Evf-2
Encyclopedia
Evf-1 is a developmentally-regulated long non-coding RNA. In rats
, it is expressed in neurons in the subventricular zone of the developing forebrain. Its expression is linked to that of the Shh
(sonic hedgehog) and Dlx
families of genes
, which are important in ventral forebrain and craniofacial
development. An alternatively spliced form of Evf-1, Evf-2, forms a stable complex with the Dlx-2 protein. This complex activates transcription of Dlx-5 and Dlx-6.
Evf-2 regulates gene expression
in a region of the brain which produces GABAergic interneurons during development. It is involved in the signaling pathway and works in conjunction with DLX homeodomain proteins to increase the effectiveness of the Dlx5/6
enhancer element within neural stem cell
s. The interneurons are found in the hippocampus
of the adult brain, an area responsible for learning
and memory
.
GABAergic interneurons have been implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders including autism
, schizophrenia
and epilepsy
; as Evf-2 controls the development of these neurones, it has been subject to studies regarding the causation of these disorders.
Evf-2 is the first known long non-coding RNA to be involved in organogenesis
.
RATS
RATS may refer to:* RATS , Regression Analysis of Time Series, a statistical package* Rough Auditing Tool for Security, a computer program...
, it is expressed in neurons in the subventricular zone of the developing forebrain. Its expression is linked to that of the Shh
SHH
SHH can refer to:* Summer Heights High, an Australian TV series* Sonic hedgehog, an important protein during vertebrate organogenesis* Students Helping Honduras, an international non-governmental organization operating in the U.S. and Honduras...
(sonic hedgehog) and Dlx
DLX
The DLX is a RISC processor architecture designed by John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson, the principal designers of the MIPS and the Berkeley RISC designs , the two benchmark examples of RISC design. The DLX is essentially a cleaned up and simplified MIPS, with a simple 32-bit load/store...
families of genes
Gênes
Gênes is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Italy, named after the city of Genoa. It was formed in 1805, when Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the Republic of Genoa. Its capital was Genoa, and it was divided in the arrondissements of Genoa, Bobbio, Novi Ligure, Tortona and...
, which are important in ventral forebrain and craniofacial
Craniofacial
Craniofacial may be used to describe certain congenital malformations, injuries, surgeons who subspecialize in this area, multi-disciplinary medical-surgical teams that treat and do research on disorders affecting this region, and organizations with interest in...
development. An alternatively spliced form of Evf-1, Evf-2, forms a stable complex with the Dlx-2 protein. This complex activates transcription of Dlx-5 and Dlx-6.
Evf-2 regulates gene expression
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA , transfer RNA or small nuclear RNA genes, the product is a functional RNA...
in a region of the brain which produces GABAergic interneurons during development. It is involved in the signaling pathway and works in conjunction with DLX homeodomain proteins to increase the effectiveness of the Dlx5/6
DLX
The DLX is a RISC processor architecture designed by John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson, the principal designers of the MIPS and the Berkeley RISC designs , the two benchmark examples of RISC design. The DLX is essentially a cleaned up and simplified MIPS, with a simple 32-bit load/store...
enhancer element within neural stem cell
Stem cell
This article is about the cell type. For the medical therapy, see Stem Cell TreatmentsStem cells are biological cells found in all multicellular organisms, that can divide and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells...
s. The interneurons are found in the hippocampus
Hippocampus
The hippocampus is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in...
of the adult brain, an area responsible for learning
Learning
Learning is acquiring new or modifying existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of information. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals and some machines. Progress over time tends to follow learning curves.Human learning...
and memory
Memory
In psychology, memory is an organism's ability to store, retain, and recall information and experiences. Traditional studies of memory began in the fields of philosophy, including techniques of artificially enhancing memory....
.
GABAergic interneurons have been implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders including autism
Autism
Autism is a disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. These signs all begin before a child is three years old. Autism affects information processing in the brain by altering how nerve cells and their...
, schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness. It most commonly manifests itself as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking, and it is accompanied by significant social...
and epilepsy
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder characterized by seizures. These seizures are transient signs and/or symptoms of abnormal, excessive or hypersynchronous neuronal activity in the brain.About 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy, and nearly two out of every three new cases...
; as Evf-2 controls the development of these neurones, it has been subject to studies regarding the causation of these disorders.
Evf-2 is the first known long non-coding RNA to be involved in organogenesis
Organogenesis
In animal development, organogenesis is the process by which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. Internal organs initiate development in humans within the 3rd to 8th weeks in utero...
.
See also
- Long noncoding RNALong noncoding RNALong non-coding RNAs are generally considered as non-protein coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides. This limit is due to practical considerations including the separation of RNAs in common experimental protocols...
- Dlx (gene)Dlx (gene)Dlx is a family of homeodomain transcription factors which are related to the Drosophila distal-less gene .The family has been related to a number of developmental features.The family seems to be well preserved across species....
- Gamma-Aminobutyric acidGamma-aminobutyric acidγ-Aminobutyric acid is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It plays a role in regulating neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system...
- Chemoaffinity hypothesisChemoaffinity hypothesisThe Chemoaffinity hypothesis states that neurons make connections with their targets based on interactions with specific molecular markers and, therefore, that the initial wiring diagram of an organism is determined by its genotype...