A great many music

Music

Music is an art form whose medium is sound and silence. Its common elements are pitch , rhythm , dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture...

al terms are in Italian

Italian language

Italian is a Romance language spoken mainly in Europe: Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City, by minorities in Malta, Monaco, Croatia, Slovenia, France, Libya, Eritrea, and Somalia, and by immigrant communities in the Americas and Australia...

. This is because many of the most important early composer

Composer

A composer is a person who creates music, either by musical notation or oral tradition, for interpretation and performance, or through direct manipulation of sonic material through electronic media...

s in the renaissance

Renaissance music

Renaissance music is European music written during the Renaissance. Defining the beginning of the musical era is difficult, given that its defining characteristics were adopted only gradually; musicologists have placed its beginnings from as early as 1300 to as late as the 1470s.Literally meaning...

 period were Italian

Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...

, and that period is when numerous musical indications were used extensively for the first time. (See also sheet music

Sheet music

Sheet music is a hand-written or printed form of music notation that uses modern musical symbols; like its analogs—books, pamphlets, etc.—the medium of sheet music typically is paper , although the access to musical notation in recent years includes also presentation on computer screens...

.)

Here are some of these expressions:

Italian term

Literal translation

Definition

Musical forms

A cappella A cappella A cappella music is specifically solo or group singing without instrumental sound, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. It is the opposite of cantata, which is accompanied singing. A cappella was originally intended to differentiate between Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato...	in chapel style	Sung with total no instrumental accompaniment
Aria Aria An aria in music was originally any expressive melody, usually, but not always, performed by a singer. The term is now used almost exclusively to describe a self-contained piece for one voice usually with orchestral accompaniment...	air	A song, esp. one from an opera
Arietta	little air	A short or light aria
Ballabile	danceable	(song) to be danced to
Battaglia	battle	An instrumental or vocal piece suggesting a battle
Bergamasca	from Bergamo	A peasant dance from Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo is a town and comune in Lombardy, Italy, about 40 km northeast of Milan. The comune is home to over 120,000 inhabitants. It is served by the Orio al Serio Airport, which also serves the Province of Bergamo, and to a lesser extent the metropolitan area of Milan...
Burletta Burletta A burletta , also sometimes burla or burlettina, is a musical term generally denoting a brief comic Italian opera...	a little joke	A light comic or farcical opera
Cadenza Cadenza In music, a cadenza is, generically, an improvised or written-out ornamental passage played or sung by a soloist or soloists, usually in a "free" rhythmic style, and often allowing for virtuosic display....	falling	A florid solo at the end of a performance
Cantata Cantata A cantata is a vocal composition with an instrumental accompaniment, typically in several movements, often involving a choir....	sung	A piece for orchestra and singers
Capriccio Capriccio (music) A capriccio or caprice , is a piece of music, usually fairly free in form and of a lively character...	caprice	A lively piece of music
Coda Coda (music) Coda is a term used in music in a number of different senses, primarily to designate a passage that brings a piece to an end. Technically, it is an expanded cadence...	tail	The end of a piece
Concerto Concerto A concerto is a musical work usually composed in three parts or movements, in which one solo instrument is accompanied by an orchestra.The etymology is uncertain, but the word seems to have originated from the conjunction of the two Latin words...	concert	A work for one or more solo instruments accompanied by an orchestra
Concertino Concertino (composition) A concertino is a short concerto freer in form. It normally takes the form of a one-movement musical composition for solo instrument and orchestra, though some concertinos are written in several movements played without a pause....	little concert	A short concerto; the solo instrument in a concerto
Concerto grosso Concerto grosso The concerto grosso is a form of baroque music in which the musical material is passed between a small group of soloists and full orchestra...	big concert	A Baroque form of concerto, with a group of solo instruments
Intermezzo Intermezzo In music, an intermezzo , in the most general sense, is a composition which fits between other musical or dramatic entities, such as acts of a play or movements of a larger musical work...	interval	A short connecting instrumental movement
Libretto Libretto A libretto is the text used in an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, oratorio, cantata, or musical. The term "libretto" is also sometimes used to refer to the text of major liturgical works, such as mass, requiem, and sacred cantata, or even the story line of a...	little book	A work containing the words to an opera, musical, or ballet
Opera Opera Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance...	work	A drama set to music for singers and instrumentalists
Opera buffa Opera buffa Opera buffa is a genre of opera. It was first used as an informal description of Italian comic operas variously classified by their authors as ‘commedia in musica’, ‘commedia per musica’, ‘dramma bernesco’, ‘dramma comico’, ‘divertimento giocoso' etc...	humorous opera	A comic opera
Opera seria Opera seria Opera seria is an Italian musical term which refers to the noble and "serious" style of Italian opera that predominated in Europe from the 1710s to c. 1770...	serious opera	An opera with a serious, esp. classical theme
Sonata	sounded	A composition for one or two instruments in sonata form Sonata form Sonata form is a large-scale musical structure used widely since the middle of the 18th century . While it is typically used in the first movement of multi-movement pieces, it is sometimes used in subsequent movements as well—particularly the final movement...

Musical instruments

Piano(forte) Piano The piano is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard. It is one of the most popular instruments in the world. Widely used in classical and jazz music for solo performances, ensemble use, chamber music and accompaniment, the piano is also very popular as an aid to composing and rehearsal...	soft-loud	A keyboard instrument
viola Viola The viola is a bowed string instrument. It is the middle voice of the violin family, between the violin and the cello.- Form :The viola is similar in material and construction to the violin. A full-size viola's body is between and longer than the body of a full-size violin , with an average...	viola, orig. Latin vitulari "be joyful"	A medium-sized stringed instrument
(Violon)cello Cello The cello is a bowed string instrument with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. It is a member of the violin family of musical instruments, which also includes the violin, viola, and double bass. Old forms of the instrument in the Baroque era are baryton and viol .A person who plays a cello is...	Small violone (violone means "big viola")	A large stringed instrument
Viola da gamba	leg viola	A stringed instrument held between the legs
Viola da braccio	arm viola	A stringed instrument held in the arm, such as a violin or viola
Viola d'amore Viola d'amore The viola d'amore is a 7- or 6-stringed musical instrument with sympathetic strings used chiefly in the baroque period. It is played under the chin in the same manner as the violin.- Structure and sound :...	love viola	A tenor viol with no frets
Tuba Tuba The tuba is the largest and lowest-pitched brass instrument. Sound is produced by vibrating or "buzzing" the lips into a large cupped mouthpiece. It is one of the most recent additions to the modern symphony orchestra, first appearing in the mid-19th century, when it largely replaced the...	tube	A large brass instrument
Piccolo Piccolo The piccolo is a half-size flute, and a member of the woodwind family of musical instruments. The piccolo has the same fingerings as its larger sibling, the standard transverse flute, but the sound it produces is an octave higher than written...	little	A tiny woodwind instrument
Timpani Timpani Timpani, or kettledrums, are musical instruments in the percussion family. A type of drum, they consist of a skin called a head stretched over a large bowl traditionally made of copper. They are played by striking the head with a specialized drum stick called a timpani stick or timpani mallet...	drums	Large drums
Cornett Cornett The cornett, cornetto or zink is an early wind instrument, dating from the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods. It was used in what are now called alta capellas or wind ensembles. It is not to be confused with the trumpet-like instrument cornet.-Construction:There are three basic types of... o	little horn	An old woodwind instrument
Campana	bell	A bell Bell (instrument) A bell is a simple sound-making device. The bell is a percussion instrument and an idiophone. Its form is usually a hollow, cup-shaped object, which resonates upon being struck...  used in an orchestra; also campane "bells"
Orchestra Orchestra An orchestra is a sizable instrumental ensemble that contains sections of string, brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments. The term orchestra derives from the Greek ορχήστρα, the name for the area in front of an ancient Greek stage reserved for the Greek chorus...	orchestra, orig. Greek orkesthai "dance"	An ensemble of instruments

Voices

Soprano Soprano A soprano is a voice type with a vocal range from approximately middle C to "high A" in choral music, or to "soprano C" or higher in operatic music. In four-part chorale style harmony, the soprano takes the highest part, which usually encompasses the melody...	upper	The highest vocal line
Mezzo-soprano Mezzo-soprano A mezzo-soprano is a type of classical female singing voice whose range lies between the soprano and the contralto singing voices, usually extending from the A below middle C to the A two octaves above...	middle-upper	Between soprano and alto
Alto	high	Second-highest vocal line
Contralto Contralto Contralto is the deepest female classical singing voice, with the lowest tessitura, falling between tenor and mezzo-soprano. It typically ranges between the F below middle C to the second G above middle C , although at the extremes some voices can reach the E below middle C or the second B above...	against high	Alto, esp. a female alto
Basso Bass (voice type) A bass is a type of male singing voice and possesses the lowest vocal range of all voice types. According to The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, a bass is typically classified as having a range extending from around the second E below middle C to the E above middle C...	low	Or "bass;" the lowest vocal line
Basso profondo	deep and low	A very deep bass voice
Castrato Castrato A castrato is a man with a singing voice equivalent to that of a soprano, mezzo-soprano, or contralto voice produced either by castration of the singer before puberty or one who, because of an endocrinological condition, never reaches sexual maturity.Castration before puberty prevents a boy's...	castrated	A male singer, castrated so as to be able to sing soprano (now sung by women, conventional countertenor Countertenor A countertenor is a male singing voice whose vocal range is equivalent to that of a contralto, mezzo-soprano, or a soprano, usually through use of falsetto, or far more rarely than normal, modal voice. A pre-pubescent male who has this ability is called a treble... s, or sopranisti)

Tempo

Tempo Tempo In musical terminology, tempo is the speed or pace of a given piece. Tempo is a crucial element of any musical composition, as it can affect the mood and difficulty of a piece.-Measuring tempo:...	time	The speed of a piece of music
Largo	broad	Slow and dignified
Larghetto	a little bit broad	Not as slow as largo
Lentando Tempo In musical terminology, tempo is the speed or pace of a given piece. Tempo is a crucial element of any musical composition, as it can affect the mood and difficulty of a piece.-Measuring tempo:...	slowing	Becoming slower
Lento Tempo In musical terminology, tempo is the speed or pace of a given piece. Tempo is a crucial element of any musical composition, as it can affect the mood and difficulty of a piece.-Measuring tempo:...	slow	Slow
Adagio	ad agio, at ease	Slow, but not as slow as largo
Adagietto	little adagio	Faster than adagio; or a short adagio composition
Andante	walking	Moderately slow, flowing along
Moderato Tempo In musical terminology, tempo is the speed or pace of a given piece. Tempo is a crucial element of any musical composition, as it can affect the mood and difficulty of a piece.-Measuring tempo:...	moderately	At a moderate speed
Allegretto	a little bit joyful	Slightly slower than allegro
Largamente	broadly	Slow and dignified
Mosso Mosso -Other uses:* Mosso , web application hosting service.* See Tempo for the musical term....	moved	Agitated
Allegro	joyful; lively and fast	Moderately fast
Fermata Fermata A fermata is an element of musical notation indicating that the note should be sustained for longer than its note value would indicate...	stopped	Marks a note to be held or sustained
Presto	ready	Very fast
Prestissimo	very ready	Very very fast, as fast as possible
Accelerando Tempo In musical terminology, tempo is the speed or pace of a given piece. Tempo is a crucial element of any musical composition, as it can affect the mood and difficulty of a piece.-Measuring tempo:...	accelerating	Accelerating
Affrettando	becoming hurried	Accelerating
Allargando	to slow and broaden	Slowing down and broadening, becoming more stately and majestic, possibly louder
Ritardando	to slow	Decelerating
Rallentando	becoming progressively slower	Decelerating
Rubato Tempo rubato Tempo rubato is a musical term referring to expressive and rhythmic freedom by a slight speeding up and then slowing down of the tempo of a piece at the discretion of the soloist or the conductor...	robbed	Free flowing and exempt from steady rhythm
Tenuto Tenuto Tenuto is a direction used in musical notation. Arguably, it is one of the first directions to be used in music notation, as Notker of St...	sustained	Holding or sustaining a single note
Accompagnato	accompanied	The accompaniment must follow the singer who can speed up or slow down at will
Alla marcia March (music) A march, as a musical genre, is a piece of music with a strong regular rhythm which in origin was expressly written for marching to and most frequently performed by a military band. In mood, marches range from the moving death march in Wagner's Götterdämmerung to the brisk military marches of John...	as a march	In strict tempo at a marching pace (e.g. 120 bpm)
A tempo	to time	Return to previous tempo

Dynamics - volume

Calando Dynamics (music) In music, dynamics normally refers to the volume of a sound or note, but can also refer to every aspect of the execution of a given piece, either stylistic or functional . The term is also applied to the written or printed musical notation used to indicate dynamics...	quietening	Becoming softer and slower
Crescendo Dynamics (music) In music, dynamics normally refers to the volume of a sound or note, but can also refer to every aspect of the execution of a given piece, either stylistic or functional . The term is also applied to the written or printed musical notation used to indicate dynamics...	growing	Becoming louder
Decrescendo Dynamics (music) In music, dynamics normally refers to the volume of a sound or note, but can also refer to every aspect of the execution of a given piece, either stylistic or functional . The term is also applied to the written or printed musical notation used to indicate dynamics...	shrinking	Becoming softer
Diminuendo Dynamics (music) In music, dynamics normally refers to the volume of a sound or note, but can also refer to every aspect of the execution of a given piece, either stylistic or functional . The term is also applied to the written or printed musical notation used to indicate dynamics...	dwindling	Becoming softer
Forte Dynamics (music) In music, dynamics normally refers to the volume of a sound or note, but can also refer to every aspect of the execution of a given piece, either stylistic or functional . The term is also applied to the written or printed musical notation used to indicate dynamics...	strong	Loud
Fortissimo Dynamics (music) In music, dynamics normally refers to the volume of a sound or note, but can also refer to every aspect of the execution of a given piece, either stylistic or functional . The term is also applied to the written or printed musical notation used to indicate dynamics...	very strong	Very loud
Mezzo forte Dynamics (music) In music, dynamics normally refers to the volume of a sound or note, but can also refer to every aspect of the execution of a given piece, either stylistic or functional . The term is also applied to the written or printed musical notation used to indicate dynamics...	half-strong	Moderately loud
Piano Dynamics (music) In music, dynamics normally refers to the volume of a sound or note, but can also refer to every aspect of the execution of a given piece, either stylistic or functional . The term is also applied to the written or printed musical notation used to indicate dynamics...	gentle	Soft
Pianissimo Dynamics (music) In music, dynamics normally refers to the volume of a sound or note, but can also refer to every aspect of the execution of a given piece, either stylistic or functional . The term is also applied to the written or printed musical notation used to indicate dynamics...	very gentle	Very soft
Mezzo piano Dynamics (music) In music, dynamics normally refers to the volume of a sound or note, but can also refer to every aspect of the execution of a given piece, either stylistic or functional . The term is also applied to the written or printed musical notation used to indicate dynamics...	half-gentle	Moderately soft
Sforzando Dynamics (music) In music, dynamics normally refers to the volume of a sound or note, but can also refer to every aspect of the execution of a given piece, either stylistic or functional . The term is also applied to the written or printed musical notation used to indicate dynamics...	strained	Sharply accented

Moods

Affettuoso	with feeling	Tenderly
Agitato	agitated	Excited and fast
Animato	animated	Animated
Brillante	brilliant	Brilliant, bright
Bruscamente	brusquely	Brusquely - abruptly
Cantabile	singable	In a singing style
Comodo	easily	Unrestrainedly
Con amore	with love	with love
Con fuoco	with fire	with fiery manner
Con brio Con Brio Con brio is a musical direction, meaning "with spirit" or "with vigor".Con Brio can also refer to:*Con Brio , a popular San Francisco-based band*Con Brio, Inc., a defunct synthesizer manufacturer*Con Brio Records, a defunct record label... (Con Spirito)	with spirit	With spirit
Con moto	with movement	With movement
Dolce Dolce Dolce means "sweet" in Italian and may refer to:- Places:*Dolcè, an Italian municipality located in the Province of Verona*Dolce , a village in the Czech Republic- People :*Christine Dolce...	sweetly	Sweet
Grazioso	graciously or gracefully	With charm
Maestoso Maestoso Maestoso is an Italian musical term and is used to direct performers to play a certain passage of music in a stately, dignified and majestic fashion or, it is used to describe music as such. The term is commonly used in relatively slow pieces; however, there are numerous examples - such as the...	majestic	Stately
Misterioso	mysterious	Mysteriously, secretively, enigmatic
Scherzando	playfully	Playfully
Sotto	subdued	Subdued
Semplicemente Semplicemente "Semplicemente" is a pop song by Italian duo Zero Assoluto, released in 2005. Subsequently, the song was added to the group's second studio album, Appena prima di partire....	simply	Simply
Vivace Vivace Vivace is Italian for "lively" and "vivid". It is pronounced in the International Phonetic Alphabet.Vivace is used as an Italian musical term indicating a movement that is in a lively mood ....	vivacious	up-tempo

Musical expression (general)

Molto	very	Used with other terms, such as molto allegro
Assai Assai Assai may mean:*Assai in musical terminology, meaning "very"*Euterpe, a genus of palms commonly called Açaí or Assai Palm...	very	Used with other terms, such as allegro assai
Più PIU As an acronym, PIU may refer to:* PIU, an IATA code for Cap. FAP Guillermo Concha Iberico International Airport* Pump It Up, a Korean music video game* Principles of Intelligent Urbanism...	more	Used with other terms, such as più mosso
Poco Poco Poco is an Southern California country rock band originally formed by Richie Furay and Jim Messina following the demise of Buffalo Springfield in 1968. The title of their first album, Pickin' Up the Pieces, is a reference to the break-up of Buffalo Springfield. Highly influential and creative,...	little	"a little". Used with other terms, such as poco diminuendo
Poco a poco Poco a Poco Poco a Poco is a single by Adicta, released in 2001.-Personnel:*Toto - vocals*Rudie Martínez - synthesizers, programming*Fabio Rey - guitar*Leo García - backing vocals...	little by little	"little by little", "slowly but steadily". Used with other terms, such as poco a poco crescendo
ma non troppo	but not too much	But not too much, such as allegro ma non troppo
Meno Meno Meno is a Socratic dialogue written by Plato. It attempts to determine the definition of virtue, or arete, meaning virtue in general, rather than particular virtues, such as justice or temperance. The first part of the work is written in the Socratic dialectical style and Meno is reduced to...	less	Used with other terms, such as meno mosso

Directions

Attacca	attach	Proceed to the next section without pause
Cambiare	change	Any change, such as to a new instrument
Da Capo (al fine)	from the beginning (to the end)	Abbreviated as D.C., informs the performer to go back to the beginning (capo) (finishing where the part is marked "fine")
Dal Segno	to the sign	Abbreviated as D.S., informs the performer to repeat a specific section marked by a sign (segno)
Divisi	divided	Instructs one section to divide into two or more separate sections, each playing a separate part. Often these separate parts are written on the same staff.

Techniques

Altissimo Altissimo Altissimo refers to the uppermost register on woodwind instruments. For clarinets, which overblow on odd harmonics, the altissimo notes are those based on the fifth, seventh, and higher harmonics. For other woodwinds, the altissimo notes are those based on the third, fourth, and higher harmonics...	very high	Very high
Arpeggio Arpeggio An arpeggio is a musical technique where notes in a chord are played or sung in sequence, one after the other, rather than ringing out simultaneously...	harp-like	A chord with the notes spread out in time
Acciaccatura	crushing	An extra, very fast grace note
Appoggiatura	leaning	A type of ornament
Basso continuo	continuous bass	Continuous bass accompaniment (see figured bass.)
A bocca chiusa	mouth closed	Wordless humming in a choral piece
Chiuso	closed	Calls for a horn to be muted by hand
Coll'arco	with the bow	Cancels "col legno" and "pizzicato" (in a string passage, arco is usually expected and is not written.)
Colla voce	with the voice	A note to accompanists to play with (in time with) the singer, especially when slowing for textual effect
Col legno Col legno In music for bowed string instruments, col legno, or more precisely col legno battuto , is an instruction to strike the string with the stick of the bow, rather than by drawing the hair of the bow across the strings. This results in a quiet but eerie percussive sound.Col legno is used in the final...	with the wood	Calls for a bowed instrument to be struck with the wood rather than the hair of the bow
Coloratura Coloratura Coloratura has several meanings. The word is originally from Italian, literally meaning "coloring", and derives from the Latin word colorare . When used in English, the term specifically refers to elaborate melody, particularly in vocal music and especially in operatic singing of the 18th and...	coloration	Elaborate ornamentation of a vocal line
Con sordino Mute (music) A mute is a device fitted to a musical instrument to alter the sound produced: by affecting the timbre, reducing the volume, or most commonly both.- Musical directions for muting :...	with mute	Calls for mute to be applied, esp. to string instrument String instrument A string instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by means of vibrating strings. In the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, used in organology, they are called chordophones... s.
Senza sordino Mute (music) A mute is a device fitted to a musical instrument to alter the sound produced: by affecting the timbre, reducing the volume, or most commonly both.- Musical directions for muting :...	without mute	Calls for mute to be removed, esp. from string instrument String instrument A string instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by means of vibrating strings. In the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, used in organology, they are called chordophones... s.
Pizzicato Pizzicato Pizzicato is a playing technique that involves plucking the strings of a string instrument. The exact technique varies somewhat depending on the type of stringed instrument....	plucked	Calls for a bowed instrument to be plucked with the fingers
Coperti	covered	Of a drum, muted with a cloth
Una corda	one string	With the soft pedal, on a piano
Due corde	two strings	With the soft pedal, on a piano. For why both terms exist, see piano Piano The piano is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard. It is one of the most popular instruments in the world. Widely used in classical and jazz music for solo performances, ensemble use, chamber music and accompaniment, the piano is also very popular as an aid to composing and rehearsal... .
Tre corde or tutte le corde	Three strings or all the strings	Cancels an una corda
Scordatura Scordatura A scordatura , also called cross-tuning, is an alternative tuning used for the open strings of a string instrument, in which the notes indicated in the score would represent the finger position as if played in regular tuning, while the actual pitch is altered...	mistuning	Alternate tuning (of strings)

Roles

Prima donna Prima donna Originally used in opera or Commedia dell'arte companies, "prima donna" is Italian for "first lady." The term was used to designate the leading female singer in the opera company, the person to whom the prime roles would be given. The prima donna was normally, but not necessarily, a soprano...	first lady	Leading female role
Primo uomo	first man	Leading male role
Comprimario Comprimario A Comprimario is a supporting role in an opera. Derived from the Italian "con primario", or "with the primary", the term refers to a performer who sings small role pieces.... /a	con primario, with the first	A supporting role
Concertino Concertino (group) A concertino is the smaller group of instruments in a concerto grosso. This is opposed to the ripieno which is the larger group contrasting with the concertino....	little concert	The smaller, more virtuosic, group of musicians in a concerto grosso Concerto grosso The concerto grosso is a form of baroque music in which the musical material is passed between a small group of soloists and full orchestra...
Ripieno Ripieno Ripieno or tutti can refer to:*the larger of the two ensembles in the concerto grosso. This is opposed to the concertino which are the soloists.*the notes added when realizing the figured bass of a basso continuo....	filling or stuffing	The larger group of musicians in a concerto grosso Concerto grosso The concerto grosso is a form of baroque music in which the musical material is passed between a small group of soloists and full orchestra...

Criticism

Bel canto Bel canto Bel canto , along with a number of similar constructions , is an Italian opera term...	beautiful voice	Any fine singing, esp. that popular in 18th and 19th c. Italian opera
Bravura Bravura In classical music, a bravura is a virtuosic passage intended to show off the skill of a performer, generally as a solo, and often in a cadenza. It can also be used as an adjective , or to refer to a performance of extraordinary virtuosity. The term comes from the Italian language for great skill....	skill	A performance of extraordinary virtuosity
Bravo!	skillful	a cry of congratulation to a male singer or performer. Fem. brava, pl. bravi, fem.pl. brave

Musical direction

Maestro Maestro Maestro is a title of extreme respect given to a master musician. The term is most commonly used in the context of Western classical music and opera. This is associated with the ubiquitous use of Italian vocabulary for classical music terms...	Master, teacher	Conductor, music director, music teacher, also composer and other eminent musicians and singers
Maestro sostituto	Deputy master	Assistant conductor
Maestro collaboratore	Collaborating master	Assistant conductor
Maestro suggeritore	Master prompter	Prompter