Fernando Henrique Cardoso
Encyclopedia
Fernando Henrique Cardoso (feɾˈnɐ̃du ẽˈʁiki kaɾˈdozu; born June 18, 1931) – also known by his initials FHC – was the 34th President of the Federative Republic of Brazil
for two terms from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2002. He is an accomplished sociologist
, professor and politician. He was awarded in 2000 with the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation.
descent, through a Black great-great-grandmother and a Mulatto
great-grandmother. Cardoso described himself as "slightly Mulatto" and allegedly said he has "one foot in the kitchen" (a nod to 19th century Brazilian domestic slavery).
Born in Rio de Janeiro, he has lived in São Paulo most of his life. Cardoso is a widower (he was married to Ruth Vilaça Correia Leite Cardoso
until her death June 24, 2008) and has four children. Educated as a sociologist, he was a Professor of Political Science
and Sociology
at the Universidade de São Paulo. He was President of the International Sociological Association
(ISA), from 1982 to 1986. He is a member of the Institute for Advanced Study
(Princeton), an honorary foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
and has penned several books. He was also Associate Director of Studies in the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales
in Paris and then visiting professor at the Collège de France
and later at the Paris-Nanterre University. He later lectured at United States' universities including Stanford University
and the University of California, Berkeley
. He is fluent in four languages: Portuguese
, English, French and Spanish.
After his presidency, he was appointed to a five-year term (2003–2008) as professor-at-large at Brown University
's Watson Institute for International Studies
, where he is now on the board of overseers. Cardoso is a founding member of the University of Southern California Center on Public Diplomacy's Advisory Board. In February 2005, he gave the fourth annual Kissinger Lecture
on Foreign Policy and International Relations at the Library of Congress, Washington DC on "Dependency and Development in Latin America.
In 2005, Cardoso was selected by the British magazine Prospect
as being one of the world's top one hundred living intellectuals
.
from Universidade de São Paulo in 1952, his Master in Sociology
from Universidade de São Paulo and his PhD in Sociology
from Universidade de São Paulo. Cardoso has also received the Livre-Docência prize in 1963, the most important award given to an academic in Brazil, also from USP. In 1968, he received the title of Cathedratic Professor, holding the chair of Political Science at Universidade de São Paulo. In 1986 Cardoso was selected as a Fulbright Program 40th anniversary distinguished fellow and in that capacity was a visiting scholar and lectured at Columbia University
on democracy in Brazil. Cardoso currently gives speeches and classes abroad.
of the state of São Paulo
for the former MDB
, in 1982. In 1985, he ran unsuccessfully for Mayor of São Paulo against former President Jânio Quadros
. Ahead in the polls, he let himself be photographed in the mayor's chair before the elections. Some attribute his loss in the election to this episode.
Re-elected for the Senate in 1986 for the PMDB
, which substituted MDB after Brazilian re-democratization, he helped a group of parliamentarians of PMDB to abandon the party in order to create the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB). Until 1992, Cardoso served as Leader of the PSDB in the Senate. From October 1992 to May 1993, he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs under President Itamar Franco
(PMDB).
From May 1993 until April 1994, he was Minister of Finance and introduced the Plano Real
(Real Plan) to end hyperinflation. Buoyed by the success of the Plano Real, Cardoso decided to run for the Presidency and, backed by President Franco, won in the first round of elections, on October 3, 1994. Four years later, on October 4, 1998, after a Constitutional Amendment that allowed reelection, Cardoso won the Presidency again, with approximately 53% of the vote, while his closest challenger, Luíz Inácio Lula da Silva
(PT
), had about 32%.
Cardoso was succeeded in 2003 by Lula da Silva, who was running for President for the fourth time. Lula won in the runoff against the Cardoso-supported candidate José Serra
. Lula's election has since been interpreted as a result of Cardoso's growing unpopularity in his second term.
Cardoso, often nicknamed "FHC", was elected with the support of a heterodox alliance of his own Social Democratic Party, the PSDB, and two right-wing parties, the Liberal Front Party (PFL) and the Brazilian Labour Party
(PTB). Brazil's largest party, the centrist Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (PMDB), joined Cardoso's governing coalition after the election, as did the right-wing PPB
, the Brazilian Progressive Party, in 1996.
Party loyalty was weak, and deputies and senators belonging to the parties in the coalition did not always vote with the government. President Cardoso had difficulty, at times, gaining sufficient support for some of his legislative priorities, despite the fact that his coalition parties held an overwhelming majority of congressional seats.
In 2000, Cardoso demanded the disclosure of some classified military files concerning Operation Condor
, a network of South American military dictatorships that kidnapped and assassinated political opponents.
A feature of Cardoso's administration was the continuity of the privatization program, launched by his predecessor Fernando Collor de Mello
, of several government-owned enterprises such as Acesita
, Telebras
and Companhia Vale do Rio Doce
, thus starting the deepest process of denationalisation in Brazilian history. Economists still contend over its long-term effects; research shows that the companies sold by the government achieved better profitability as a result from their disengagement from the State.
The years 1995–2002 witnessed a rise of the total public debt from 30 to 55.5 percent of GDP. It has been argued that this was due to external factors outside the control of the administration at the time, such as the devalorisation of the Brazilian real and the growth of the share of the debt denominated in US dollars. However, the greatest achievement of Cardoso was his landmark lowering of inflation. The month before the Plano Real
started, June 1994, monthly inflation averaged 31.2 percent; it declined to monthly rates of between 1–3% in 1995, for a yearly total of 25.9 percent. It further dropped to 15.6 and 7.2 in 1996 and 1997, respectively.
As a result, major reforms planned by the Executive branch, such as changes in the tax system and in social security
, were only partially approved after really long and tiring discussions. On January 8, 1996, he issued the controversial Decree 1775
, which created a framework for the clear demarcation of indigenous reservations, which as part of the process opened indigenous territories to counter-claims by adjacent landowners.
Using his previous experience as Minister of Foreign Affairs and his prestige as an internationally famous sociologist, FHC was greatly respected on the world scene, building friendships with such leaders as Bill Clinton
and Ernesto Zedillo
. Although he was respected abroad, in Brazil FHC had problems explaining his government priorities to Congress and people in general. Although claiming to be a leftist and supporter of social-democracy, FHC took some decisions in economy that led people to believe he became a neoliberal
.
He also experienced personal problems with former ally Itamar Franco
, his predecessor that later became Governor of Minas Gerais
. FHC was also criticized for transforming the Constitution to his own benefit – creating reelection and allowing him to stay eight years in office. Most people think that his popularity in his first four years was gained with the continuation of Plano Real, but decreased in his last four years after different crisis in politics and in the energy department. He also publicly admitted that he could have done more for public security
and for the creation of new jobs.
After stepping down from office, FHC has been giving lectures at Brown University
, about Brazilian economic policy, urban development, and deforestation http://www.watsoninstitute.org/pubs_news/cardoso_lecture.pdf. Also, he dedicates his time to a personal institute created by him in São Paulo
, based on the model of bodies created by former Presidents of the United States. He has written two books about his experience as President of Brazil, and has given many interviews. In 2006, he helped the campaign of the PSDB candidate for the Presidency, Geraldo Alckmin
, and has said many times that he does not wish to run for office again. In 2007, he became a member of the editorial board of the Latin American policy publication Americas Quarterly
, for which he is a regular contributor.
He has also taught as a guest lecturer at Sciences Po
in Paris.
After leaving the Brazilian presidency, Cardoso also joined the Club of Madrid
.
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
for two terms from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2002. He is an accomplished sociologist
Sociology
Sociology is the study of society. It is a social science—a term with which it is sometimes synonymous—which uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about human social activity...
, professor and politician. He was awarded in 2000 with the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation.
Personal and professional life
Cardoso descends from wealthy Portuguese immigrants. Some of his ancestors were politicians during the Empire of Brazil. He is also of Black AfricanAfro-Brazilian
In Brazil, the term "preto" is one of the five categories used by the Brazilian Census, along with "branco" , "pardo" , "amarelo" and "indígena"...
descent, through a Black great-great-grandmother and a Mulatto
Mulatto
Mulatto denotes a person with one white parent and one black parent, or more broadly, a person of mixed black and white ancestry. Contemporary usage of the term varies greatly, and the broader sense of the term makes its application rather subjective, as not all people of mixed white and black...
great-grandmother. Cardoso described himself as "slightly Mulatto" and allegedly said he has "one foot in the kitchen" (a nod to 19th century Brazilian domestic slavery).
Born in Rio de Janeiro, he has lived in São Paulo most of his life. Cardoso is a widower (he was married to Ruth Vilaça Correia Leite Cardoso
Ruth Cardoso
Ruth Vilaça Correia Leite Cardoso was a Brazilian anthropologist and a former member of the Faculty of Philosophy, Letters and Human Sciences at the University of Sao Paulo . She was the wife of 34th President of Brazil, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, and First Lady of her country between January 1,...
until her death June 24, 2008) and has four children. Educated as a sociologist, he was a Professor of Political Science
Political science
Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, government and politics. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems and political behavior...
and Sociology
Sociology
Sociology is the study of society. It is a social science—a term with which it is sometimes synonymous—which uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about human social activity...
at the Universidade de São Paulo. He was President of the International Sociological Association
International Sociological Association
International Sociological Association is a non-profit organization dedicated to scientific purposes in the field of sociology and social sciences...
(ISA), from 1982 to 1986. He is a member of the Institute for Advanced Study
Institute for Advanced Study
The Institute for Advanced Study, located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States, is an independent postgraduate center for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry. It was founded in 1930 by Abraham Flexner...
(Princeton), an honorary foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is an independent policy research center that conducts multidisciplinary studies of complex and emerging problems. The Academy’s elected members are leaders in the academic disciplines, the arts, business, and public affairs.James Bowdoin, John Adams, and...
and has penned several books. He was also Associate Director of Studies in the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales
École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales
The École des hautes études en sciences sociales is a leading French institution for research and higher education, a Grand Établissement. Its mission is research and research training in the social sciences, including the relationship these latter maintain with the natural and life sciences...
in Paris and then visiting professor at the Collège de France
Collège de France
The Collège de France is a higher education and research establishment located in Paris, France, in the 5th arrondissement, or Latin Quarter, across the street from the historical campus of La Sorbonne at the intersection of Rue Saint-Jacques and Rue des Écoles...
and later at the Paris-Nanterre University. He later lectured at United States' universities including Stanford University
Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university on an campus located near Palo Alto, California. It is situated in the northwestern Santa Clara Valley on the San Francisco Peninsula, approximately northwest of San...
and the University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley , is a teaching and research university established in 1868 and located in Berkeley, California, USA...
. He is fluent in four languages: Portuguese
Portuguese language
Portuguese is a Romance language that arose in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, nowadays Galicia and Northern Portugal. The southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia became independent as the County of Portugal in 1095...
, English, French and Spanish.
After his presidency, he was appointed to a five-year term (2003–2008) as professor-at-large at Brown University
Brown University
Brown University is a private, Ivy League university located in Providence, Rhode Island, United States. Founded in 1764 prior to American independence from the British Empire as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations early in the reign of King George III ,...
's Watson Institute for International Studies
Watson Institute for International Studies
The Watson Institute for International Studies is a center for the analysis of international issues at Brown University, focusing mainly on global security and political economy and society. Its faculty span a wide range of disciplines, including, anthropology, economics, political science, and...
, where he is now on the board of overseers. Cardoso is a founding member of the University of Southern California Center on Public Diplomacy's Advisory Board. In February 2005, he gave the fourth annual Kissinger Lecture
Kissinger Lecture
The Kissinger Lecture on Foreign Policy and International Relations is an annual lecture given by an invited speaker at the Library of Congress, Washington D.C...
on Foreign Policy and International Relations at the Library of Congress, Washington DC on "Dependency and Development in Latin America.
In 2005, Cardoso was selected by the British magazine Prospect
Prospect (magazine)
Prospect is a monthly British general interest magazine, specialising in politics and current affairs. Frequent topics include British, European, and US politics, social issues, art, literature, cinema, science, the media, history, philosophy, and psychology...
as being one of the world's top one hundred living intellectuals
The 2005 Global Intellectuals Poll
The Top 100 Public Intellectuals Poll was conducted in November 2005 and June 2008 by Prospect Magazine and Foreign Policy on the basis of responding readers' ballot...
.
Education
Cardoso is a well-known professor and intellectual. He earned his Bachelor in Social SciencesSocial sciences
Social science is the field of study concerned with society. "Social science" is commonly used as an umbrella term to refer to a plurality of fields outside of the natural sciences usually exclusive of the administrative or managerial sciences...
from Universidade de São Paulo in 1952, his Master in Sociology
Sociology
Sociology is the study of society. It is a social science—a term with which it is sometimes synonymous—which uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about human social activity...
from Universidade de São Paulo and his PhD in Sociology
Sociology
Sociology is the study of society. It is a social science—a term with which it is sometimes synonymous—which uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about human social activity...
from Universidade de São Paulo. Cardoso has also received the Livre-Docência prize in 1963, the most important award given to an academic in Brazil, also from USP. In 1968, he received the title of Cathedratic Professor, holding the chair of Political Science at Universidade de São Paulo. In 1986 Cardoso was selected as a Fulbright Program 40th anniversary distinguished fellow and in that capacity was a visiting scholar and lectured at Columbia University
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York is a private, Ivy League university in Manhattan, New York City. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the...
on democracy in Brazil. Cardoso currently gives speeches and classes abroad.
Elections
In the beginning of his political life, Fernando Henrique was elected SenatorSenate of Brazil
The Federal Senate of Brazil is the upper house of the National Congress of Brazil. Created by the first Constitution of the Brazilian Empire in 1824, it was inspired by the United Kingdom's House of Lords, but with the Proclamation of the Republic in 1889 it became closer to the United States...
of the state of São Paulo
São Paulo (state)
São Paulo is a state in Brazil. It is the major industrial and economic powerhouse of the Brazilian economy. Named after Saint Paul, São Paulo has the largest population, industrial complex, and economic production in the country. It is the richest state in Brazil...
for the former MDB
Brazilian Democratic Movement
The Brazilian Democratic Movement was a political party in Brazil that existed from 1965 to 1979. It was formed in 1965, when the military government that overthrew President João Goulart abolished all existing political parties...
, in 1982. In 1985, he ran unsuccessfully for Mayor of São Paulo against former President Jânio Quadros
Jânio Quadros
Jânio da Silva Quadros , , was a Brazilian politician who served as President of Brazil for only 7 months in 1961.-Career:...
. Ahead in the polls, he let himself be photographed in the mayor's chair before the elections. Some attribute his loss in the election to this episode.
Re-elected for the Senate in 1986 for the PMDB
Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement
The Brazilian Democratic Movement Party is the successor of the Brazilian Democratic Movement. It is a big tent party, including a range of politicians from conservatives as José Sarney to liberals as Pedro Simon, left-liberals as Roberto Requião, populists as Íris Resende, nationalists as Orestes...
, which substituted MDB after Brazilian re-democratization, he helped a group of parliamentarians of PMDB to abandon the party in order to create the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB). Until 1992, Cardoso served as Leader of the PSDB in the Senate. From October 1992 to May 1993, he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs under President Itamar Franco
Itamar Franco
Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco was a Brazilian politician and the President of Brazil from December 29, 1992, to January 1, 1995. During his long political career, Franco was also a Senator, Mayor, Ambassador, Governor and Vice President...
(PMDB).
From May 1993 until April 1994, he was Minister of Finance and introduced the Plano Real
Plano Real
The Plano Real was a set of measures taken to stabilize the Brazilian economy in early 1994, under the direction of Fernando Henrique Cardoso as the Minister of Finance, during the presidency of Itamar Franco....
(Real Plan) to end hyperinflation. Buoyed by the success of the Plano Real, Cardoso decided to run for the Presidency and, backed by President Franco, won in the first round of elections, on October 3, 1994. Four years later, on October 4, 1998, after a Constitutional Amendment that allowed reelection, Cardoso won the Presidency again, with approximately 53% of the vote, while his closest challenger, Luíz Inácio Lula da Silva
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , known popularly as Lula, served as the 35th President of Brazil from 2003 to 2010.A founding member of the Workers' Party , he ran for President three times unsuccessfully, first in the 1989 election. Lula achieved victory in the 2002 election, and was inaugurated as...
(PT
Workers' Party (Brazil)
The Workers' Party is a democratic socialist political party in Brazil. Launched in 1980, it is recognized as one of the largest and most important left-wing movements of Latin America. It governs at the federal level in a coalition government with several other parties since January 1, 2003...
), had about 32%.
Cardoso was succeeded in 2003 by Lula da Silva, who was running for President for the fourth time. Lula won in the runoff against the Cardoso-supported candidate José Serra
José Serra
José Serra is a Brazilian politician, former secretary of state, congressman, senator, minister of Planning and Minister of Health, mayor of São Paulo and Governor of São Paulo state.-Background:...
. Lula's election has since been interpreted as a result of Cardoso's growing unpopularity in his second term.
Fernando Henrique Cardoso's Administration (1995–2003)
Brazilian Labour Party (current)
The Brazilian Labour Party is a center-right political party in Brazil founded in 1981 by Ivete Vargas, niece of President Getúlio Vargas. It claims the legacy of the historical PTB, although many historians reject this because the early version of PTB was a center-left party with wide support in...
(PTB). Brazil's largest party, the centrist Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (PMDB), joined Cardoso's governing coalition after the election, as did the right-wing PPB
Progressive Party (Brazil)
The Progressive party is a centre-right Brazilian political party embracing conservatism and elements of populism and liberalism....
, the Brazilian Progressive Party, in 1996.
Party loyalty was weak, and deputies and senators belonging to the parties in the coalition did not always vote with the government. President Cardoso had difficulty, at times, gaining sufficient support for some of his legislative priorities, despite the fact that his coalition parties held an overwhelming majority of congressional seats.
In 2000, Cardoso demanded the disclosure of some classified military files concerning Operation Condor
Operation Condor
Operation Condor , was a campaign of political repression involving assassination and intelligence operations officially implemented in 1975 by the right-wing dictatorships of the Southern Cone of South America...
, a network of South American military dictatorships that kidnapped and assassinated political opponents.
A feature of Cardoso's administration was the continuity of the privatization program, launched by his predecessor Fernando Collor de Mello
Fernando Collor de Mello
Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello was the 32nd president of Brazil from 1990 to 1992, when he resigned in a failed attempt to stop his trial of impeachment by the Brazilian Senate...
, of several government-owned enterprises such as Acesita
Acesita
Aperam, before known as ArcelorMittal Inox Brasil or, formerly known as Acesita, is a biggest Brazilian manufacturer of specialty steels. Headquartered in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, the company is a supplier of stainless, silicon and special carbon steels...
, Telebras
Telebrás
Telebrás was the Brazilian state-owned monopoly telephone system. It was broken up in July 1998 into twelve separate companies, nicknamed the 'Baby Bras' companies, that were auctioned to private bidders...
and Companhia Vale do Rio Doce
Companhia Vale do Rio Doce
Vale S.A. Vale S.A. Vale S.A. (BM&F Bovespa: / , / , / , / , is an Brazilian diversified mining multinational corporation and one of the largest logistics operators in Brazil. In addition to being the second-largest mining company in the world, Vale is also the largest producer of iron ore,...
, thus starting the deepest process of denationalisation in Brazilian history. Economists still contend over its long-term effects; research shows that the companies sold by the government achieved better profitability as a result from their disengagement from the State.
The years 1995–2002 witnessed a rise of the total public debt from 30 to 55.5 percent of GDP. It has been argued that this was due to external factors outside the control of the administration at the time, such as the devalorisation of the Brazilian real and the growth of the share of the debt denominated in US dollars. However, the greatest achievement of Cardoso was his landmark lowering of inflation. The month before the Plano Real
Plano Real
The Plano Real was a set of measures taken to stabilize the Brazilian economy in early 1994, under the direction of Fernando Henrique Cardoso as the Minister of Finance, during the presidency of Itamar Franco....
started, June 1994, monthly inflation averaged 31.2 percent; it declined to monthly rates of between 1–3% in 1995, for a yearly total of 25.9 percent. It further dropped to 15.6 and 7.2 in 1996 and 1997, respectively.
As a result, major reforms planned by the Executive branch, such as changes in the tax system and in social security
Social security
Social security is primarily a social insurance program providing social protection or protection against socially recognized conditions, including poverty, old age, disability, unemployment and others. Social security may refer to:...
, were only partially approved after really long and tiring discussions. On January 8, 1996, he issued the controversial Decree 1775
Decree 1775
Decree 1775, or the Indian Decree, was signed into Brazilian law by President Fernando Henrique Cardoso on January 8, 1996. The decree set a timetable for demarcation of indigenous lands by FUNAI, the governmental department which deals with indigenous issues...
, which created a framework for the clear demarcation of indigenous reservations, which as part of the process opened indigenous territories to counter-claims by adjacent landowners.
Using his previous experience as Minister of Foreign Affairs and his prestige as an internationally famous sociologist, FHC was greatly respected on the world scene, building friendships with such leaders as Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Inaugurated at age 46, he was the third-youngest president. He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first president of the baby boomer generation...
and Ernesto Zedillo
Ernesto Zedillo
Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León is a Mexican economist and politician. He served as President of Mexico from December 1, 1994 to November 30, 2000, as the last of the uninterrupted seventy year line of Mexican presidents from the Institutional Revolutionary Party...
. Although he was respected abroad, in Brazil FHC had problems explaining his government priorities to Congress and people in general. Although claiming to be a leftist and supporter of social-democracy, FHC took some decisions in economy that led people to believe he became a neoliberal
Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism is a market-driven approach to economic and social policy based on neoclassical theories of economics that emphasizes the efficiency of private enterprise, liberalized trade and relatively open markets, and therefore seeks to maximize the role of the private sector in determining the...
.
He also experienced personal problems with former ally Itamar Franco
Itamar Franco
Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco was a Brazilian politician and the President of Brazil from December 29, 1992, to January 1, 1995. During his long political career, Franco was also a Senator, Mayor, Ambassador, Governor and Vice President...
, his predecessor that later became Governor of Minas Gerais
Minas Gerais
Minas Gerais is one of the 26 states of Brazil, of which it is the second most populous, the third richest, and the fourth largest in area. Minas Gerais is the Brazilian state with the largest number of Presidents of Brazil, the current one, Dilma Rousseff, being one of them. The capital is the...
. FHC was also criticized for transforming the Constitution to his own benefit – creating reelection and allowing him to stay eight years in office. Most people think that his popularity in his first four years was gained with the continuation of Plano Real, but decreased in his last four years after different crisis in politics and in the energy department. He also publicly admitted that he could have done more for public security
Public security
To meet the increasing challenges in the public security area, responsible public institutions and organisations can tap into their own intelligence to successfully address possible threats in advance...
and for the creation of new jobs.
After Presidency
Brown University
Brown University is a private, Ivy League university located in Providence, Rhode Island, United States. Founded in 1764 prior to American independence from the British Empire as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations early in the reign of King George III ,...
, about Brazilian economic policy, urban development, and deforestation http://www.watsoninstitute.org/pubs_news/cardoso_lecture.pdf. Also, he dedicates his time to a personal institute created by him in São Paulo
São Paulo
São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and South America, and the world's seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among...
, based on the model of bodies created by former Presidents of the United States. He has written two books about his experience as President of Brazil, and has given many interviews. In 2006, he helped the campaign of the PSDB candidate for the Presidency, Geraldo Alckmin
Geraldo Alckmin
Geraldo José Rodrigues Alckmin Filho , known as Geraldo Alckmin is a Brazilian politician, who has been elected as the new governor of São Paulo, doing it for the second time, and former candidate for president of Brazil in the 2006 Elections...
, and has said many times that he does not wish to run for office again. In 2007, he became a member of the editorial board of the Latin American policy publication Americas Quarterly
Americas Quarterly
Americas Quarterly, The Policy Journal for Our Hemisphere, is a magazine dedicated to policy analysis and debate of economics, finance, social development, and politics in the Western Hemisphere.Launched in 2007, AQ reaches over 17,000 readers...
, for which he is a regular contributor.
He has also taught as a guest lecturer at Sciences Po
Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris
The Institut d'études politiques de Paris , simply referred to as Sciences Po , is a public research and higher education institution in Paris, France, specialised in the social sciences. It has the status of grand établissement, which allows its admissions process to be highly selective...
in Paris.
After leaving the Brazilian presidency, Cardoso also joined the Club of Madrid
Club of Madrid
The Club de Madrid is an independent non-profit organization created to promote democracy and change in the international community. Composed of 80 former Presidents and Prime Ministers from 56 countries, the Club de Madrid is the world’s largest forum of former Heads of State and Government.Among...
.
Awards
- Order of the BathOrder of the BathThe Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. The name derives from the elaborate mediæval ceremony for creating a knight, which involved bathing as one of its elements. The knights so created were known as Knights of the Bath...
, United Kingdom - Order of Infante D. Henrique, Portugal
- Order of LibertyOrder of LibertyThe Order of Liberty, or Freedom, is a Portuguese honorific civil order that distinguishes relevant services to the cause of democracy and freedom, in the defense of the values of civilization and human dignification...
, Portugal - Order of the ElephantOrder of the ElephantThe Order of the Elephant is the highest order of Denmark. It has origins in the 15th century, but has officially existed since 1693, and since the establishment of constitutional monarchy in 1849, is now almost exclusively bestowed on royalty and heads of state.- History :A Danish religious...
, Denmark - Order of the Star of RomaniaOrder of the Star of RomaniaThe Order of the Star of Romania is Romania's highest civil order. It is awarded by the President of Romania...
, Romania - 1978 Honorary Doctor of Laws, Rutgers UniversityRutgers UniversityRutgers, The State University of New Jersey , is the largest institution for higher education in New Jersey, United States. It was originally chartered as Queen's College in 1766. It is the eighth-oldest college in the United States and one of the nine Colonial colleges founded before the American...
Selected works
- Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (2006) The Accidental President of Brazil, PublicAffairs, ISBN 1-58648-324-2
- Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (2001) Charting a New Course: The Politics of Globalization and Social Transformation, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-0893-5
- Goertzel, Ted G. (1999) Fernando Henrique Cardoso: Reinventing Democracy in Brazil, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.