Green League
Encyclopedia
The Green League is a centrist
green liberal
political party
in Finland
. It has ten seats in the Finnish Parliament
and two in the European Parliament
. The current chairperson is Ville Niinistö
.
Founded in 1987, the party absorbed a number of green
organisations, including four MPs elected in 1987
. The party won ten seats in the 1991 election
. Despite falling to nine seats in 1995
, Pekka Haavisto
joined Paavo Lipponen
's grand coalition
first cabinet
, making the Green League the first Green party in a national cabinet. The party remained in government until 2002, when it left in opposition to nuclear power
. In 2007
, the party peaked at 15 seats, and joined the centre-right
government. At the 2011 election
, the party fell to ten seats.
The party sits in the centre of the political spectrum
, criticising both socialism
and the free market
. The party is a member of the Global Greens
and the European Green Party
, while its two MEPs sit with The Greens–European Free Alliance in the European Parliament
. Originally split on whether Finland should join the European Union
, the Green League is now pro-European and was the first Finnish party to support a federal Europe.
, feminists and other active groups began to campaign on Green issues in Finland. In 1995 it was the first Europe
an Green party to be part of a state-level Cabinet
.
The party was founded as a popular movement, and thus retains the descriptor liitto, "league". Initially, there was much resistance within the movement against the founding of a political party, motivated by Robert Michels
' iron law of oligarchy
, which claims that movements inevitably degenerate into oligarchies
when they create a formal organization. The party still especially stresses openness and democratic decision-making. The liitto was later dropped from the Finnish and Swedish names in advertisements; the official name remains.
The first two parliamentary representatives were elected even before the registration, in the elections of 1983. These were the first independent representatives in the Finnish parliament. In 1987 the number of seats rose to four, and in 1991 to ten.
About half of Green were against joining the European Union in 1994. Later, polls showed that most Greens were anti-Eurozone
. The party heads declined to fight against euro adoption.
In the 1995 election the Green League received a total of nine seats (out of 200), joined the coalition-cabinet led by the Social Democrats
, and Pekka Haavisto
became the minister of Environment and Development Aid, thus becoming the first green minister in Europe. The Green League received 7.3% of the vote, and gained two additional seats in 1999, raising the total to 11. The Greens continued in the next coalition-cabinet, but resigned in protest on May 26, 2002, after the cabinet's decision to allow the construction of a new nuclear plant was accepted in the parliament. In 2003 the Green League received 8.0% of the vote, giving a total of 14 seats. They increased their seats to 15 in 2007 elections
when they received 8.5%.
As of the 2009 elections
, two of the thirteen Finnish representatives in the European Parliament
are Green: Satu Hassi
and Heidi Hautala
.
At the local level, Greens are an important factor in the largest cities of Finland. In the local election of 2000 the Greens had 7.7% of the vote. In Helsinki
(the capital) the Greens became the 2nd largest party with 23.5% of the vote. In several other cities the Greens achieved the position of the 3rd largest party. Its weak spot is the rural countryside, particularly municipalities experiencing strong outward migration.
The Green League is one of four parties forming the Finnish Government since April 2007. Its ministers are Anni Sinnemäki
(Labour) and Tuija Brax
(Justice).
The Federation of Green Youth and Students
is the Green League's youth organisation.
. Some Green candidates in the elections reject classification as "left" or "right". Economic opinions of the members range between left and right. However, on average members of party place their party between the Left Alliance
and Social Democrats.
In the party program, the Green League has criticized both the market economy
and socialism
. In the chamber of the Parliament and assembly rooms of local councils the Greens are standing between the Centre Party
and the Social Democrats
.
The party’s latest policy platform on immigration has called for immigrants to study Finland’s official languages, Finnish or Swedish, or lose social welfare benefits. Green Party chair and Labour Minister Anni Sinnemäki
states it is an immigrant’s duty to learn the language of their new home country.
Heidi Hautala
was a candidate in the presidential elections in 2000 and 2006, taking approximately a 3,5% share of votes in the first round. Pekka Haavisto
will be the candidate in the 2012 election
.
.
:
Centrism
In politics, centrism is the ideal or the practice of promoting policies that lie different from the standard political left and political right. Most commonly, this is visualized as part of the one-dimensional political spectrum of left-right politics, with centrism landing in the middle between...
green liberal
Green liberalism
Green liberalism is a term used to refer to liberals who have incorporated green concerns into their ideology.- Philosophy :Green liberalism values the Earth very highly, and this philosophy highly values the planet being passed down to the next generation unharmed...
political party
Political party
A political party is a political organization that typically seeks to influence government policy, usually by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office. Parties participate in electoral campaigns, educational outreach or protest actions...
in Finland
Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
. It has ten seats in the Finnish Parliament
Parliament of Finland
The Eduskunta , is the parliament of Finland. The unicameral parliament has 200 members and meets in the Parliament House in Helsinki. The latest election to the parliament took place on April 17, 2011.- Constitution :...
and two in the European Parliament
European Parliament
The European Parliament is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union . Together with the Council of the European Union and the Commission, it exercises the legislative function of the EU and it has been described as one of the most powerful legislatures in the world...
. The current chairperson is Ville Niinistö
Ville Niinistö
Ville Matti Niinistö is a Finnish politician. He is a member of the parliament, current chairperson of the Green League, incumbent Minister of the Environment and a member of the city council of Turku. Niinistö has a master's degree in political science from the University of Turku...
.
Founded in 1987, the party absorbed a number of green
Green politics
Green politics is a political ideology that aims for the creation of an ecologically sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, social liberalism, and grassroots democracy...
organisations, including four MPs elected in 1987
Finnish parliamentary election, 1987
The Finnish parliamentary election of 1987 moved the country somewhat to the right. It was uncertain how far, because the voter participation rate--at a comparatively low 75 percent, 5 percent lower than usual--hurt the left more than the right and had a varying impact...
. The party won ten seats in the 1991 election
Finnish parliamentary election, 1991
The Finnish Parliamentary election of 1991, held on March 17, was historic, since it led to the Centre Party becoming the largest parliamentary party, forming a purely centre-right government for the first time after 1966 The Finnish Parliamentary election of 1991, held on March 17, was historic,...
. Despite falling to nine seats in 1995
Finnish parliamentary election, 1995
The 32nd elections to the Finnish parliament were held on March 19, 1995. The previous centre-right cabinet fell, as the Social Democrats made strong gains and achieved the best result of any party after the Second World War...
, Pekka Haavisto
Pekka Haavisto
Pekka Haavisto is a Finnish politician representing the Green League. He was re-elected to the Finnish Parliament in the Finnish parliamentary election of March 2007 after an absence of 12 years. He is also a member of the Helsinki City Council.Haavisto was a member of the Parliament of Finland...
joined Paavo Lipponen
Paavo Lipponen
Paavo Tapio Lipponen is a Finnish politician and former reporter. He was Prime Minister of Finland from 1995 to 2003, and Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Finland from 1993 to 2005...
's grand coalition
Grand coalition
A grand coalition is an arrangement in a multi-party parliamentary system in which the two largest political parties of opposing political ideologies unite in a coalition government...
first cabinet
Paavo Lipponen's first Cabinet
Paavo Lipponen's first cabinet was the 66th government of Republic of Finland. Cabinet's time period was from April 13, 1995 to April 15, 1999. It was Majority government....
, making the Green League the first Green party in a national cabinet. The party remained in government until 2002, when it left in opposition to nuclear power
Nuclear power
Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear power plants provide about 6% of the world's energy and 13–14% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for about 50% of nuclear generated electricity...
. In 2007
Finnish parliamentary election, 2007
The Finnish parliamentary election of 2007 was the 35th election to the Eduskunta , held on 18 March 2007 after the termination of the previous parliamentary term. Early voting was possible from the 7–13 March. Two hundred MPs were elected from 15 constituencies.Election themes included a reduction...
, the party peaked at 15 seats, and joined the centre-right
Centre-right
The centre-right or center-right is a political term commonly used to describe or denote individuals, political parties, or organizations whose views stretch from the centre to the right on the left-right spectrum, excluding far right stances. Centre-right can also describe a coalition of centrist...
government. At the 2011 election
Finnish parliamentary election, 2011
An election to the Eduskunta was held on 17 April 2011 after the termination of the previous parliamentary term. Advance voting, which included voting by Finnish expatriates, was held between 6 and 12 April with a turnout of 31.2%....
, the party fell to ten seats.
The party sits in the centre of the political spectrum
Political spectrum
A political spectrum is a way of modeling different political positions by placing them upon one or more geometric axes symbolizing independent political dimensions....
, criticising both socialism
Socialism
Socialism is an economic system characterized by social ownership of the means of production and cooperative management of the economy; or a political philosophy advocating such a system. "Social ownership" may refer to any one of, or a combination of, the following: cooperative enterprises,...
and the free market
Free market
A free market is a competitive market where prices are determined by supply and demand. However, the term is also commonly used for markets in which economic intervention and regulation by the state is limited to tax collection, and enforcement of private ownership and contracts...
. The party is a member of the Global Greens
Global Greens
The Global Greens is a global network of Green parties and political movements. It was founded in 2001 in Canberra, Australia at the First Global Greens Congress, where the Global Green Charter was approved. The Second Global Greens Congress was held in 2008 in Sao Paolo, Brazil...
and the European Green Party
European Green Party
The European Green Party is the Green political party at European level. As such it is a federation of green parties in Europe.-History:...
, while its two MEPs sit with The Greens–European Free Alliance in the European Parliament
European Parliament
The European Parliament is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union . Together with the Council of the European Union and the Commission, it exercises the legislative function of the EU and it has been described as one of the most powerful legislatures in the world...
. Originally split on whether Finland should join the European Union
European Union
The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 independent member states which are located primarily in Europe. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community , formed by six countries in 1958...
, the Green League is now pro-European and was the first Finnish party to support a federal Europe.
History
The party was founded February 28, 1987, and registered as a political party the next year. Political activity had begun already in the early 1980s, when environmental activistsEnvironmentalist
An environmentalist broadly supports the goals of the environmental movement, "a political and ethical movement that seeks to improve and protect the quality of the natural environment through changes to environmentally harmful human activities"...
, feminists and other active groups began to campaign on Green issues in Finland. In 1995 it was the first Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
an Green party to be part of a state-level Cabinet
Cabinet (government)
A Cabinet is a body of high ranking government officials, typically representing the executive branch. It can also sometimes be referred to as the Council of Ministers, an Executive Council, or an Executive Committee.- Overview :...
.
The party was founded as a popular movement, and thus retains the descriptor liitto, "league". Initially, there was much resistance within the movement against the founding of a political party, motivated by Robert Michels
Robert Michels
Robert Michels was a German sociologist who wrote on the political behavior of intellectual elites and contributed to elite theory...
' iron law of oligarchy
Iron law of oligarchy
The iron law of oligarchy is a political theory, first developed by the German syndicalist sociologist Robert Michels in his 1911 book, Political Parties. It states that all forms of organization, regardless of how democratic they may be at the start, will eventually and inevitably develop into...
, which claims that movements inevitably degenerate into oligarchies
Oligarchy
Oligarchy is a form of power structure in which power effectively rests with an elite class distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, commercial, and/or military legitimacy...
when they create a formal organization. The party still especially stresses openness and democratic decision-making. The liitto was later dropped from the Finnish and Swedish names in advertisements; the official name remains.
The first two parliamentary representatives were elected even before the registration, in the elections of 1983. These were the first independent representatives in the Finnish parliament. In 1987 the number of seats rose to four, and in 1991 to ten.
About half of Green were against joining the European Union in 1994. Later, polls showed that most Greens were anti-Eurozone
Eurozone
The eurozone , officially called the euro area, is an economic and monetary union of seventeen European Union member states that have adopted the euro as their common currency and sole legal tender...
. The party heads declined to fight against euro adoption.
In the 1995 election the Green League received a total of nine seats (out of 200), joined the coalition-cabinet led by the Social Democrats
Social Democratic Party of Finland
The Social Democratic Party of Finland is one of the three major political parties in Finland, along with the Centre Party and the National Coalition Party. Jutta Urpilainen is the current SDP leader. The party has been in the Finnish government cabinet for long periods and has set many...
, and Pekka Haavisto
Pekka Haavisto
Pekka Haavisto is a Finnish politician representing the Green League. He was re-elected to the Finnish Parliament in the Finnish parliamentary election of March 2007 after an absence of 12 years. He is also a member of the Helsinki City Council.Haavisto was a member of the Parliament of Finland...
became the minister of Environment and Development Aid, thus becoming the first green minister in Europe. The Green League received 7.3% of the vote, and gained two additional seats in 1999, raising the total to 11. The Greens continued in the next coalition-cabinet, but resigned in protest on May 26, 2002, after the cabinet's decision to allow the construction of a new nuclear plant was accepted in the parliament. In 2003 the Green League received 8.0% of the vote, giving a total of 14 seats. They increased their seats to 15 in 2007 elections
Finnish parliamentary election, 2007
The Finnish parliamentary election of 2007 was the 35th election to the Eduskunta , held on 18 March 2007 after the termination of the previous parliamentary term. Early voting was possible from the 7–13 March. Two hundred MPs were elected from 15 constituencies.Election themes included a reduction...
when they received 8.5%.
As of the 2009 elections
European Parliament election, 2009 (Finland)
The European Parliament election of 2009 in Finland was the election of the delegation from Finland to the European Parliament in 2009.Finland uses the open list d'Hondt method, where voters vote for an individual, but the individual's vote is counted primarily for the party and secondarily for the...
, two of the thirteen Finnish representatives in the European Parliament
European Parliament
The European Parliament is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union . Together with the Council of the European Union and the Commission, it exercises the legislative function of the EU and it has been described as one of the most powerful legislatures in the world...
are Green: Satu Hassi
Satu Hassi
Satu Maijastiina Hassi is a Finnish politician, and Member of the European Parliament for the Green League. She served as the Minister of Environment and Development Co-Operation in Paavo Lipponen's second cabinet between 15 April 1999 and 31 May 2002; in accordance with her party's position on...
and Heidi Hautala
Heidi Hautala
-External links:* * *...
.
At the local level, Greens are an important factor in the largest cities of Finland. In the local election of 2000 the Greens had 7.7% of the vote. In Helsinki
Helsinki
Helsinki is the capital and largest city in Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, located in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The population of the city of Helsinki is , making it by far the most populous municipality in Finland. Helsinki is...
(the capital) the Greens became the 2nd largest party with 23.5% of the vote. In several other cities the Greens achieved the position of the 3rd largest party. Its weak spot is the rural countryside, particularly municipalities experiencing strong outward migration.
The Green League is one of four parties forming the Finnish Government since April 2007. Its ministers are Anni Sinnemäki
Anni Sinnemäki
Anni Milja Maaria Sinnemäki is a Finnish politician and a member of the Finnish Parliament, representing the Green League. She was first elected to the parliament in 1999 and acted as the Minister for Labour from 2009 to 2011...
(Labour) and Tuija Brax
Tuija Brax
Tuija Kaarina Brax is a Finnish politician and former Minister of Justice. She is a Member of Finnish Parliament, representing the Green League. She was first elected to the Parliament in 1995...
(Justice).
The Federation of Green Youth and Students
Federation of Green Youth and Students
The Federation of Green Youth and Students is a political youth organization in Finland. It is the youth wing of Vihreä liitto . The current spokespersons are Paloma Hannonen and Inka Venetvaara....
is the Green League's youth organisation.
Ideology and policies
Vihreät is no longer a protest party, nor an alternative movementAlternative movement
In sociology, an alternative movement refers to a social movement that seeks limited societal change. They target a small group of people and a specific behavior, and attempt to change the behavior of individual people in relation to that issue....
. Some Green candidates in the elections reject classification as "left" or "right". Economic opinions of the members range between left and right. However, on average members of party place their party between the Left Alliance
Left Alliance
The Left Alliance is the name of a number of left wing political parties around the world.These include:* Democratic Left Alliance in Poland* Left Alliance * Leeds Left Alliance, now part of the Alliance for Green Socialism...
and Social Democrats.
In the party program, the Green League has criticized both the market economy
Market economy
A market economy is an economy in which the prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system. This is often contrasted with a state-directed or planned economy. Market economies can range from hypothetically pure laissez-faire variants to an assortment of real-world mixed...
and socialism
Socialism
Socialism is an economic system characterized by social ownership of the means of production and cooperative management of the economy; or a political philosophy advocating such a system. "Social ownership" may refer to any one of, or a combination of, the following: cooperative enterprises,...
. In the chamber of the Parliament and assembly rooms of local councils the Greens are standing between the Centre Party
Centre Party (Finland)
The Centre Party is a centrist and Nordic agrarian political party in Finland. It is one of the four largest political parties in the country, along with the Social Democratic Party , the National Coalition Party and the True Finns , and currently has 35 seats in the Finnish Parliament...
and the Social Democrats
Social Democratic Party of Finland
The Social Democratic Party of Finland is one of the three major political parties in Finland, along with the Centre Party and the National Coalition Party. Jutta Urpilainen is the current SDP leader. The party has been in the Finnish government cabinet for long periods and has set many...
.
The party’s latest policy platform on immigration has called for immigrants to study Finland’s official languages, Finnish or Swedish, or lose social welfare benefits. Green Party chair and Labour Minister Anni Sinnemäki
Anni Sinnemäki
Anni Milja Maaria Sinnemäki is a Finnish politician and a member of the Finnish Parliament, representing the Green League. She was first elected to the parliament in 1999 and acted as the Minister for Labour from 2009 to 2011...
states it is an immigrant’s duty to learn the language of their new home country.
Parliament elections
| Year | MPs | Votes | Share of votes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1983 | 2 | 43 754 | 1,47% |
| 1987 | 4 | 115 988 | 4,03% |
| 1991 | 10 | 185 894 | 6,82% |
| 1995 | 9 | 181 198 | 6,52% |
| 1999 | 11 | 194 846 | 7,27% |
| 2003 | 14 | 223 846 | 8,01% |
| 2007 | 15 | 234 429 | 8,46% |
| 2011 | 10 | 213 172 | 7,25% |
Local council elections
| Year | Councillors | Votes | Share of votes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | 101 | 76 441 | 2,8% |
| 1988 | 94 | 61 581 | 2,34% |
| 1992 | 343 | 184 787 | 6,9% |
| 1996 | 292 | 149 334 | 6,3% |
| 2000 | 338 | 171 707 | 7,7% |
| 2004 | 313 | 175 933 | 7,4% |
| 2008 | 370 | 228 277 | 8,9% |
European parliament elections
| Year | MEPs | Votes | Share of votes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | 1 | 170 670 | 7,6% |
| 1999 | 2 | 166 786 | 13,4% |
| 2004 | 1 | 172 844 | 10,4% |
| 2009 | 2 | 206 439 | 12,4% |
Presidential elections
Parliamentarian and then former MEPMember of the European Parliament
A Member of the European Parliament is a person who has been elected to the European Parliament. The name of MEPs differ in different languages, with terms such as europarliamentarian or eurodeputy being common in Romance language-speaking areas.When the European Parliament was first established,...
Heidi Hautala
Heidi Hautala
-External links:* * *...
was a candidate in the presidential elections in 2000 and 2006, taking approximately a 3,5% share of votes in the first round. Pekka Haavisto
Pekka Haavisto
Pekka Haavisto is a Finnish politician representing the Green League. He was re-elected to the Finnish Parliament in the Finnish parliamentary election of March 2007 after an absence of 12 years. He is also a member of the Helsinki City Council.Haavisto was a member of the Parliament of Finland...
will be the candidate in the 2012 election
Finnish presidential election, 2012
The next election of the President of the Republic of Finland is scheduled to be held on 22 January 2012, and if necessary the second round will be held on 5 February. The second round will be held if no candidate receives a majority of votes on the first round. The elected candidate's term will...
.
List of party chairs
- Kalle KönkköläKalle KönkköläKalle Könkkölä is a Finnish politician and the first chairperson of the Green League. He was a member the Finnish Parliament in 1983-1987.Könkkölä has been physically disabled since birth...
(1987) - Heidi HautalaHeidi Hautala-External links:* * *...
(1987–1991) - Pekka SauriPekka SauriPekka Markus Sauri is a Finnish psychologist and a Green League politician. He is currently the deputy mayor of Finland's capital city, Helsinki...
(1991–1993) - Pekka HaavistoPekka HaavistoPekka Haavisto is a Finnish politician representing the Green League. He was re-elected to the Finnish Parliament in the Finnish parliamentary election of March 2007 after an absence of 12 years. He is also a member of the Helsinki City Council.Haavisto was a member of the Parliament of Finland...
(1993–1995) - Tuija BraxTuija BraxTuija Kaarina Brax is a Finnish politician and former Minister of Justice. She is a Member of Finnish Parliament, representing the Green League. She was first elected to the Parliament in 1995...
(1995–1997) - Satu HassiSatu HassiSatu Maijastiina Hassi is a Finnish politician, and Member of the European Parliament for the Green League. She served as the Minister of Environment and Development Co-Operation in Paavo Lipponen's second cabinet between 15 April 1999 and 31 May 2002; in accordance with her party's position on...
(1997–2001) - Osmo SoininvaaraOsmo SoininvaaraOsmo Heikki Kristian Soininvaara is a Finnish politician and writer. He served as Minister of Health on Social Services in Lipponen's second cabinet between 14 April 2000 and 19 April 2002. He was the leader of the Finnish Green League party from 2001 to 2005...
(2001–2005) - Tarja CronbergTarja CronbergTarja Cronberg is a Finnish politician and former Minister of Labour. She was also a Member of the Finnish Parliament , representing the Green League...
(2005–2009) - Anni SinnemäkiAnni SinnemäkiAnni Milja Maaria Sinnemäki is a Finnish politician and a member of the Finnish Parliament, representing the Green League. She was first elected to the parliament in 1999 and acted as the Minister for Labour from 2009 to 2011...
(2009–2011) - Ville NiinistöVille NiinistöVille Matti Niinistö is a Finnish politician. He is a member of the parliament, current chairperson of the Green League, incumbent Minister of the Environment and a member of the city council of Turku. Niinistö has a master's degree in political science from the University of Turku...
(2011-)
Current members of parliament
The following 10 Green politicians were elected to the Finnish Parliament in the April 2011 parliamentary electionFinnish parliamentary election, 2011
An election to the Eduskunta was held on 17 April 2011 after the termination of the previous parliamentary term. Advance voting, which included voting by Finnish expatriates, was held between 6 and 12 April with a turnout of 31.2%....
.
|
|
Current members of the European parliament
Since 2009 the Green league is represented with 2 MEPs in the European parliamentEuropean Parliament
The European Parliament is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union . Together with the Council of the European Union and the Commission, it exercises the legislative function of the EU and it has been described as one of the most powerful legislatures in the world...
:
- Satu HassiSatu HassiSatu Maijastiina Hassi is a Finnish politician, and Member of the European Parliament for the Green League. She served as the Minister of Environment and Development Co-Operation in Paavo Lipponen's second cabinet between 15 April 1999 and 31 May 2002; in accordance with her party's position on...
- Tarja CronbergTarja CronbergTarja Cronberg is a Finnish politician and former Minister of Labour. She was also a Member of the Finnish Parliament , representing the Green League...
(replacing Heidi HautalaHeidi Hautala-External links:* * *...
in 2011)
See also
- Green party
- Green politicsGreen politicsGreen politics is a political ideology that aims for the creation of an ecologically sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, social liberalism, and grassroots democracy...
- List of environmental organizations
- Pentti LinkolaPentti LinkolaKaarlo Pentti Linkola is a radical Finnish deep ecologist, polemicist, and fisherman. He has written widely about his ideas and is a prominent thinker in Finland, but, at the same time, is also an extremely controversial figure. He lives a simple and austere life. Linkola was occupitional...