College London, specializing in Greek, Coptic and Egyptian Papyrology. From 1992 to 1999 he taught Classics...
    
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