Donald Wiseman
Encyclopedia
Donald John Wiseman OBE, FBA (25 October 1918—2 February 2010) was a Biblical scholar, archaeologist and Assyriologist. He was Professor of Assyriology
at the University of London
from 1961 to 1982.
, Hampshire
in 1918. His father, Air Commodore P. J. Wiseman had travelled in the Middle East with the RAF and that had led to him writing a number of books on archaeology and the Bible. P. J. Wiseman formulated what is known as the Wiseman hypothesis
, suggests that many passages used by Moses
or other authors to compose the Book of Genesis originated as histories and genealogies recorded in Mesopotamian cuneiform script
on baked clay tablet
s, handed down through Abraham to later Hebrews. The Wiseman family belonged to the Plymouth Brethren
.
Wiseman came under the influence of the Crusaders, an evangelical Christian youth organisation, and professed faith at the age of nine, being baptised by full immersion
in 1932. He taught himself the Hebrew alphabet
from the section headings of Psalm 119
. Martin Selman has pointed out that Wiseman was "first and foremost an evangelical
Christian" and that his vision was "based on a deep Christian conviction about the Bible's reliability and relevance."
Selman suggests that Wiseman's "basic thesis" regarding the Old Testament was that "the Bible makes most sense when it is interpreted in the light of its own Near Eastern cultural context."
. Initially serving as personal assistant to Air Vice-Marshal Keith Park
during the Battle of Britain
, he later transferred to military intelligence
and in 1942 he became senior intelligence officer of the Mediterranean Allied Tactical Air Forces
and accompanied the First Army in the race for Tunis, providing General Alexander with daily briefings on German military planning. He finished the war as Group Captain
and was twice mentioned in despatches and received an OBE and a Bronze Star His citation recorded that "the intelligence material gathered through his selfless and earnest work" had enabled the Allied commanders to plan and launch the air operations which brought victory to the Allied Armies in Italy.
and King's College, London, where he won the McCaul Hebrew prize. After World War II, he read Oriental Languages at Wadham College, Oxford
, studying Hebrew under Godfrey Driver and Akkadian
under Oliver Gurney
and obtaining a Master of Arts degree. He joined the Oxford Inter-Collegiate Christian Union
and became its President in 1947. Donald Wiseman married Mary Ruoff in 1948, and they had three children.
deciphering cuneiform
tablets excavated by Leonard Woolley
at Alalakh
in Syria
. He also made several trips to Nimrud
in modern-day Iraq
, compiling a catalogue of the cuneiform tablets unearthed there.
Wiseman served at different times as director, chairman, president of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq
, and editor of the school's journal, Iraq. He was also a trustee of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, and a founding member of the British Institute in Amman for Archaeology and History.
treaty that Esarhaddon
had made with his vassal
s, and recognised the connection between this political treaty and biblical covenants. In 1948, he presented a paper to the Society of Old Testament Study on the relationship between Old Testament treaties and those of the Assyria
ns and Hittites
. Selman suggests that Wiseman anticipated "by some years an influential article by George Mendenhall, who is usually credited with establishing such a connection."
be viewed as a prince
or governor, rather than as a seminomad
. Selman suggests that this perspective indicates "Wiseman's ability to approach a long-standing problem in a creative manner."
ian texts, Wiseman established the date of Nebuchadnezzar's first capture of Jerusalem
as March 15/16, 597 BC.
, suggesting that the site lay further west, by the river Euphrates, where the foundations of a massive tower had been discovered.
in the Book of Daniel
with Cyrus the Great
. Daniel 6:28 says "So this Daniel prospered during the reign of Darius and the reign of Cyrus the Persian" (NIV). This could also be translated, "So Daniel prospered during the reign of Darius, that is, the reign of Cyrus the Persian." Brian Coless suggests that in doing this Wiseman "cut the Gordian knot
" of "the intractable problem of identifying King Darius the Mede."
from 1961 to 1982. On his retirement, he was made an honorary member of the School of Oriental and African Studies
and elected a fellow of King's College, London. He served as chairman of Tyndale House
from 1957 to 1986 and president of the Society for Old Testament Studies. He had a variety of roles with the Universities and Colleges Christian Fellowship, including two terms as president, in 1965-66 and 1973-74. He was chairman of the Scripture Gift Mission
from 1978 to 1992, and served for a time on the New International Version
Committee on Bible Translation.
Wiseman also maintained a close connection with the Crusaders organisation. He was leader of the class at Finchley
, which included Cliff Richard
. Richard has publicly spoken about the "significant role played by Crusader leaders in his early Christian journey."
in 1969 and served as vice-president in 1982 under Sir Isaiah Berlin
. In 1983, he gave the Academy's Schweich Lecture on Biblical Archaeology
, on the subject "Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon".
In 1993, a festschrift
was compiled in Wiseman's honour, and presented to him on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Contributors included Kenneth Kitchen
, Alan Millard
and Gordon Wenham
.
(ISBN 0830842098), and served as general editor of IVP's Tyndale Old Testament Commentary series. He was one of the editors of the New Bible Commentary and the New Bible Dictionary. Selman notes that he wrote 152 articles in this latter work, since there were so few "evangelicals in the United Kingdom at that time qualified to write such material".
Assyriology
Assyriology is the archaeological, historical, and linguistic study of ancient Mesopotamia and the related cultures that used cuneiform writing. The field covers the Akkadian sister-cultures of Assyria and Babylonia, together with their cultural predecessor; Sumer...
at the University of London
University of London
-20th century:Shortly after 6 Burlington Gardens was vacated, the University went through a period of rapid expansion. Bedford College, Royal Holloway and the London School of Economics all joined in 1900, Regent's Park College, which had affiliated in 1841 became an official divinity school of the...
from 1961 to 1982.
Early life and beliefs
Wiseman was born in EmsworthEmsworth
Emsworth is a large village the south coast of England, situated on the Hampshire side of the border between Hampshire and West Sussex. The village lies at the north end of an arm of Chichester Harbour, a large but shallow inlet of the English Channel....
, Hampshire
Hampshire
Hampshire is a county on the southern coast of England in the United Kingdom. The county town of Hampshire is Winchester, a historic cathedral city that was once the capital of England. Hampshire is notable for housing the original birthplaces of the Royal Navy, British Army, and Royal Air Force...
in 1918. His father, Air Commodore P. J. Wiseman had travelled in the Middle East with the RAF and that had led to him writing a number of books on archaeology and the Bible. P. J. Wiseman formulated what is known as the Wiseman hypothesis
Wiseman hypothesis
The Wiseman hypothesis, sometimes called the tablet theory, is a theory of the authorship and composition of the Book of Genesis which suggests that Moses compiled Genesis from tablets handed down through Abraham and the other patriarchs. Originally advocated by P. J...
, suggests that many passages used by Moses
Mosaic authorship
Mosaic authorship is the traditional attribution of the first five books of the Old Testament to Moses. The tradition is first definitively stated in the Babylonian Talmud, an encyclopedia of traditional Jewish learning compiled around the middle of the 1st millennium CE...
or other authors to compose the Book of Genesis originated as histories and genealogies recorded in Mesopotamian cuneiform script
Cuneiform
Cuneiform can refer to:*Cuneiform script, an ancient writing system originating in Mesopotamia in the 4th millennium BC*Cuneiform , three bones in the human foot*Cuneiform Records, a music record label...
on baked clay tablet
Clay tablet
In the Ancient Near East, clay tablets were used as a writing medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age....
s, handed down through Abraham to later Hebrews. The Wiseman family belonged to the Plymouth Brethren
Plymouth Brethren
The Plymouth Brethren is a conservative, Evangelical Christian movement, whose history can be traced to Dublin, Ireland, in the late 1820s. Although the group is notable for not taking any official "church name" to itself, and not having an official clergy or liturgy, the title "The Brethren," is...
.
Wiseman came under the influence of the Crusaders, an evangelical Christian youth organisation, and professed faith at the age of nine, being baptised by full immersion
Immersion baptism
Immersion baptism is a method of baptism that is distinguished from baptism by affusion and by aspersion , sometimes without specifying whether the immersion is total or partial, but very commonly with the indication that the person baptized is immersed completely...
in 1932. He taught himself the Hebrew alphabet
Hebrew alphabet
The Hebrew alphabet , known variously by scholars as the Jewish script, square script, block script, or more historically, the Assyrian script, is used in the writing of the Hebrew language, as well as other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic. There have been two...
from the section headings of Psalm 119
Psalm 119
Psalm 119 is the longest psalm as well as the longest chapter in the Bible. It is referred to in Hebrew by its opening words, "Ashrei temimei derech" . It is the prayer of one who delights in and lives by the Torah, the sacred law...
. Martin Selman has pointed out that Wiseman was "first and foremost an evangelical
Evangelicalism
Evangelicalism is a Protestant Christian movement which began in Great Britain in the 1730s and gained popularity in the United States during the series of Great Awakenings of the 18th and 19th century.Its key commitments are:...
Christian" and that his vision was "based on a deep Christian conviction about the Bible's reliability and relevance."
Selman suggests that Wiseman's "basic thesis" regarding the Old Testament was that "the Bible makes most sense when it is interpreted in the light of its own Near Eastern cultural context."
War record
Wiseman served in the RAF in World War IIWorld War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
. Initially serving as personal assistant to Air Vice-Marshal Keith Park
Keith Park
Air Chief Marshal Sir Keith Rodney Park GCB, KBE, MC & Bar, DFC, RAF was a New Zealand soldier, First World War flying ace and Second World War Royal Air Force commander...
during the Battle of Britain
Battle of Britain
The Battle of Britain is the name given to the World War II air campaign waged by the German Air Force against the United Kingdom during the summer and autumn of 1940...
, he later transferred to military intelligence
Military intelligence
Military intelligence is a military discipline that exploits a number of information collection and analysis approaches to provide guidance and direction to commanders in support of their decisions....
and in 1942 he became senior intelligence officer of the Mediterranean Allied Tactical Air Forces
Mediterranean Air Command
The Mediterranean Air Command was the official Allied air force command organization in the North African and Mediterranean Theater of Operations between February 18 and December 10, 1943. MAC was commanded by Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder whose headquarters were established next to those...
and accompanied the First Army in the race for Tunis, providing General Alexander with daily briefings on German military planning. He finished the war as Group Captain
Group Captain
Group captain is a senior commissioned rank in the Royal Air Force and the air forces of many other Commonwealth countries. It ranks above wing commander and immediately below air commodore...
and was twice mentioned in despatches and received an OBE and a Bronze Star His citation recorded that "the intelligence material gathered through his selfless and earnest work" had enabled the Allied commanders to plan and launch the air operations which brought victory to the Allied Armies in Italy.
Studies
Wiseman studied at Dulwich CollegeDulwich College
Dulwich College is an independent school for boys in Dulwich, southeast London, England. The college was founded in 1619 by Edward Alleyn, a successful Elizabethan actor, with the original purpose of educating 12 poor scholars as the foundation of "God's Gift". It currently has about 1,600 boys,...
and King's College, London, where he won the McCaul Hebrew prize. After World War II, he read Oriental Languages at Wadham College, Oxford
Wadham College, Oxford
Wadham College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, located at the southern end of Parks Road in central Oxford. It was founded by Nicholas and Dorothy Wadham, wealthy Somerset landowners, during the reign of King James I...
, studying Hebrew under Godfrey Driver and Akkadian
Akkadian language
Akkadian is an extinct Semitic language that was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia. The earliest attested Semitic language, it used the cuneiform writing system derived ultimately from ancient Sumerian, an unrelated language isolate...
under Oliver Gurney
Oliver Gurney
Oliver Robert Gurney was an English Assyriologist and a leading scholar of the Hittites.- Early life :Gurney was born in London in 1911, the son of Robert Gurney, a zoologist, and a nephew of the archaeologist John Garstang...
and obtaining a Master of Arts degree. He joined the Oxford Inter-Collegiate Christian Union
Oxford Inter-Collegiate Christian Union
The Oxford Inter-Collegiate Christian Union, usually known as OICCU, was the second university Christian Union and is the University of Oxford's most prominent student Protestant organisation...
and became its President in 1947. Donald Wiseman married Mary Ruoff in 1948, and they had three children.
Archaeological work
Wiseman worked for four years at the British MuseumBritish Museum
The British Museum is a museum of human history and culture in London. Its collections, which number more than seven million objects, are amongst the largest and most comprehensive in the world and originate from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its...
deciphering cuneiform
Cuneiform
Cuneiform can refer to:*Cuneiform script, an ancient writing system originating in Mesopotamia in the 4th millennium BC*Cuneiform , three bones in the human foot*Cuneiform Records, a music record label...
tablets excavated by Leonard Woolley
Leonard Woolley
Sir Charles Leonard Woolley was a British archaeologist best known for his excavations at Ur in Mesopotamia...
at Alalakh
Alalakh
Alalakh is the name of an ancient city-state near modern Antakya in the Amuq River valley of Turkey's Hatay Province.Now represented by an extensive mound, the name of the modern archaeological site is Tell Atchana.-History:...
in Syria
Syria
Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....
. He also made several trips to Nimrud
Nimrud
Nimrud is an ancient Assyrian city located south of Nineveh on the river Tigris in modern Ninawa Governorate Iraq. In ancient times the city was called Kalḫu. The Arabs called the city Nimrud after the Biblical Nimrod, a legendary hunting hero .The city covered an area of around . Ruins of the city...
in modern-day Iraq
Iraq
Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
, compiling a catalogue of the cuneiform tablets unearthed there.
Wiseman served at different times as director, chairman, president of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq
British School of Archaeology in Iraq
The British Institute for the Study of Iraq is the only body in Britain devoted to research into the ancient civilizations and languages of Mesopotamia....
, and editor of the school's journal, Iraq. He was also a trustee of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, and a founding member of the British Institute in Amman for Archaeology and History.
Academic contributions
Ancient Near Eastern treaties
Wiseman published a suzeraintySuzerainty
Suzerainty occurs where a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which controls its foreign affairs while allowing the tributary vassal state some limited domestic autonomy. The dominant entity in the suzerainty relationship, or the more powerful entity itself, is called a...
treaty that Esarhaddon
Esarhaddon
Esarhaddon , was a king of Assyria who reigned 681 – 669 BC. He was the youngest son of Sennacherib and the Aramean queen Naqi'a , Sennacherib's second wife....
had made with his vassal
Vassal
A vassal or feudatory is a person who has entered into a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe. The obligations often included military support and mutual protection, in exchange for certain privileges, usually including the grant of land held...
s, and recognised the connection between this political treaty and biblical covenants. In 1948, he presented a paper to the Society of Old Testament Study on the relationship between Old Testament treaties and those of the Assyria
Assyria
Assyria was a Semitic Akkadian kingdom, extant as a nation state from the mid–23rd century BC to 608 BC centred on the Upper Tigris river, in northern Mesopotamia , that came to rule regional empires a number of times through history. It was named for its original capital, the ancient city of Assur...
ns and Hittites
Hittites
The Hittites were a Bronze Age people of Anatolia.They established a kingdom centered at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia c. the 18th century BC. The Hittite empire reached its height c...
. Selman suggests that Wiseman anticipated "by some years an influential article by George Mendenhall, who is usually credited with establishing such a connection."
Abraham
Wiseman suggested that AbrahamAbraham
Abraham , whose birth name was Abram, is the eponym of the Abrahamic religions, among which are Judaism, Christianity and Islam...
be viewed as a prince
Nasi
Nāśī’ is a Hebrew title meaning prince in Biblical Hebrew, Prince in Mishnaic Hebrew, or president in Modern Hebrew.-Genesis and Ancient Israel:...
or governor, rather than as a seminomad
Nomad
Nomadic people , commonly known as itinerants in modern-day contexts, are communities of people who move from one place to another, rather than settling permanently in one location. There are an estimated 30-40 million nomads in the world. Many cultures have traditionally been nomadic, but...
. Selman suggests that this perspective indicates "Wiseman's ability to approach a long-standing problem in a creative manner."
Nebuchadnezzar
From his work on BabylonBabylon
Babylon was an Akkadian city-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which are found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq, about 85 kilometers south of Baghdad...
ian texts, Wiseman established the date of Nebuchadnezzar's first capture of Jerusalem
Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)
In 601 BC, in the fourth year of his reign, Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon, unsuccessfully attempted to invade Egypt and was repulsed with heavy losses...
as March 15/16, 597 BC.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Wiseman questioned the traditional location of the Hanging Gardens of BabylonHanging Gardens of Babylon
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were considered to be one of the greatest Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one of the Wonders which may in fact have been legendary. They were purportedly built in the ancient city-state of Babylon, near present-day Al Hillah, Babil, in Iraq...
, suggesting that the site lay further west, by the river Euphrates, where the foundations of a massive tower had been discovered.
Identity of Darius the Mede
In 1957, Wiseman proposed the identification of Darius the MedeDarius the Mede
Darius the Mede is a biblical person in the Book of Daniel, Chapters 6-9, who rules over Babylon after King Belshazzar is deposed. The author of the book of Daniel indicated that Darius was about 62 years old when he was 'made king over Babylon.[5:31] He is best known for having been forced into...
in the Book of Daniel
Book of Daniel
The Book of Daniel is a book in the Hebrew Bible. The book tells of how Daniel, and his Judean companions, were inducted into Babylon during Jewish exile, and how their positions elevated in the court of Nebuchadnezzar. The court tales span events that occur during the reigns of Nebuchadnezzar,...
with Cyrus the Great
Cyrus the Great
Cyrus II of Persia , commonly known as Cyrus the Great, also known as Cyrus the Elder, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire. Under his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East, expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Southwest Asia and much...
. Daniel 6:28 says "So this Daniel prospered during the reign of Darius and the reign of Cyrus the Persian" (NIV). This could also be translated, "So Daniel prospered during the reign of Darius, that is, the reign of Cyrus the Persian." Brian Coless suggests that in doing this Wiseman "cut the Gordian knot
Gordian Knot
The Gordian Knot is a legend of Phrygian Gordium associated with Alexander the Great. It is often used as a metaphor for an intractable problem solved by a bold stroke :"Turn him to any cause of policy,...
" of "the intractable problem of identifying King Darius the Mede."
Organisational involvement
Wiseman was Professor of Assyriology at the University of LondonUniversity of London
-20th century:Shortly after 6 Burlington Gardens was vacated, the University went through a period of rapid expansion. Bedford College, Royal Holloway and the London School of Economics all joined in 1900, Regent's Park College, which had affiliated in 1841 became an official divinity school of the...
from 1961 to 1982. On his retirement, he was made an honorary member of the School of Oriental and African Studies
School of Oriental and African Studies
The School of Oriental and African Studies is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom and a constituent college of the University of London...
and elected a fellow of King's College, London. He served as chairman of Tyndale House
Tyndale House (Cambridge)
Tyndale House is an independent biblical studies library with a Christian foundation. Founded in 1944, it aims to provides specialist resources in support of research into the Old Testament, New Testament and relevant historical backgrounds.-Description:...
from 1957 to 1986 and president of the Society for Old Testament Studies. He had a variety of roles with the Universities and Colleges Christian Fellowship, including two terms as president, in 1965-66 and 1973-74. He was chairman of the Scripture Gift Mission
Lifewords
SGM Lifewords is a Christian mission based in London, but with offices worldwide. It exists to promote the positive influence of the Bible on everyday life...
from 1978 to 1992, and served for a time on the New International Version
New International Version
The New International Version is an English translation of the Christian Bible. Published by Zondervan in the United States and by Hodder & Stoughton in the UK, it has become one of the most popular modern translations in history.-History:...
Committee on Bible Translation.
Wiseman also maintained a close connection with the Crusaders organisation. He was leader of the class at Finchley
Finchley
Finchley is a district in Barnet in north London, England. Finchley is on high ground, about north of Charing Cross. It formed an ancient parish in the county of Middlesex, becoming a municipal borough in 1933, and has formed part of Greater London since 1965...
, which included Cliff Richard
Cliff Richard
Sir Cliff Richard, OBE is a British pop singer, musician, performer, actor, and philanthropist who has sold over an estimated 250 million records worldwide....
. Richard has publicly spoken about the "significant role played by Crusader leaders in his early Christian journey."
Recognition
Wiseman was elected a fellow of the British AcademyBritish Academy
The British Academy is the United Kingdom's national body for the humanities and the social sciences. Its purpose is to inspire, recognise and support excellence in the humanities and social sciences, throughout the UK and internationally, and to champion their role and value.It receives an annual...
in 1969 and served as vice-president in 1982 under Sir Isaiah Berlin
Isaiah Berlin
Sir Isaiah Berlin OM, FBA was a British social and political theorist, philosopher and historian of ideas of Russian-Jewish origin, regarded as one of the leading thinkers of the twentieth century and a dominant liberal scholar of his generation...
. In 1983, he gave the Academy's Schweich Lecture on Biblical Archaeology
Schweich Lectures on Biblical Archaeology
The Schweich Lectures on Biblical Archaeology are a series of lectures delivered and published under the auspices of the British Academy. The Leopold Schweich Trust Fund, set up in 1907, was a gift from Miss Constance Schweich in memory of her father...
, on the subject "Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon".
In 1993, a festschrift
Festschrift
In academia, a Festschrift , is a book honoring a respected person, especially an academic, and presented during his or her lifetime. The term, borrowed from German, could be translated as celebration publication or celebratory writing...
was compiled in Wiseman's honour, and presented to him on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Contributors included Kenneth Kitchen
Kenneth Kitchen
Kenneth Anderson Kitchen is Personal and Brunner Professor Emeritus of Egyptology and Honorary Research Fellow at the School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, England...
, Alan Millard
Alan Millard
Alan Ralph Millard is Rankin Professor Emeritus of Hebrew and Ancient Semitic Languages, and Honorary Senior Fellow , at the School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology in the University of Liverpool....
and Gordon Wenham
Gordon Wenham
Gordon Wenham is an Old Testament scholar and author of several books about the Bible. Tremper Longman has called him "one of the finest evangelical commentators today."...
.
Writings
Wiseman wrote a commentary on the 1 and 2 KingsBooks of Kings
The Book of Kings presents a narrative history of ancient Israel and Judah from the death of David to the release of his successor Jehoiachin from imprisonment in Babylon, a period of some 400 years...
(ISBN 0830842098), and served as general editor of IVP's Tyndale Old Testament Commentary series. He was one of the editors of the New Bible Commentary and the New Bible Dictionary. Selman notes that he wrote 152 articles in this latter work, since there were so few "evangelicals in the United Kingdom at that time qualified to write such material".
Publications
A full bibliography of Wiseman's work, compiled by Robert Bradshaw, is available here.- The Alalakh Tablets (1953)
- Chronicles of the Chaldean Kings (626-556 BC) in the British Museum (1956)
- The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon (1958)
- Illustrations from Biblical Archaeology (1958)
- Archaeological Confirmation of the Old Testament (1958)
- Peoples of Old Testament Times (1973)
- Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon (1985)
- 1 and 2 Kings (1993)
- Life Above and Below (2003)
External links
- Donald J. Wiseman, "Rahab of Jericho" Tyndale BulletinTyndale BulletinThe Tyndale Bulletin is an academic journal published by Tyndale House in Cambridge....
14 (1964): 8-11.