Filipino mestizo
Encyclopedia
Filipino mestizo is a term used in the Philippines
to describe people of mixed Filipino
and foreign ancestry. The word mestizo
is of Spanish
origin, and was originally used in the Americas
to only describe people of mixed European and Native American
ancestry.
The Spanish
expedition in 1565, prompted a period of Spanish colonization over the Philippines which lasted for 333 years. The Roman Catholic Church played an important role in allowing Spanish settlements in the Philippines. The Spanish government and religious missionaries were quick to learn native Filipino languages and Roman Catholic rituals were interpreted in accordance with Filipino beliefs and values. As a result, a folk Roman Catholicism developed in the Philippines. A small number of White or Caucasian
settlers from Spain and Mexico immigrated and their offspring (of either Spanish
, or Spanish and Filipino) may have adopted the culture of their parents and grandparents, however only 3.6% of the population has White ancestries from Spanish and American colonization. Most Filipinos of Spanish descent in the Philippines are of mixed ancestries or are of pure European ancestry. Some individuals still speak Spanish in the country, in addition, Chavacano (a creole language
based largely on the Spanish vocabulary) is widely spoken in the Southern Philippines, including the Zamboanga Peninsula
and its neighbouring regions.
Chinese immigration
There has been an interaction with and presence of people from what is today China
, the arrival of the Spaniards to the Philippines attracted Yellow people or other oriental races such as the Chinese, during the colonial period. The Spaniards restricted the activities of the Chinese and confined them to the Parián which was located near Intramuros. Most of the Chinese residents earned their livelihood as traders serving the Spanish colonial authorities.
Many of the Chinese who arrived during the Spanish period were Cantonese, who worked as labourers, but there were also Fujianese, who entered the retail trade. The Chinese resident in the islands were encouraged to intermarry with Filipinos, convert to Roman Catholicism and adopt Hispanic names, surnames and customs.
During the United States
colonial period, the Chinese Exclusion Act of the United States was also applied to the Philippines.
After World War II and the rise of communism in China, many of the Chinese refugees settled in the Philippines. This group formed the bulk of the current population of Chinese Filipinos. After the Philippines regained its independence in 1946, those Chinese became naturalized Filipino citizens, the children of these new citizens were born and raised in the Philippines and had Filipino citizenship from birth.
during the Spanish colonial period from the 16th to the 19th century. A caste
system, like that used in the Americas
(Spanish America
), existed in the Philippines, with some major differences.
The indigenous peoples of the Philippines
were referred to as Indios and Negrito
s.
2. http://www.analitica.com/Bitblio/emily_monroy/race_mixing.asp Monroy, Emily. (23 August 2002) Race Mixing and Westernization in Latin America and the Philippines. analitica.com. Caracas, Venezuela.
3. Gambe, Annabelle R. (2000) Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurship and Capitalist Development in Southeast Asia. Münster, Hamburg and Berlin: LIT Verlag.
4. http://www.public-conversations.org.za/_pdfs/anderson_12.pdf Anderson, Benedict. (1988) Cacique Democracy in the Philippines: Origins and Dreams.
5. Weightman, George H. (February 1960) The Philippine Chinese: A Cultural History of A Marginal Trading Company. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Dissertation Information Service.
6. Tettoni, Luca Invernizzi and Sosrowardoyo, Tara. (1997). Filipino Style. Periplus Editions Ltd. Hong Kong, China.
7. Tan, Hock Beng. (1994). Tropical Architecture and Interiors. Page One Publishing Pte Ltd. Singapore.
8. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/502rev.pdf (1999) Advisory Body Evaluation. UNESCO World Heritage Site.
9. http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/lens.pdf Medina, Elizabeth. (1999) Thru the Lens of Latin America: A Wide-Angle View of the Philippine Colonial Experience. Santiago, Chile.
10. http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_13_identidad.pdf (2006) The Colonial Imaginary. Photography in the Philippines during the Spanish Period 1860–1898. Casa Asia: Centro Cultural Conde Duque. Madrid, Spain.
11. http://www.fullbooks.com/History-of-the-Philippine-Islands-Vols-1-and1.html Blair, E. H. and Robertson, J.A. (editors). (1907) History of the Philippine Islands Vols. 1 and 2 by Dr. Antonio de Morga (Translated and Annotated in English). The Arthur H. Clark Company. Cleveland, Ohio.
12. http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=SdMMBza_e38C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Austin+Craig&hl=en#PPP1,M1 Craig, Austin. (2004). Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal, Philippine Patriot. Kessinger Publishing. Whitefish, Montana.
Philippines
The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
to describe people of mixed Filipino
Filipino people
The Filipino people or Filipinos are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the islands of the Philippines. There are about 92 million Filipinos in the Philippines, and about 11 million living outside the Philippines ....
and foreign ancestry. The word mestizo
Mestizo
Mestizo is a term traditionally used in Latin America, Philippines and Spain for people of mixed European and Native American heritage or descent...
is of Spanish
Spanish language
Spanish , also known as Castilian , is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central-northern Iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia during the...
origin, and was originally used in the Americas
Americas
The Americas, or America , are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World. In English, the plural form the Americas is often used to refer to the landmasses of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions, while the singular form America is primarily...
to only describe people of mixed European and Native American
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian inhabitants of North and South America, their descendants and other ethnic groups who are identified with those peoples. Indigenous peoples are known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, and in the United States as Native Americans...
ancestry.
History
Spanish periodThe Spanish
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
expedition in 1565, prompted a period of Spanish colonization over the Philippines which lasted for 333 years. The Roman Catholic Church played an important role in allowing Spanish settlements in the Philippines. The Spanish government and religious missionaries were quick to learn native Filipino languages and Roman Catholic rituals were interpreted in accordance with Filipino beliefs and values. As a result, a folk Roman Catholicism developed in the Philippines. A small number of White or Caucasian
Caucasian race
The term Caucasian race has been used to denote the general physical type of some or all of the populations of Europe, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Western Asia , Central Asia and South Asia...
settlers from Spain and Mexico immigrated and their offspring (of either Spanish
Spanish people
The Spanish are citizens of the Kingdom of Spain. Within Spain, there are also a number of vigorous nationalisms and regionalisms, reflecting the country's complex history....
, or Spanish and Filipino) may have adopted the culture of their parents and grandparents, however only 3.6% of the population has White ancestries from Spanish and American colonization. Most Filipinos of Spanish descent in the Philippines are of mixed ancestries or are of pure European ancestry. Some individuals still speak Spanish in the country, in addition, Chavacano (a creole language
Creole language
A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable natural language developed from the mixing of parent languages; creoles differ from pidgins in that they have been nativized by children as their primary language, making them have features of natural languages that are normally missing from...
based largely on the Spanish vocabulary) is widely spoken in the Southern Philippines, including the Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga Peninsula / Western Mindanao is a peninsula and an administrative region in the Philippines. Designated as Region IX, the region consists of three provinces, namely, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, and Zamboanga Sibugay, its component cities of Dipolog, Dapitan, Pagadian, and...
and its neighbouring regions.
Chinese immigration
There has been an interaction with and presence of people from what is today China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
, the arrival of the Spaniards to the Philippines attracted Yellow people or other oriental races such as the Chinese, during the colonial period. The Spaniards restricted the activities of the Chinese and confined them to the Parián which was located near Intramuros. Most of the Chinese residents earned their livelihood as traders serving the Spanish colonial authorities.
Many of the Chinese who arrived during the Spanish period were Cantonese, who worked as labourers, but there were also Fujianese, who entered the retail trade. The Chinese resident in the islands were encouraged to intermarry with Filipinos, convert to Roman Catholicism and adopt Hispanic names, surnames and customs.
During the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
colonial period, the Chinese Exclusion Act of the United States was also applied to the Philippines.
After World War II and the rise of communism in China, many of the Chinese refugees settled in the Philippines. This group formed the bulk of the current population of Chinese Filipinos. After the Philippines regained its independence in 1946, those Chinese became naturalized Filipino citizens, the children of these new citizens were born and raised in the Philippines and had Filipino citizenship from birth.
Colonial caste system
The history of racial mixture in the Philippines occurred on a smaller scale than other Spanish territoriesSpanish Empire
The Spanish Empire comprised territories and colonies administered directly by Spain in Europe, in America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. It originated during the Age of Exploration and was therefore one of the first global empires. At the time of Habsburgs, Spain reached the peak of its world power....
during the Spanish colonial period from the 16th to the 19th century. A caste
Caste
Caste is an elaborate and complex social system that combines elements of endogamy, occupation, culture, social class, tribal affiliation and political power. It should not be confused with race or social class, e.g. members of different castes in one society may belong to the same race, as in India...
system, like that used in the Americas
Americas
The Americas, or America , are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World. In English, the plural form the Americas is often used to refer to the landmasses of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions, while the singular form America is primarily...
(Spanish America
Hispanic America
Hispanic America or Spanish America is the region comprising the American countries inhabited by Spanish-speaking populations.These countries have significant commonalities with each other and with Spain, whose colonies they formerly were...
), existed in the Philippines, with some major differences.
The indigenous peoples of the Philippines
Indigenous peoples of the Philippines
The indigenous peoples of the Philippines consist of a large number of indigenous ethnic groups living in the country. They are the descendants of the original inhabitants of the Philippines who have managed to resist centuries of Spanish and United States colonization and in the process have...
were referred to as Indios and Negrito
Negrito
The Negrito are a class of several ethnic groups who inhabit isolated parts of Southeast Asia.Their current populations include 12 Andamanese peoples of the Andaman Islands, six Semang peoples of Malaysia, the Mani of Thailand, and the Aeta, Agta, Ati, and 30 other peoples of the Philippines....
s.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Negrito Negrito The Negrito are a class of several ethnic groups who inhabit isolated parts of Southeast Asia.Their current populations include 12 Andamanese peoples of the Andaman Islands, six Semang peoples of Malaysia, the Mani of Thailand, and the Aeta, Agta, Ati, and 30 other peoples of the Philippines.... |
person of pure Aeta Aeta The Aeta , Agta or Ayta are an indigenous people who live in scattered, isolated mountainous parts of Luzon, Philippines. They are considered to be Negritos, who are dark to very dark brown-skinned and tend to have features such as a small stature, small frame, curly to kinky afro-like textured... ancestry |
| Indio | person of pure Malay Malay race The concept of a Malay race was proposed by the German scientist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach , and classified as the brown race. Since Blumenbach, many anthropologists have rejected his theory of five races, citing the enormous complexity of classifying races... ancestry |
| Sangley Sangley Sangley , is an archaic term used in the Philippines to describe and classify a person of pure Chinese ancestry, while mestizo de sangley was used to refer to a person of mixed Chinese and indigenous ancestry Sangley (Sangleye, Sangley Mestizo, Mestisong Sangley, Mestizo de Sangley or Chinese... |
person of pure Chinese ancestry |
| Mestizo de Sangley | person of mixed Chinese and Malay ancestry |
| Mestizo de Español | person of mixed Spanish and Malay ancestry |
| Tornatrás | person of mixed Spanish, Malay and Chinese ancestry |
| Insulares | person of pure Spanish descent born in the Philippines |
| Américano | person of Criollo Criollo people The Criollo class ranked below that of the Iberian Peninsulares, the high-born permanent residence colonists born in Spain. But Criollos were higher status/rank than all other castes—people of mixed descent, Amerindians, and enslaved Africans... (either pure Spanish blood, or mostly), Castizo Castizo Castizo is a Spanish word with a general meaning of "pure" or "genuine". The feminine form is castiza. From this meaning it evolved other meanings, such as "typical of an area" and it was also used for one of the colonial Spanish race categories, the castas, that evolved in the seventeenth... (1/4 Amerindian, 3/4 Spanish) or Mestizo Mestizo Mestizo is a term traditionally used in Latin America, Philippines and Spain for people of mixed European and Native American heritage or descent... (1/2 Spanish, 1/2 Amerindian) descent born in Spanish America ("from the Americas") |
| Peninsulares | person of pure Spanish descent born in Spain ("from the Iberian peninsula") |
See also
- Demographics of the PhilippinesDemographics of the PhilippinesDemographics of the Philippines are records of human population in the country, including its population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population. According to the 2007 Census, the population of the Philippines was...
- Ethnic groups in the PhilippinesEthnic groups in the PhilippinesThe Philippine islands are inhabited by number of different ethnic groups. The majority of the population is composed of ethnolinguistic groups whose languages are Austronesian in origin. Many of these groups converted to Christianity, and adopted many foreign elements of culture...
- EurasianEurasian (mixed ancestry)The word Eurasian refers to people of mixed Asian and European ancestry. It was originally coined in 19th-century British India to refer to Anglo-Indians of mixed British and Indian descent....
- AmerasianAmerasianIn its original meaning, an Amerasian is a person born in Asia, to a U.S. military father and an Asian mother. The term has sometimes been used to describe a person in the United States of mixed Asian and non-Asian ancestry, regardless of the circumstances....
- Afro-Asian
- Indo people of Indonesia
- MultiracialMultiracialThe terms multiracial and mixed-race describe people whose ancestries come from multiple races. Unlike the term biracial, which often is only used to refer to having parents or grandparents of two different races, the term multiracial may encompass biracial people but can also include people with...
- Criollo peopleCriollo peopleThe Criollo class ranked below that of the Iberian Peninsulares, the high-born permanent residence colonists born in Spain. But Criollos were higher status/rank than all other castes—people of mixed descent, Amerindians, and enslaved Africans...
, MulattoMulattoMulatto denotes a person with one white parent and one black parent, or more broadly, a person of mixed black and white ancestry. Contemporary usage of the term varies greatly, and the broader sense of the term makes its application rather subjective, as not all people of mixed white and black...
, ZamboZamboZambo or Cafuzo are racial terms used in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires and occasionally today to identify individuals in the Americas who are of mixed African and Amerindian ancestry...
, in the Americas
Publications
1. http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/bitstream/1808/1129/1/CEAS.1964.n10.pdf Wickberg, Edgar. (March 1964) The Chinese Mestizo in Philippine History. The Journal Southeast Asian History, 5(1), 62–100. Lawrence, Kansas: The University of Kansas, CEAS.2. http://www.analitica.com/Bitblio/emily_monroy/race_mixing.asp Monroy, Emily. (23 August 2002) Race Mixing and Westernization in Latin America and the Philippines. analitica.com. Caracas, Venezuela.
3. Gambe, Annabelle R. (2000) Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurship and Capitalist Development in Southeast Asia. Münster, Hamburg and Berlin: LIT Verlag.
4. http://www.public-conversations.org.za/_pdfs/anderson_12.pdf Anderson, Benedict. (1988) Cacique Democracy in the Philippines: Origins and Dreams.
5. Weightman, George H. (February 1960) The Philippine Chinese: A Cultural History of A Marginal Trading Company. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Dissertation Information Service.
6. Tettoni, Luca Invernizzi and Sosrowardoyo, Tara. (1997). Filipino Style. Periplus Editions Ltd. Hong Kong, China.
7. Tan, Hock Beng. (1994). Tropical Architecture and Interiors. Page One Publishing Pte Ltd. Singapore.
8. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/502rev.pdf (1999) Advisory Body Evaluation. UNESCO World Heritage Site.
9. http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/lens.pdf Medina, Elizabeth. (1999) Thru the Lens of Latin America: A Wide-Angle View of the Philippine Colonial Experience. Santiago, Chile.
10. http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_13_identidad.pdf (2006) The Colonial Imaginary. Photography in the Philippines during the Spanish Period 1860–1898. Casa Asia: Centro Cultural Conde Duque. Madrid, Spain.
11. http://www.fullbooks.com/History-of-the-Philippine-Islands-Vols-1-and1.html Blair, E. H. and Robertson, J.A. (editors). (1907) History of the Philippine Islands Vols. 1 and 2 by Dr. Antonio de Morga (Translated and Annotated in English). The Arthur H. Clark Company. Cleveland, Ohio.
12. http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=SdMMBza_e38C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Austin+Craig&hl=en#PPP1,M1 Craig, Austin. (2004). Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal, Philippine Patriot. Kessinger Publishing. Whitefish, Montana.