Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)
Encyclopedia
In human genetics
, Haplogroup H (M69) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup
.
This haplogroup is found at a high frequency in South Asia
. It is generally rare outside of the South Asia
but is common among the Romani people, particularly the H-M82 subgroup.
, Sri Lanka
, Nepal
, and Pakistan
.
In India, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 27.2% (110/405) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition from southern India. Another study has found haplogroup H-M69 in 26.4% (192/728) of an ethnically diverse pool of samples from various regions of India.
In Sri Lanka, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 25.3% (23/91) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition and in 10.3% (4/39) of a sample of Sinhalese
.
In Nepal, one study has found Haplogroup H in approximately 12% of a sample of males from the general population of Kathmandu (including 4/77 H1a-M82, 4/77 H1*-M52(xH1a-M82), and 1/77 H*-M69(xH1-M52, H2-Apt)) and in 6% of a sample of Newars (4/66 H1a-M82).
In Pakistan
, Haplogroup H1-M52 has been found in 4.1% Burusho, 20.5% Kalash, 4.2% Pashtun
, and 2.5% other Pakistanis. Another study has found haplogroup H in approximately 8% (3/38) of a sample of Burusho (also known as Hunza), including 5% (2/38) H1a*-M82(xH1a1-M36, H1a2-M97, H1a3-M39/M138) and 3% (1/38) H1a1-M36.
group, accounting for approximately 60% of the total. A 2-bp deletion at M82 locus defining this haplogroup was also reported in one-third of males from traditional Romani populations living in Bulgaria
, Spain
, and Lithuania
(Gresham et al. 2001). Its ancestral M52 A C transversion was reported in the Vlax Romani group (Kalaydjieva et al. 2001) and India (Ramana et al. 2001; Wells et al. 2001; Kivisild et al. 2003). High prevalence of Asian-specific Y chromosome haplogroup H1 supports their Indian origin and a hypothesis of a small number of founders diverging from a single ethnic group in India (Gresham et al. 2001).
, 6% (1/17) H1-M52 in a sample of Kurds
from Turkmenistan
, 5% (1/20) H-M69 in a sample of Syria
ns, 4% (2/45) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks
from Samarkand, 4% (2/53) H1-M52 in a sample of Iran
ians from Samarkand
, 3% (2/70) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Khorezm, 3% (1/38) H1a-M82 in a sample of Balkarians
, 2.6% (3/117) H1a-M82 in a sample from southern Iran, 2% (1/41) H1-M52 in a sample of Uyghurs
from Kazakhstan
, 1% (1/92 H1a-M82) to 2% (1/50 H-M69) of Ukrainians
, 2% (1/56) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Bukhara
, 2% (1/57) H1a-M82 in a sample of Macedonian Greeks, 2% (1/63) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from the Fergana Valley
, 0.9% (1/113) H1a-M82 in a sample of Serbians
, 0.6% (3/523) H-M370 in a sample of Turks
, and 0.5% (1/201) H1-M52 in a sample of Somali
immigrants to Denmark.
In the Arabian Peninsula, Haplogroup H has been found in 4.3% (7/164) of males from the United Arab Emirates
(including 4/164 = 2.4% H*-M69(xH1-M52, H2-Apt) and 3/164 = 1.8% H1a-M82), approximately 2% of males from Oman
, 1.9% (3/157) of males from Saudi Arabia
(including 2/157 = 1.3% H-M69(xH1-M52) and 1/157 = 0.6% H1a-M82), and 1.4% (1/72 H1a-M82) of males from Qatar
.
The rare subclade H2-Apt has been found in 1.3% (1/77) of a sample of Greeks
.
(19/551 = 3.45% H-M69), Tibetans (3/156 = 1.9% H*-M69(xH1-M52, H2-Apt)), and Mongolia
ns (1/149 = 0.7% H-M69). The subclade H1a3-M39/M138 has been observed in the vicinity of Cambodia
, including one instance in a sample of six Cambodians and one instance in a sample of 18 individuals from Cambodia and Laos.
Human genetics
Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics,...
, Haplogroup H (M69) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
In human genetics, a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the Y chromosome ....
.
This haplogroup is found at a high frequency in South Asia
South Asia
South Asia, also known as Southern Asia, is the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan countries and, for some authorities , also includes the adjoining countries to the west and the east...
. It is generally rare outside of the South Asia
South Asia
South Asia, also known as Southern Asia, is the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan countries and, for some authorities , also includes the adjoining countries to the west and the east...
but is common among the Romani people, particularly the H-M82 subgroup.
Origins
It is a branch of Haplogroup F, and is believed to have arisen in India between 20,000 and 30,000 years ago. Its probable site of introduction is India since it is concentrated there. It seems to represent the main Y-haplogroup of the indigenous paleolithic inhabitants of India, because it is the most frequent Y-haplogroup of tribal populations (25-35%). Its presence in upper castes is quite rare (ca. 10%).South Asia
Haplogroup H is frequently found among populations of IndiaIndia
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
, Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent. Known until 1972 as Ceylon , Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the...
, Nepal
Nepal
Nepal , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India...
, and Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
.
In India, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 27.2% (110/405) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition from southern India. Another study has found haplogroup H-M69 in 26.4% (192/728) of an ethnically diverse pool of samples from various regions of India.
In Sri Lanka, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 25.3% (23/91) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition and in 10.3% (4/39) of a sample of Sinhalese
Sinhalese people
The Sinhalese are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group,forming the majority of Sri Lanka,constituting 74% of the Sri Lankan population.They number approximately 15 million worldwide.The Sinhalese identity is based on language, heritage and religion. The Sinhalese speak Sinhala, an Indo-Aryan language and the...
.
In Nepal, one study has found Haplogroup H in approximately 12% of a sample of males from the general population of Kathmandu (including 4/77 H1a-M82, 4/77 H1*-M52(xH1a-M82), and 1/77 H*-M69(xH1-M52, H2-Apt)) and in 6% of a sample of Newars (4/66 H1a-M82).
In Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
, Haplogroup H1-M52 has been found in 4.1% Burusho, 20.5% Kalash, 4.2% Pashtun
Pashtun people
Pashtuns or Pathans , also known as ethnic Afghans , are an Eastern Iranic ethnic group with populations primarily between the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan and the Indus River in Pakistan...
, and 2.5% other Pakistanis. Another study has found haplogroup H in approximately 8% (3/38) of a sample of Burusho (also known as Hunza), including 5% (2/38) H1a*-M82(xH1a1-M36, H1a2-M97, H1a3-M39/M138) and 3% (1/38) H1a1-M36.
Romani people
Haplogroup H1a-M82 is a major lineage cluster in the Balkan RomaniBalkan Romani
Balkan Romani is group of dialects of the Romani language spoken in various Balkan countries.-Dialects:The Balkan dialects are split into two main groups, a northern group and a southern group :...
group, accounting for approximately 60% of the total. A 2-bp deletion at M82 locus defining this haplogroup was also reported in one-third of males from traditional Romani populations living in Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...
, Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
, and Lithuania
Lithuania
Lithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the biggest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark...
(Gresham et al. 2001). Its ancestral M52 A C transversion was reported in the Vlax Romani group (Kalaydjieva et al. 2001) and India (Ramana et al. 2001; Wells et al. 2001; Kivisild et al. 2003). High prevalence of Asian-specific Y chromosome haplogroup H1 supports their Indian origin and a hypothesis of a small number of founders diverging from a single ethnic group in India (Gresham et al. 2001).
Central Asia and the Middle East
Haplogroup H has been found very rarely outside of the Indian subcontinent and the Romani populations, including approximately 12.5% (2 out of 16 individuals) H1-M52 in a sample of Tajiks from DushanbeDushanbe
-Economy:Coal, lead, and arsenic are mined nearby in the cities of Nurek and Kulob allowing for the industrialization of Dushanbe. The Nurek Dam, the world's highest as of 2008, generates 95% of Tajikistan's electricity, and another dam, the Roghun Dam, is planned on the Vakhsh River...
, 6% (1/17) H1-M52 in a sample of Kurds
Kurdish people
The Kurdish people, or Kurds , are an Iranian people native to the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a region known as Kurdistan, which includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey...
from Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan , formerly also known as Turkmenia is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic . Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states...
, 5% (1/20) H-M69 in a sample of Syria
Syria
Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....
ns, 4% (2/45) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks
Uzbeks
The Uzbeks are a Turkic ethnic group in Central Asia. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, and large populations can also be found in Afghanistan, Tajikstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Pakistan, Mongolia and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China...
from Samarkand, 4% (2/53) H1-M52 in a sample of Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
ians from Samarkand
Samarkand
Although a Persian-speaking region, it was not united politically with Iran most of the times between the disintegration of the Seleucid Empire and the Arab conquest . In the 6th century it was within the domain of the Turkic kingdom of the Göktürks.At the start of the 8th century Samarkand came...
, 3% (2/70) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Khorezm, 3% (1/38) H1a-M82 in a sample of Balkarians
Balkars
The Balkars are a Turkic people of the Caucasus region, one of the titular populations of Kabardino-Balkaria. They are possibly Bulgars or are descended from them...
, 2.6% (3/117) H1a-M82 in a sample from southern Iran, 2% (1/41) H1-M52 in a sample of Uyghurs
Uyghur people
The Uyghur are a Turkic ethnic group living in Eastern and Central Asia. Today, Uyghurs live primarily in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China...
from Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of is greater than Western Europe...
, 1% (1/92 H1a-M82) to 2% (1/50 H-M69) of Ukrainians
Ukrainians
Ukrainians are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is the sixth-largest nation in Europe. The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens...
, 2% (1/56) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Bukhara
Bukhara
Bukhara , from the Soghdian βuxārak , is the capital of the Bukhara Province of Uzbekistan. The nation's fifth-largest city, it has a population of 263,400 . The region around Bukhara has been inhabited for at least five millennia, and the city has existed for half that time...
, 2% (1/57) H1a-M82 in a sample of Macedonian Greeks, 2% (1/63) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from the Fergana Valley
Fergana Valley
The Fergana Valley or Farghana Valley is a region in Central Asia spreading across eastern Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Divided across three subdivisions of the former Soviet Union, the valley is ethnically diverse, and in the early 21st century was the scene of ethnic conflict...
, 0.9% (1/113) H1a-M82 in a sample of Serbians
Serbs
The Serbs are a South Slavic ethnic group of the Balkans and southern Central Europe. Serbs are located mainly in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and form a sizable minority in Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia and Slovenia. Likewise, Serbs are an officially recognized minority in...
, 0.6% (3/523) H-M370 in a sample of Turks
Turkish people
Turkish people, also known as the "Turks" , are an ethnic group primarily living in Turkey and in the former lands of the Ottoman Empire where Turkish minorities had been established in Bulgaria, Cyprus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Greece, Kosovo, Macedonia, and Romania...
, and 0.5% (1/201) H1-M52 in a sample of Somali
Somali people
Somalis are an ethnic group located in the Horn of Africa, also known as the Somali Peninsula. The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family...
immigrants to Denmark.
In the Arabian Peninsula, Haplogroup H has been found in 4.3% (7/164) of males from the United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates, abbreviated as the UAE, or shortened to "the Emirates", is a state situated in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman, and Saudi Arabia, and sharing sea borders with Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and Iran.The UAE is a...
(including 4/164 = 2.4% H*-M69(xH1-M52, H2-Apt) and 3/164 = 1.8% H1a-M82), approximately 2% of males from Oman
Oman
Oman , officially called the Sultanate of Oman , is an Arab state in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the...
, 1.9% (3/157) of males from Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , commonly known in British English as Saudi Arabia and in Arabic as as-Sa‘ūdiyyah , is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and the second-largest in the Arab World...
(including 2/157 = 1.3% H-M69(xH1-M52) and 1/157 = 0.6% H1a-M82), and 1.4% (1/72 H1a-M82) of males from Qatar
Qatar
Qatar , also known as the State of Qatar or locally Dawlat Qaṭar, is a sovereign Arab state, located in the Middle East, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its...
.
The rare subclade H2-Apt has been found in 1.3% (1/77) of a sample of Greeks
Greeks
The Greeks, also known as the Hellenes , are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighboring regions. They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world....
.
East and Southeast Asia
At the easternmost extent of its distribution, Haplogroup H has been found in BalineseBalinese people
The Balinese population of 3.0 million live mostly on the island of Bali, making up 89% of the island's population. There are also significant populations on the island of Lombok, and in the eastern-most regions of Java The Balinese population of 3.0 million (1.5% of Indonesia's population) live...
(19/551 = 3.45% H-M69), Tibetans (3/156 = 1.9% H*-M69(xH1-M52, H2-Apt)), and Mongolia
Mongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...
ns (1/149 = 0.7% H-M69). The subclade H1a3-M39/M138 has been observed in the vicinity of Cambodia
Cambodia
Cambodia , officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia...
, including one instance in a sample of six Cambodians and one instance in a sample of 18 individuals from Cambodia and Laos.
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.- H (M69, M370)
- H*
- H1 (M52)
- H1a (M82)
- H1a1 (M36, M197)
- H1a2 (M97)
- H1a3 (M39, M138)
- H1a (M82)
- H2 (Apt)
- H2a (P80, P314)
- H2b (P266)
External links
- Spread of Haplogroup H, from National Geographic
- The India Genealogical Project