Edgar Manas
Encyclopedia
Edgar Manas was an Armenian
Armenians
Armenian people or Armenians are a nation and ethnic group native to the Armenian Highland.The largest concentration is in Armenia having a nearly-homogeneous population with 97.9% or 3,145,354 being ethnic Armenian....

 composer, conductor and educator.

Family

Edgar's father, Alexandre Manas, was the chief translator for the Ottoman Public Debt Administration. The family lineage may be traced back to Caesarea [now Kayseri
Kayseri
Kayseri is a large and industrialized city in Central Anatolia, Turkey. It is the seat of Kayseri Province. The city of Kayseri, as defined by the boundaries of Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality, is structurally composed of five metropolitan districts, the two core districts of Kocasinan and...

], where it originated in the mid-sixteenth century. Raphael Manas (c.1710 - 1790), an official painter of the Ottoman Sultanate, was arguably the most outstanding figure of the Manas dynasty: he made the portraits of Mahmud I
Mahmud I
Mahmud I , called the Hunchback was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1754.-Biography:...

, Osman III
Osman III
Osman III or Othman IIIText not available was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1754 to 1757.-Biography:...

 and Mustafa III
Mustafa III
Mustafa III was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1757 to 1774. He was a son of Sultan Ahmed III and was succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid I . He was born in Edirne...

.

Early life

Edgar Manas was born on April 12, 1875 in Constantinople
Constantinople
Constantinople was the capital of the Roman, Eastern Roman, Byzantine, Latin, and Ottoman Empires. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city.-Names:...

 [now Istanbul
Istanbul
Istanbul , historically known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the largest city of Turkey. Istanbul metropolitan province had 13.26 million people living in it as of December, 2010, which is 18% of Turkey's population and the 3rd largest metropolitan area in Europe after London and...

]. Artistically gifted young Edgar was sent to Italy at the age of 13 to attend the Murat-Raphaelian Armenian School to study commerce. While in Venice
Venice
Venice is a city in northern Italy which is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. It is the capital of the Veneto region...

 he also took piano lessons with Professor Trivellini. Upon graduating in 1894, he returned to his native city. Yet, his impulse to continue his music studies took him back to Italy, where he settled in Padua
Padua
Padua is a city and comune in the Veneto, northern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Padua and the economic and communications hub of the area. Padua's population is 212,500 . The city is sometimes included, with Venice and Treviso, in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area, having...

 and worked with composer Luigi Bottazzo, focusing on harmony, counterpoint and fugue.

Professional career

Back in Constantinople, Manas pursued his music studies further. He concentrated primarily on composition by examining the classics and the works of contemporary French masters. He produced a series of piano composition in the idiom of Chopin, including “Minuet-Valse” which was published in 1905 by A. Comendinger of Constantinople. During the same year, Edgar Manas conducted the Gallia choral group in a concert at Salle de fêtes de l'Union française, a local auditorium, which earned him the order of Officier d’académie from the French government.

In 1912, Manas made the acquaintance of Komitas, the founder of modern Armenian music. Although their relationship was cordial, it was not particularly close, for Manas and Komitas lived in two different aesthetic worlds.

The same year, Leipzig-based Breitkopf & Härtel
Breitkopf & Härtel
Breitkopf & Härtel is the world's oldest music publishing house. The firm was founded in 1719 in Leipzig by Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf . The catalogue currently contains over 1000 composers, 8000 works and 15,000 music editions or books on music. The name "Härtel" was added when Gottfried...

 published two of Edgar Manas’s compositions – Suite for piano and String Quartet. It was followed by other European publishing houses, including Salabert, Senard and Hamelle. Manas’s music was performed often in Istanbul, and, on occasion, in European music capitals.

The String Quartet, mentioned above, was premiered in an all-Manas program on May 6, 1921 at Union française. Members of the quartet were violinists Ekrem Zeki Ün and Krikor Garabedian, violist Diran Israelian and cellist Kalayov. On this occasion, the composer performed his Piano Suite and accompanied soprano A. Khandjian in a number of songs. A few years later, the Quartet was performed in Leipzig with much success. Martin Friedland wrote the following in Neue Zeitschrift für Musik
Neue Zeitschrift für Musik
Die Neue Zeitschrift für Musik was a music magazine published in Leipzig, co-founded by Robert Schumann, his teacher and future father-in law Friedrich Wieck, and his close friend Ludwig Schuncke...

:


Dieses Quartett … entstammt klassizistisch-neuromantischer Gefühls- und Gedankensphäre. Es beginnt mit einer Fughetta, die sich auf rhythmisch-charaktervollem Thema aufbaut, und läßt ein prägnantes, gedrungenes Stakkatoscherzo mit einem kantablen Lento an Trio-stelle folgen. Ein kurzes, “Lied” benanntes, große melodische Bögen spannendes Adagio folgt als dritter Satz, und ein schwung- und temperamentvoll dahin-strömendes “Finale”, voll inneren Lebens, beschließt das knapp gehaltene Werk. Ohne harmonisch oder formell Neuland zu suchen, zeigt es die Hand eines mit der Eigenart des Quartettstiles wohlvertrauten Musikers, der vortreffliche thematische Arbeit leistet und an ehrlichem, jeglicher Affektation abholdem Bilden und Gestalten Genüge findet. Ein ebenso hörens- wie spielenswertes Stück.



(This Quartet… derives from a Classic/neo-Romantic sensibility and conception. It begins with a Fughetta that is based upon a theme of rhythmic character and followed by a succinct, sturdy, staccato Scherzo with a cantabile Lento as Trio. A short Adagio spanned by long melodic arcs, titled “Lied,” follows as the third movement; and a lively, vivacious, flowing Finale, full of inner life, brings this concise work to a close. Without exploring new harmonic or formal territory, it shows the hand of someone with the characteristic quartet style of familiar masters, who achieves excellent motivic work and finds pleasure in honest images and forms averse to any affectation. A piece as worthy of hearing as it is of playing.)


Manas was soon appointed to the directorship of the Քնար (Lyre) chorus, associated with Armenian Youth League of Constantinople. Between the years 1920 – 22, he became affiliated with the Արուեստասէր (Devotee of the Arts) music organization, conducting their annual presentations. During the final concert on January 20, 1922, the program included Manas's own composition, «Իմ մահը» (My Death), in addition to works from the standard repertoire.

Manas was engaged to teach music at the Esayan Armenian day school and was hired by Dârülelhanhttp://nedir.antoloji.com/darulelhan/ (the precursor of the Istanbul State Conservatory) in 1923 to conduct the orchestra and establish the first women’s choir in the newly founded Turkish Republic. Manas also taught harmony at the Bahariye Mektep Bandosu and Orkestrası (Bahariye School Band and Orchestra).
The vocal-symphonic ensemble of the conservatory presented its first concert at the historic Galatasaray High School on March 28, 1924. The program included excerpts from Saint-Saëns’s Samson et Dalila, Meyerbeer’s L'Africaine, Schumann
Robert Schumann
Robert Schumann, sometimes known as Robert Alexander Schumann, was a German composer, aesthete and influential music critic. He is regarded as one of the greatest and most representative composers of the Romantic era....

’s Nänie, as well as purely orchestral works by Gluck, Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt may refer to:* Schmitt, Germany, a municipality in the Eifel area of the Rhineland-Palatinate state in western Germany* Schmitt trigger, a type of comparator circuit in electronics* Schmitt Gillenwater Kelly syndrome, an autosomal dominant syndrome...

, Schumann and Mendelssohn
Mendelssohn
Mendelson is a Polish/German Jewish family name, meaning "son of Mendel", Mendel being a Yiddish diminutive of the Hebrew given name Menahem, meaning "consoling" or "one who consoles".Mendelssohn is the surname of a number of people:...

.

In 1923, Hamelle published a collection of songs by Manas, which were based on Armenian poetry but were presented in their French translation by Yetvart Kolandjian. In 1924, it was followed by the publication of his Sonata for violin and piano, premiered to critical acclaim on December 19, 1932 at the main auditorium of the Paris Conservatoire. Kevork Sinanian was the violinist and the composer was at the piano.

In February 1926, Salabert of Paris printed Manas’s piano work, Les îles des princes (Princes' Islands
Princes' Islands
The Princes' Islands , are a chain of nine islands off the coast of Istanbul, Turkey, in the Sea of Marmara. The islands also constitute the Adalar district of Istanbul Province...

). The composition consisted of four movements, each portraying one of the main islands of the archipelago in the Sea of Marmara
Sea of Marmara
The Sea of Marmara , also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea, and in the context of classical antiquity as the Propontis , is the inland sea that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, thus separating Turkey's Asian and European parts. The Bosphorus strait connects it to the Black...

. Manas soon made an orchestral version of the work.

Edgar Manas perhaps is best remembered for his work on İstiklal Marşı
Istiklâl Marsi
The İstiklâl Marşı is the National Anthem of Turkey and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, officially adopted on 12 March 1921 - two and a half years before the 29 October 1923 establishment of the Republic of Turkey, both as a motivational musical saga for the troops fighting in the Turkish War...

, the Turkish National Anthem. In 1932, he was commissioned by the Turkish Republic to harmonize and orchestrate the melody created by Zeki Üngör
Zeki Ungor
Osman Zeki Üngör was a Turkish composer, violin virtuoso and lyricist, who served as the first conductor of the Presidential Symphony Orchestra of the Republic of Turkey....

. In 1933, a choir of 160 members performed his Vatan Şarkısı (National Song) at the Tepebaşı Tiyatrosu in Istanbul. The following year, Manas arranged and published 5 Türk Halk Şarkısı (Five Turkish Folk Songs) and, in 1935, composed Danses populaires Turques (Turkish Folk Dances) for piano, published by Editions Maurice Senard in Paris.

Manas was appointed choirmaster of Գողթան երգչախումբ (The Choir of Goghtn
Goghtn
Goghtn , also known as Goghtan, was a region in size and location similar to the current Ordubad region of Nakhichevan. Goghtn was the 33rd region of Vaspurakan and remained part of it until 737 AD....

) of the Armenian patriarchal church in Istanbul, where he served for twenty years until 1957. His Rapsodie de l'orient was performed by Istanbul Municipal Orchestra under the baton of Cemal Reşit Rey
Cemal Resit Rey
Cemal Reşit Rey was a Turkish composer, pianist, script writer and conductor.He was born on October 25, 1904 in Jerusalem, and died on October 7, 1985 in Istanbul....

 in 1959.

Edgar Manas has composed a sizable body of sacred music. The most significant among them is perhaps the Armenian Divine Liturgy
Divine Liturgy
Divine Liturgy is the common term for the Eucharistic service of the Byzantine tradition of Christian liturgy. As such, it is used in the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches. Armenian Christians, both of the Armenian Apostolic Church and of the Armenian Catholic Church, use the same term...

 for soloists, choir and organ. It was initially conceived in 1912, but was given its final form in 1948. The large scale composition was premiered in Istanbul in 1961 and published in Vienna in 1962. In the forward of the printed score, the composer writes:


Compared to the Latin Mass, which consists of five movements of various lengths, the Armenian Divine Liturgy is made of several short segments that are interconnected. In order to avoid any kind of monotony and to conclude the work with a proper ending, I decided to augment certain numbers…and finish the composition with a chorale and fugue. This particular Divine Liturgy with organ obbligato, reserved for special occasions, requires a big chorus in order to project the necessary volume in loud portions, and create an even and opaque sonority in soft passages.


Edgar Manas was a sophisticated composer, who was at home in various musical styles and convincing in writing works of art in different idioms. For example, his Sonata for violin and piano exhibits a Germanic complexity of texture, while the Divine Liturgy is essentially Gallic in spirit. His music is fervid yet controlled, perfectly crafted if generic.

His students included members of the Ottoman Palace, Turkish musicians, such as Hüseyin Sadeddin Arel and Dr. Suphi Ezgi, and Armenian composers, including Ara Bartevian and Koharik Gazarossian. Edgar Manas is buried in the Armenian Catholic cemetery of Şişli, Istanbul.

A large portion of Manas’s manuscripts is reposited at the Charents Museum of Literature and Arts
Charents Museum of Literature and Arts
The Charents Museum of Literature and Arts of Armenia is the largest repository of Armenian manuscripts and books encompassing the last three hundred years....

 of Armenia.

Orchestral

  • Symphony in G minor (1935)
  • Symphonietta
  • Les îles des princes, suite
  • Deux pièces
  • Rapsodie de l'Orient

Sacred

  • Oratorio, vv, chorus, orch. (Խորհուրդ խորին, Հրեշտակային, Ի բարութեանց, Յայս յարկ, Ամէն. եւ ընդ հոգւոյդ քում, Օրհնեցից զՏէր) (1912)
  • Tantum Ergo (Latin text by St Thomas Aquinas), three-voice male chorus
  • Հինգ հոգևոր երգ - Նշանաւ, Ի յամուլ երկրէ, Մայր լուսոյն, Տէր թագաւորեաց, Ով երանելիդ (Five Sacred Melodies), vv, chorus (arr. for pf)
  • Երգեցողութիւն Ս. Պատարագի (Armenian Divine Liturgy), vv, chorus, org. (1962)

Secular Choral

  • Աղբիւրին առջև (By the Fountainhead / text by Kurken Trentz), male chorus
  • Աշնանային (Autumnal / text unknown), chorus, pf (arr. a cappella)
  • Որսկան աղբէր, Գութանի երգը (Plow Song / text by Hovhannes Tumanyan
    Hovhannes Tumanyan
    Hovhannes Tumanyan , is considered to be one of the greatest Armenian poets and writers. His work was mostly written in tragic form, often centering on the harsh lives of villagers in the Lori region.-Biography:...

    ), chorus (1939)
  • Իմ մահը (My Death / text by Bedros Tourian), chorus
  • Le livre de la vie (text by Alphonse de Lamartine
    Alphonse de Lamartine
    Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine was a French writer, poet and politician who was instrumental in the foundation of the Second Republic.-Career:...

    ), two-voice chorus
  • Լոյսդ տեսայ (I Witnessed Your Light / text by Toros Azadyan), male chorus
  • Ծաղիկ մ՚է սիրտն (The heart Is a Flower / text by Toros Azadyan), male chorus
  • Հինգ խմբերգ - Վարդերգ, Գարուններ, Գարնան անձրև, Կեանքը, Բաղձանք (Five choral pieces / text by Kurken Trentz) Chorus, pf (arr. chorus, orch)
  • Altın Yüzük, Havuz Başı (Golden Ring, By the Fountain), chorus, pf (arr.)
  • İndim Dere Beklerim, Şahin (Waiting by the River, Eagle), chorus, pf (arr.)

Songs (with piano)

  • Անցեալին (In the Past / text by Toros Azadyan)
  • Դարդըս լացէք (Feel My Pain / text by Avetik Isahakyan
    Avetik Isahakyan
    Avetik Isahakyan , Ghazarapat, near Aleksandropol, current Gyumri, Russian Empire – October 17, 1957, Yerevan) was a prominent Armenian lyric poet, writer, academian and public activist.-Biography:...

     - 1947)
  • Երեք երգեր - Հրաւէր, Գիշերային, Գարնանային (Three Songs / text by Toros Azadyan)
  • Ըղձանք (Desire / text by Kurken Trentz)
  • 5 Türk Halk Şarkısı - Ahmet, Kara tavuk, Aşkın, Yalı havası, Dama çıkma (Five Turkish Folk Songs - 1934)
  • Հին մեղեդին, Երգ (Ancient Melody, Song / text by Malvine Valideyan)
  • Preghiera dell'alba (text A. Negri)
  • Սիրերգ (Love song / text by Misak Medzarents)
  • Vocalise for 3 voices
  • Հծծիւններ (Whispers / text Kurken Trentz - 1963)
  • Pepo (from the movie score by Aram Khachaturian
    Aram Khachaturian
    Aram Ilyich Khachaturian was a prominent Soviet composer. Khachaturian's works were often influenced by classical Russian music and Armenian folk music...

    ), (arr.)

Piano

  • Impromptu
  • Minuet-Valse (1905)
  • Suite (Romance en forme de valse, Chanson paysanne, Mazurka - 1912)
  • Deux Préludes et fugues, C, f
  • Les îles des princes
  • Petite suite (Bourrée, Aria, Toccata)
  • Danses populaires Turques (Oyun havası, Divan, Zeybek oyun havası, Ağır zeybek oyunu, Gelin havası, Ağır zeybek oyun havası, Zeybek oyun havası)
  • Allegro symphonique, 4 hands (1908)
  • Petite piece, 4 hands
  • Melodie populaire, 4 hands

Further reading

Pars Tuğlacı (1986). Mehterhane'den Bando'ya. Cem Yayımevi, Istanbul. pp 181–9.
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