Gvardeyskoye
Encyclopedia
Gvardeyskoye is a village
in Kaliningrad Oblast
, Russia
.
Gvardeyskoye lies 25 km south of Kaliningrad
and approximately 10 km north of Bagrationovsk
.
in the Old Prussian region of Natangia as a location of a mill (Mühle=Mill) and a Church, first mentioned in 1372. The town was given as a pawn by the Order to Daniel von Kunheim in 1474. The laird Georg von Kunheim
, a student at Wittenberg
, married Martin Luther
's youngest daughter Margarethe Luther in 1555, she died in Mühlhausen in 1570. Two paintings of Luther and his wife Katharina von Bora
by Lucas Cranach
existed at the church up to 1945 as well as the original summons of Martin Luther by Emperor Charles V.
to the Diet of Worms
and an original letter, written by Luther.
After the secularization of the Teutonic Knights in 1525 the village became part of the Duchy of Prussia and the Kingdom of Prussia
in 1701. In 1643 the village came into the property of the von Kalckstein family until 1826, also as advowson
of the Church.
Conquered by the Red Army
during World War II
, the village was transferred from Germany
to the Soviet Union
according to the 1945 Potsdam Conference
and had its German population expelled
. The village was renamed from Mühlhausen to Gvardeyskoye
The formerly ruined church was rebuilt after 1994.
Types of settlements in Russia
The classification system of the types of inhabited localities in Russia, the former Soviet Union, and some other post-Soviet states has certain peculiarities compared to the classification systems in other countries.-Modern classification in Russia:...
in Kaliningrad Oblast
Kaliningrad Oblast
Kaliningrad Oblast is a federal subject of Russia situated on the Baltic coast. It has a population of The oblast forms the westernmost part of the Russian Federation, but it has no land connection to the rest of Russia. Since its creation it has been an exclave of the Russian SFSR and then the...
, Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
.
Gvardeyskoye lies 25 km south of Kaliningrad
Kaliningrad
Kaliningrad is a seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic Sea...
and approximately 10 km north of Bagrationovsk
Bagrationovsk
Bagrationovsk is a town and the administrative center of Bagrationovsky District of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located south of Kaliningrad. Population: -History:...
.
History
The village was founded by the Teutonic KnightsTeutonic Knights
The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem , commonly the Teutonic Order , is a German medieval military order, in modern times a purely religious Catholic order...
in the Old Prussian region of Natangia as a location of a mill (Mühle=Mill) and a Church, first mentioned in 1372. The town was given as a pawn by the Order to Daniel von Kunheim in 1474. The laird Georg von Kunheim
George von Kunheim
George von Kunheim, born in the Prussian city of Wehlau and died in Mühlhausen , marriedMargaretha Luther, youngest daughter and child of Martin Luther on August 5, 1555....
, a student at Wittenberg
Wittenberg
Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is a city in Germany in the Bundesland Saxony-Anhalt, on the river Elbe. It has a population of about 50,000....
, married Martin Luther
Martin Luther
Martin Luther was a German priest, professor of theology and iconic figure of the Protestant Reformation. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517...
's youngest daughter Margarethe Luther in 1555, she died in Mühlhausen in 1570. Two paintings of Luther and his wife Katharina von Bora
Katharina von Bora
Katharina von Bora, referred to as "die Lutherin", was the wife of Martin Luther, Germanleader of the Protestant Reformation. Beyond what is found in the writings of Luther and some of his contemporaries, little is known about her...
by Lucas Cranach
Lucas Cranach the Elder
Lucas Cranach the Elder , was a German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving...
existed at the church up to 1945 as well as the original summons of Martin Luther by Emperor Charles V.
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I, of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary retirement and abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I and his son Philip II in 1556.As...
to the Diet of Worms
Diet of Worms
The Diet of Worms 1521 was a diet that took place in Worms, Germany, and is most memorable for the Edict of Worms , which addressed Martin Luther and the effects of the Protestant Reformation.It was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521, with Emperor Charles V presiding.Other Imperial diets at...
and an original letter, written by Luther.
After the secularization of the Teutonic Knights in 1525 the village became part of the Duchy of Prussia and the Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia
The Kingdom of Prussia was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918. Until the defeat of Germany in World War I, it comprised almost two-thirds of the area of the German Empire...
in 1701. In 1643 the village came into the property of the von Kalckstein family until 1826, also as advowson
Advowson
Advowson is the right in English law of a patron to present or appoint a nominee to a vacant ecclesiastical benefice or church living, a process known as presentation. In effect this means the right to nominate a person to hold a church office in a parish...
of the Church.
Conquered by the Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
during World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, the village was transferred from Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
to the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
according to the 1945 Potsdam Conference
Potsdam Conference
The Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, occupied Germany, from 16 July to 2 August 1945. Participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States...
and had its German population expelled
Expulsion of Germans after World War II
The later stages of World War II, and the period after the end of that war, saw the forced migration of millions of German nationals and ethnic Germans from various European states and territories, mostly into the areas which would become post-war Germany and post-war Austria...
. The village was renamed from Mühlhausen to Gvardeyskoye
The formerly ruined church was rebuilt after 1994.
Population
- 1820:353
- 1846:454
- 1871:670
- 1895:662
- 1930:576
- 1939:939 (after the incorporation of Knauten)
Notable residents
- Caspar HennenbergerCaspar HennenbergerCaspar Hennenberger was a German Lutheran pastor, historian and cartographer....
(1529 – 1600), Cartographer, Lutheran Pastor in Mühlhausen - Albrecht von KalcksteinAlbrecht von KalcksteinAlbrecht von Kalckstein was a Prussian count, Lieutenant General and opponent of Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg....
(1592 - 1667) - Christian Ludwig von KalcksteinChristian Ludwig von KalcksteinChristian Ludwig von Kalckstein was a Prussian count, Colonel, and politician who was executed for treason.-Biography:...
(1630 – 1672) - Christoph Wilhelm von KalcksteinChristoph Wilhelm von KalcksteinChristoph Wilhelm von Kalckstein was a Prussian count, field marshal, teacher and educator of King Frederick II of Prussia.-Military career:...
(1682 - 1759), educator of Frederick II of PrussiaFrederick II of PrussiaFrederick II was a King in Prussia and a King of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty. In his role as a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, he was also Elector of Brandenburg. He was in personal union the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel... - Ludwig Karl von KalcksteinLudwig Karl von KalcksteinLudwig Karl von Kalckstein was a Prussian count and field marshal.Kalckstein was born in Berlin to Christoph Wilhelm von Kalckstein, laird of Knauten, Wogau and Graventhien near Mühlhausen in East Prussia, and Christophore Erna von Brandt...
(1725 - 1800) - Karl Georg Otto Willibald von KalcksteinKarl Georg Otto Willibald von KalcksteinKarl Georg Otto Willibald von Kalckstein was a Prussian Politician.Kalckstein was born in Gauten, East Prussia, to Carl von Kalckstein, laird of Knauten, Wogau and Schloditten near Mühlhausen, and Charlotte Auguste von Gizycki.Around 1830 Kalckstein joined the Prussian Army and became an Officer...
(1812 - 1894) politician