Codex Sangallensis
Encyclopedia
Codex Sangallensis, designated by Δ or 037 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 76 (von Soden), is a diglot Greek
-Latin uncial
manuscript
of the four Gospel
s. Usually it is dated palaeographically
to the 9th, only according to the opinions of few palaeographers to the 10th century. It was named by Scholz in 1830.
The codex contains almost the complete text of the four Gospels with only one lacunae
in John 19:17-35. The Latin text is written above the Greek (as Codex Boernerianus
) and in the minuscule letters. It is decorated, but decorations were made by inartistic hand. The manuscript from which Sangallensis was copied was written stichometrically.
The text is divided according to Ammonian Sections
, whose numbers are given at the margin, with references to the Eusebian Canons in Roman letters (written below Ammonian Section numbers). There are also (titles of chapters), given at the top of the pages.
It contains prolegomena, the Epistle of Jerome to Pope Damasus I
, the Eusebian Tables, tables of the κεφαλαια (tables of contents) both in Greek and Latin.
The texts of Mark 7:16 and are omitted. The Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11) is omitted, but a blank space was left.
is a representative of the late Alexandrian text-type
(similar to Codex L
), and in rest of the gospels the Byzantine text-type
(as in Codex Athous Lavrensis). Aland
placed it in Category III.
Textual variants
The interlinear Latin text of the codex is remarkable for its alternative readings in almost every verse, e.g. uxorem vel coniugem for την γυναικα in Matthew 1:20.
It was examined by Gerbert, Scholz, Rettig, J. Rendel Harris
, Oscar von Gebhardt. Rettig thought that Codex Sangallensis is a part of the same manuscript as the Codex Boernerianus
.
The text of the codex was edited by H. C. M. Rettig in 1836, but with some mistakes (e.g. in Luke 21:32 οφθαλμους instead of αδελφους). There are references made to the opinions of Godeschalk († 866) in Luke 13:24; John 12:40 and to Hand Aragon († 941). The Latin text in a major part represents the Vulgata.
The codex is located in the Abbey library of St. Gallen
(48) at St. Gallen
.
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
-Latin uncial
Uncial
Uncial is a majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes. Uncial letters are written in either Greek, Latin, or Gothic.-Development:...
manuscript
Manuscript
A manuscript or handwrite is written information that has been manually created by someone or some people, such as a hand-written letter, as opposed to being printed or reproduced some other way...
of the four Gospel
Gospel
A gospel is an account, often written, that describes the life of Jesus of Nazareth. In a more general sense the term "gospel" may refer to the good news message of the New Testament. It is primarily used in reference to the four canonical gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John...
s. Usually it is dated palaeographically
Palaeography
Palaeography, also spelt paleography is the study of ancient writing. Included in the discipline is the practice of deciphering, reading, and dating historical manuscripts, and the cultural context of writing, including the methods with which writing and books were produced, and the history of...
to the 9th, only according to the opinions of few palaeographers to the 10th century. It was named by Scholz in 1830.
Description
The codex contains 198 parchment leaves (actual size ). The text is written in one column per page, and 17-28 lines per page, in large semi-uncial letters.The codex contains almost the complete text of the four Gospels with only one lacunae
Lacuna (manuscripts)
A lacunaPlural lacunae. From Latin lacūna , diminutive form of lacus . is a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or a musical work...
in John 19:17-35. The Latin text is written above the Greek (as Codex Boernerianus
Codex Boernerianus
Codex Boernerianus, designated by Gp or 012 , α 1028 , is a small New Testament codex, measuring 25 x 18 cm, written in one column per page, 20 lines per page. Dated paleographically to the 9th century. The name of the codex derives from Boerner, to whom it once belonged...
) and in the minuscule letters. It is decorated, but decorations were made by inartistic hand. The manuscript from which Sangallensis was copied was written stichometrically.
The text is divided according to Ammonian Sections
Ammonian Sections
Eusebian canons or Eusebian sections, also known as Ammonian Sections, are the system of dividing the four Gospels used between late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The divisions into chapters and verses used in modern texts date only from the 13th and 16th centuries, respectively...
, whose numbers are given at the margin, with references to the Eusebian Canons in Roman letters (written below Ammonian Section numbers). There are also (titles of chapters), given at the top of the pages.
It contains prolegomena, the Epistle of Jerome to Pope Damasus I
Letter of Jerome to Pope Damasus
The Epistle of Jerome to Pope Damasus I , written in 376 or 377 AD, is a response of Jerome to a epistle from Damasus, who urged him to make a new translational work of the Holy Scripture. The letter was written before Jerome started his translational work .Jerome agreed that Old-Latin translation...
, the Eusebian Tables, tables of the κεφαλαια (tables of contents) both in Greek and Latin.
The texts of Mark 7:16 and are omitted. The Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11) is omitted, but a blank space was left.
Text
The Greek text of the Gospel of MarkGospel of Mark
The Gospel According to Mark , commonly shortened to the Gospel of Mark or simply Mark, is the second book of the New Testament. This canonical account of the life of Jesus of Nazareth is one of the three synoptic gospels. It was thought to be an epitome, which accounts for its place as the second...
is a representative of the late Alexandrian text-type
Alexandrian text-type
The Alexandrian text-type , associated with Alexandria, is one of several text-types used in New Testament textual criticism to describe and group the textual character of biblical manuscripts...
(similar to Codex L
Codex Regius (New Testament)
Codex Regius designated by siglum Le or 019 , ε 56 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 8th century. The manuscript is lacunose. It has marginalia....
), and in rest of the gospels the Byzantine text-type
Byzantine text-type
The Byzantine text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts. It is the form found in the largest number of surviving manuscripts, though not in the oldest...
(as in Codex Athous Lavrensis). Aland
Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland was a German Theologian and Professor of New Testament Research and Church History. He founded the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung in Münster and served as its first director for many years...
placed it in Category III.
Textual variants
- In Matthew 27:35 it has additional phrase τα ιματια μου εαυτοις, και επι τον ιματισμον μου εβαλον κληρον together with codices: ΘCodex KoridethiThe Codex Koridethi, also named Codex Coridethianus, designated by Θ, 038, or Theta , ε 050 , is a 9th century manuscript of the four Gospels. It is written in Greek with uncial script in two columns per page, in 25 lines per page...
, 0250Codex Climaci RescriptusCodex Climaci rescriptus, known as Uncial 0250 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament as well as a Christian Palestinian Aramaic uncial manuscript of the Old and New Testament. Paleographically the Greek section has been assigned to the 8th century , and the Christian Palestinian...
, f1Family 1Family 1 is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, varying in date from the 12th to the 15th century. The group takes its name from the minuscule codex 1, now in the Basel University Library. "Family 1" is also known as "the Lake Group", symbolized as f1. Hermann von Soden calls the group Ih...
, f13Family 13Family 13, also known Ferrar Group , is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, varying in date from the 11th to the 15th century, which display a distinctive pattern of variant readings — especially in placing the story of Jesus and the woman taken in adultery in the Gospel of Luke, rather than in...
, 537Minuscule 537Minuscule 537 , ε 334 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on a parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. Scrivener labelled it by number 550. The manuscript was prepared for liturgical use, its marginalia are not complete...
, 1424Minuscule 1424Minuscule 1424 , δ 30 is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, written on 337 parchment leaves . It has been dated paleographically to the 9th or 10th century).- Description :...
.
- In Matthew 1:12 it reads Ζορομβαβαβελ for Ζοροβαβελ.
- In Mark 4:19 it has unique variant η αγαπη του πλουτου (the love of wealth), other manuscripts have η απατη του πλουτου, απαται του πλουτου or απαται του κοσμου.
- In Mark 9:49 it reads πας γαρ πυρι αλισθησεται – as manuscripts (א εν πυρι) BCodex VaticanusThe Codex Vaticanus , is one of the oldest extant manuscripts of the Greek Bible , one of the four great uncial codices. The Codex is named for the residence in the Vatican Library, where it has been stored since at least the 15th century...
LCodex Regius (New Testament)Codex Regius designated by siglum Le or 019 , ε 56 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 8th century. The manuscript is lacunose. It has marginalia....
WCodex WashingtonianusThe Codex Washingtonianus or Codex Washingtonensis, designated by W or 032 , ε 014 , also called the Washington Manuscript of the Gospels, and The Freer Gospel, contains the four biblical gospels and was written in Greek on vellum in the fourth or fifth century...
f1Family 1Family 1 is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, varying in date from the 12th to the 15th century. The group takes its name from the minuscule codex 1, now in the Basel University Library. "Family 1" is also known as "the Lake Group", symbolized as f1. Hermann von Soden calls the group Ih...
f13Family 13Family 13, also known Ferrar Group , is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, varying in date from the 11th to the 15th century, which display a distinctive pattern of variant readings — especially in placing the story of Jesus and the woman taken in adultery in the Gospel of Luke, rather than in...
28Minuscule 28Minuscule 28 , ε 168 , formerly known as Colbertinus 4705, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, written on vellum. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. It has marginalia. It is lacunose.- Description :The codex contains the text of the four Gospels on 292...
565Minuscule 565Minuscule 565 , ε 93 , also known as the Empress Theodora's Codex. It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on purple parchment, dated palaeographically to the 9th century...
700Minuscule 700Minuscule 700 , ε 133 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the Gospels. Formerly it was labelled as 604 in all catalogues , Gregory gave it the number 700....
ℓ 260Lectionary 260Lectionary 260, designated by siglum ℓ 260 is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been not assigned to any century. Scrivener labelled it as 198e, Gregory by 83a...
syrs copsa.
- In John 1:15 ο οπισω ] ο πισω, the reading is supported by p66Papyrus 66Papyrus 66 is a near complete codex of the Gospel of John, and part of the collection known as the Bodmer Papyri.-Description:...
and 1646;
Latin text
The Latin version seems a mixture of the Vulgate with Old Latin Itala, and altered and accommodated to the Greek as to be of little critical value.The interlinear Latin text of the codex is remarkable for its alternative readings in almost every verse, e.g. uxorem vel coniugem for την γυναικα in Matthew 1:20.
History
The codex was written in the West, possibly in the St. Gallen monastery, by Irish monk in the 9th century. It can not be dated earlier, because it has a reference to the (heretical) opinions of Godeschalk at Luke 13:24, John 12:40.It was examined by Gerbert, Scholz, Rettig, J. Rendel Harris
J. Rendel Harris
James Rendel Harris was an English biblical scholar and curator of manuscripts, who was instrumental in bringing back to light many Syriac Scriptures and other early documents...
, Oscar von Gebhardt. Rettig thought that Codex Sangallensis is a part of the same manuscript as the Codex Boernerianus
Codex Boernerianus
Codex Boernerianus, designated by Gp or 012 , α 1028 , is a small New Testament codex, measuring 25 x 18 cm, written in one column per page, 20 lines per page. Dated paleographically to the 9th century. The name of the codex derives from Boerner, to whom it once belonged...
.
The text of the codex was edited by H. C. M. Rettig in 1836, but with some mistakes (e.g. in Luke 21:32 οφθαλμους instead of αδελφους). There are references made to the opinions of Godeschalk († 866) in Luke 13:24; John 12:40 and to Hand Aragon († 941). The Latin text in a major part represents the Vulgata.
The codex is located in the Abbey library of St. Gallen
Abbey library of St. Gallen
The Abbey Library of Saint Gall was founded by Saint Othmar, the founder of the Abbey of St. Gall.The library collection is the oldest in Switzerland, and is one of earliest and most important monastic libraries in the world. It holds 2,100 manuscripts dating back to the 8th through the 15th...
(48) at St. Gallen
St. Gallen
St. Gallen is the capital of the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It evolved from the hermitage of Saint Gall, founded in the 7th century. Today, it is a large urban agglomeration and represents the center of eastern Switzerland. The town mainly relies on the service sector for its economic...
.
See also
- List of New Testament Latin manuscripts
- List of New Testament uncials
- Textual criticismTextual criticismTextual criticism is a branch of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of transcription errors in the texts of manuscripts...
Further reading
- H. C. M. Rettig, Antiquissimus quattuor evangeliorum canonicorum Codex Sangallensis Graeco-Latinus intertlinearis, (Zurich, 1836).
- Gustav Scherrer, Verzeichniss der Handschriften der Stiftsbibliothel. von St. Gallen …, (Halle, 1875).
- J. Rendel HarrisJ. Rendel HarrisJames Rendel Harris was an English biblical scholar and curator of manuscripts, who was instrumental in bringing back to light many Syriac Scriptures and other early documents...
, The codex Sangallensis (Δ). A Study in the Text of the Old Latin Gospels, (London, 1891).
External links
- Codex Sangallensis Δ (037): at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism
- Codex Sangallensis 48 images of the codex at the Stiffsbibliothek St. Gallen