Cobreloa
Encyclopedia
Club de Deportes Cobreloa is a Chile
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...

an football club from the Atacama Desert mining city of Calama
Calama, Chile
Calama is a city and commune in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. It is the capital of El Loa Province, part of the Antofagasta Region. Calama is one of the driest cities in the world with average annual precipitation of just . The River Loa, Chile's longest, flows through the city...

 which has established itself as one of the country's most competitive clubs. The club was founded on January 7, 1977 and play in the Chilean top flight, the Primera División
Liga Chilena de Fútbol: Primera División
The Primera División del Fútbol Profesional Chileno is the top level of Chilean football, and main component of the Chilean football league system. It is organized by the Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Profesional and is currently ranked 9th in the IFFHS' Best Leagues of the World ranking...

, where they have played since 1979. Cobreloa play in Municipal de Calama stadium
Estadio Municipal de Calama
Estadio Municipal de Calama is a multi-use stadium in Calama, Chile. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Cobreloa. The stadium holds 13,000 people and was built in 1952....

, which has a capacity of 20,180. Their main rivals are Colo-Colo
Colo-Colo
Club Social y Deportivo Colo-Colo is a Chilean football club based in the commune of Macul, Santiago. It competes in the Primera División, the top-flight football league in the country, from which they have never been relegated. Their home ground is the Estadio Monumental David Arellano.Colo-Colo...

, Deportes Antofagasta, and Cobresal. They wear an all-orange home kit.

History

Cobreloa is a relatively new club, having been founded on January 7, 1977. The name Cobreloa comes from combining the Spanish word for copper (Cobre), and Loa, after the Loa River
Loa River
The Loa River is a U-shaped river in Chile's northern Antofagasta Region. At 440 km long it is the country's longest river and the main watercourse in the Atacama Desert.-Course:...

, the longest river in Chile, which is located near Calama and Chuquicamata
Chuquicamata
Chuquicamata, or "Chuqui" as it is more familiarly known, is by digged volume the biggest open pit copper mine in the world, located in the north of Chile, 215 km northeast of Antofagasta and 1,240 km north of the capital, Santiago...

, the world's largest open pit
Open-pit mining
Open-pit mining or opencast mining refers to a method of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow....

 copper
Copper
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; an exposed surface has a reddish-orange tarnish...

 mine
Mining
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, from an ore body, vein or seam. The term also includes the removal of soil. Materials recovered by mining include base metals, precious metals, iron, uranium, coal, diamonds, limestone, oil shale, rock...

.

The club was able to establish itself in Chile's top flight very quickly, earning promotion after its first season, where they have stayed ever since. Only four years after their foundation, Cobreloa reached the finals of the Copa Libertadores
Copa Libertadores de América
The Copa Santander Libertadores de América , known simply as the Copa Libertadores and originally known as the Copa Campeones de América , is an annual international club football competition organized by CONMEBOL since 1960...

 in 1981, losing in a third match to Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...

ian club Flamengo
Clube de Regatas do Flamengo
Clube de Regatas do Flamengo , also known as Flamengo and familiarly as Mengão, is a Brazilian sports club based in the Flamengo bairro, Zona Sul, Rio de Janeiro, best known for its professional football team...

. Cobreloa reached the Copa Libertadores final the following year, losing to Peñarol
C.A. Peñarol
Club Atlético Peñarol also known as Carboneros, Aurinegros and familiarly as Manya, is an Uruguayan sports club based in the Peñarol barrio, Montevideo, best known for its professional football team. The team plays their home matches in Estadio Centenario, the largest stadium in the country, but...

 of Uruguay
Uruguay
Uruguay ,officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay,sometimes the Eastern Republic of Uruguay; ) is a country in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to some 3.5 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area...

. The club also reached the semi-final of the Copa Libertadores in 1987.

They have competed in the Copa Sudamericana
Copa Sudamericana
The Copa Bridgestone Sudamericana de Clubes , known simply as the Copa Sudamericana , is an annual international club football competition organized by the CONMEBOL since 2002. It is the second most prestigious club competition in South American football. CONCACAF clubs were invited between 2004...

 once in 2002 when they were eliminated in the first round and twice in the Copa CONMEBOL
Copa CONMEBOL
The Copa CONMEBOL was an annual football cup competition organized by CONMEBOL between 1992 and 1999 for eligible South American football clubs. During its time of existence, it was the third most prestigious South American club football contest after the Copa Libertadores and Supercopa...

: In 1995 they reached the quarter-finals and the following year were eliminated in the first round.Cobreloa have 8 Primera División
Liga Chilena de Fútbol: Primera División
The Primera División del Fútbol Profesional Chileno is the top level of Chilean football, and main component of the Chilean football league system. It is organized by the Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Profesional and is currently ranked 9th in the IFFHS' Best Leagues of the World ranking...

 titles and 1 Copa Chile
Copa Chile
The Copa Chile is an annual cup competition for Chilean football teams. Due to time constraints and club pressure, the trophy was cancelled in 2000, but returned in 2008...

 title making them the most successful side outside Santiago
Santiago, Chile
Santiago , also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile, and the center of its largest conurbation . It is located in the country's central valley, at an elevation of above mean sea level...

 in Chile
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...

.

Current squad

Retired Number(s)

8  Fernando Cornejo former captain, died in January 2009.

National honours

  • Primera División
    Liga Chilena de Fútbol: Primera División
    The Primera División del Fútbol Profesional Chileno is the top level of Chilean football, and main component of the Chilean football league system. It is organized by the Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Profesional and is currently ranked 9th in the IFFHS' Best Leagues of the World ranking...

    : 8
1980, 1982, 1985, 1988, 1992, 2003-A, 2003-C, 2004-C

  • Copa Chile
    Copa Chile
    The Copa Chile is an annual cup competition for Chilean football teams. Due to time constraints and club pressure, the trophy was cancelled in 2000, but returned in 2008...

    : 1
1986

International honours

  • Copa Libertadores de América
    Copa Libertadores de América
    The Copa Santander Libertadores de América , known simply as the Copa Libertadores and originally known as the Copa Campeones de América , is an annual international club football competition organized by CONMEBOL since 1960...

    : 0
Runners-up (2): 1981, 1982

Records

  • Club records
    • Largest victory: 10-0 (v. O'Higgins
      Club Deportivo O'Higgins
      Club Deportivo O'Higgins, is a Chilean football club based in the city of Rancagua. The club was founded on April 7, 1955 following the merger of the clubs America and O'Higgins Braden, and plays in the first division of the Chilean football league. The club was previously called PARHS FC...

       in the Copa Chile
      Copa Chile
      The Copa Chile is an annual cup competition for Chilean football teams. Due to time constraints and club pressure, the trophy was cancelled in 2000, but returned in 2008...

      , 1979)
    • Largest Primera División victory: 9-0 (v. Regional Atacama in 1983)
    • Heaviest Primera División defeat: 1-6 (v. Huachipato in 1998)

  • Individual records
    • Most league goals in a single season: 42 (Patricio Galaz
      Patricio Galaz
      Patricio Sebastián Galaz Sepúlveda is a Chilean football forward. He last played for Ñublense in the Chilean Primera División....

       in 2004)
    • Most league goals in total: 104 (Juan Covarrubias
      Juan Covarrubias
      Juan Carlos Covarrubias Muñoz , commonly known as Juan Covarrubias or sometimes El Copihue de cobre y El 10 de la zurda mágica, is a Chilean footballer was plays as Left midfielder in Chile's Primera División.-Career:...

      )
    • Most goals in total: 144 (Juan Covarrubias
      Juan Covarrubias
      Juan Carlos Covarrubias Muñoz , commonly known as Juan Covarrubias or sometimes El Copihue de cobre y El 10 de la zurda mágica, is a Chilean footballer was plays as Left midfielder in Chile's Primera División.-Career:...

      )
    • Most Primera División appearances: 446 (Hector Puebla
      Hector Puebla
      Héctor Puebla Saavedra is one the biggest idols of Chilean soccer club Cobreloa, he played for the team for 16 years, and he's the most well-known player in Cobreloa's history amongst the fans...

       from 1980 to 1996)
    • Most appearances in total: 662 (Hector Puebla
      Hector Puebla
      Héctor Puebla Saavedra is one the biggest idols of Chilean soccer club Cobreloa, he played for the team for 16 years, and he's the most well-known player in Cobreloa's history amongst the fans...

       from 1980 to 1996)

Notable players

José Luis Díaz
José Luis Díaz
José Luis Díaz is an Argentinian professional footballer. His nickname is "Pepe." He currently plays for the Peruvian club San Martin....

 Rodrigo Mannara
Rodrigo Mannara
Rodrigo Martín Mannara is an Argentine football forward who plays for Club Atlético General Lamadrid....

 Nicolás Tagliani
Nicolás Tagliani
Nicolás Tagliani is a Argentine footballer currently played in different club of Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, Venezuela, Switzerland and Greece....

 Marcelo Trobbiani
Marcelo Trobbiani
Marcelo Antonio Trobbiani Ughetto is an Argentine football coach and a former player, he works as the manager of Cienciano in Peru.-Playing career:...

 Julio César Baldivieso
Julio César Baldivieso
Julio César Baldivieso Rico is a former Bolivian association football midfielder who played for the Bolivian national team in the 1994 World Cup and several Copa Américas. He is the current manager for Club Aurora....

 José Milton Melgar Ngouloure Mahamat
Ngouloure Mahamat
Ngouloure Mahamat is a Cameroonian footballer currently playing for Cobreloa of the Primera División in Chile.-External links:* Profile at...

 Armando Alarcón Charles Aránguiz
Charles Aránguiz
Charles Mariano Aránguiz Sandoval is a Chilean football midfielder who plays for Universidad de Chile. Charles nickname is "The Prince Charles".- Early life :...

 Mauricio Aros
Mauricio Aros
Mauricio Fernando Aros Bahamóndez is a Chilean football player, who currently plays midfielder for Unión Temuco.-Career:He began his career in the youth squads of Deportes Concepción and debuted as a professional in 1995...

 Jean Beausejour
Jean Beausejour
Jean André Emanuel Beausejour Coliqueo , nicknamed Palmatoria or Francés, is a Chilean footballer who plays for English club Birmingham City...

 Fernando Cornejo Juan Covarrubias
Juan Covarrubias
Juan Carlos Covarrubias Muñoz , commonly known as Juan Covarrubias or sometimes El Copihue de cobre y El 10 de la zurda mágica, is a Chilean footballer was plays as Left midfielder in Chile's Primera División.-Career:...

 César Díaz
César Díaz (footballer)
César Antonio Díaz Escobar is a Chilean footballer, who currently plays forward for Deportes Antofagasta.-References:*...

 Ítalo Díaz Mauricio Donoso
Mauricio Donoso
Mauricio Alejandro Donoso Pérez is a Chilean footballer who plays as Attacking midfielder for Deportivo Quito in Ecuador's Primera A.-Career:...

 Enzo Escobar
Enzo Escobar
Enzo Sergio Escobar is a retired football defender from Chile, who played for Club de Deportes Cobreloa. He represented Chile at the 1982 FIFA World Cup, wearing the number 20 jersey.-References:*...

 Luis Pedro Figueroa
Luis Pedro Figueroa
Luis Pedro Figueroa is a Chilean football player , currently playing for Sporting Clube Olhanense in Portugal.-Career:...

 Marco Antonio Figueroa
Marco Antonio Figueroa
Marco Antonio Figueroa Montero is a Chilean football manager and former striker who played for several clubs in Latin America, including Cobreloa, Monarcas Morelia and Club América. During his playing career he was known as "el Fantasma" or "the Phantom." He is remembered among fans of Morelia...

 Eduardo Fournier
Eduardo Fournier
Eduardo Antonio Fournier Arriagada is a Chilean former footballer who played at both professional and international levels before becoming a coach.-Playing career:...


Edgardo Fuentes
Edgardo Fuentes
Edgardo Fuentes is a former Chilean professional footballer who played for Cobreloa in Chile and Puebla F.C., Club León and Monarcas Morelia in the Primera División de México. Fuentes was an important part of Cobreloa's championship-winning squad during the 1992 season.-References:...

 Luis Fuentes
Luis Fuentes
Luis Alberto Fuentes Rodríguez is a Chilean defender, who currently plays for the Chilean club Deportes Iquique. Fuentes is also known as "flaco," which means "skinny" in Spanish. He began his professional career with another Chilean club Coquimbo Unido in 1993. He made 156 appearances and...

 Patricio Galaz
Patricio Galaz
Patricio Sebastián Galaz Sepúlveda is a Chilean football forward. He last played for Ñublense in the Chilean Primera División....

 Eduardo Gómez Rubén Gómez
Rubén Gómez (footballer)
Ruben Gomez is an Argentine footballer who plays for AEK Larnaca.- Career :He has been attached to FC Metalurh Donetsk in Ukraine, although has been out on loan since 2005.-External links:* *...

 Aníbal González
Aníbal González
Aníbal Segundo González Espinoza is a retired Chilean footballer who played as a forward during his career...

 Boris González
Boris González
Boris Igor González Garrido is a Chilean footballer, who plays right midfield. He made his professional debut with Chilean club Rangers where he spent his first two seasons. The next four seasons he would spend with Cobreloa, where he would win three championships...

 Daniel González Hugo González
Hugo González
Hugo Armando González Muñoz is a retired Chilean footballer. He played as a central defender during his career.González made his debut for the national senior squad on 25 June 1988, in a friendly against Peru....

 Juan Luis González
Juan Luis González
Juan Luis González Calderón is a Chilean football defender. He is currently playing for O'Higgins.-External links: *...

 Pedro González Vera
Pedro González Vera
Pedro Alejandro González Vera is a Chilean football player nicknamed "Heidi". With 212 goals, he is the second highest scorer in the history of Chilean football after Francisco "Chamaco" Valdés, who has 215 official goals....

 Fernando Hurtado
Fernando Hurtado Pérez
Fernando Hurtado Pérez is a Chilean football goalkeeper, who currently plays for Cobreloa.-National team:In 2007, Fernando Hurtado was called to the national team in a match against with Cuba, and also since Miguel Pinto refuse the position of third goalkeeper in Copa América 2007, and then to...

 Francisco Ibáñez
Francisco Ibáñez Campos
Francisco Javier Ibáñez Campos is a Chilean footballer, who currently plays Striker for Cobreloa.-Career:He began his career in the youth system of Universidad de Chile before making his debut in the 2006 with Palestino. In 2007 he was loaned to Deportivo Temuco.-External links:*...

 José Luis Jerez
José Luis Jerez
José Luis Jerez Cerna is a Chilean professional football midfielder. He currently plays for the Chilean club Cobreloa.-Chile:...

 Juan Carlos Letelier Fernando Martel
Fernando Martel
Fernando Martel is a Chilean football offensive midfielder. He currently plays for Deportes Iquique of the first division in Chile.-Career:...

 Rodrigo Meléndez
Rodrigo Meléndez
Rodrigo David Meléndez Araya is Chilean footballer who plays for Chilean Primera División team Deportes Iquique. He mainly plays as a defensive midfielder...

 Victor Merello Arturo Norambuena
Arturo Norambuena
Arturo Andrés Norambuena Ardiles , commonly known as Arturo Norambuena, is a Chilean footballer who plays as striker. He is unattached. He previously played in his homeland with Universidad Católica. Norambuena graduated in forestry in Universidad Austral de Chile.Norambuena has been involved with...

 Juan Olivares
Juan Olivares
Juan Segundo Olivares Marambio is a retired Chilean football goalkeeper. He played for the Chile national team between 1965 and 1974, gaining 33 caps. He was part of the Chile squad for the 1966 and 1974 world cups....


Andrés Oroz
Andrés Oroz
Andrés Patricio Oroz is a Chilean football midfielder currently playing for Ñublense in Chile.Professional debut in July 1998 by playing a match against Santiago Morning Deportes Antofagasta...

 Mario Osbén
Mario Osbén
Mario Ignacio Osbén Méndez is a retired football goalkeeper from Chile, who was nicknamed "El Gato" . He played for Ñublense, Club de Deportes Concepción, Unión Española, Colo Colo and Cobreloa during his professional career. He represented Chile at the 1982 FIFA World Cup, playing all three matches...

 Esteban Paredes
Esteban Paredes
Esteban Efraín Paredes Quintanilla is an Chilean professional footballer who plays as a striker for Colo-Colo.-Santiago Morning:Paredes started his career at Santiago Morning, in where debuted as professional in the year 2000...

 Rodrigo Pérez
Rodrigo Pérez
Rodrigo Antonio Pérez Albornoz is a Chilean defender, who currently plays for the Chilean club Deportes Iquique. Pérez made his professional debut with the Chilean club O'Higgins in 1993. He then moved to Santiago Wanderers in 1997. He has spent the most time in Chile playing for Cobreloa,...

 Nicolás Peric
Nicolás Peric
Nicolás Peric , is a Chilean goalkeeper of Croatian origin who currently plays for Cobreloa. His nickname is Loco .-Chile:...

 Jean Paul Pineda
Jean Paul Pineda
Jean Paul Jesús Pineda Cortés is a Chilean striker, who currently plays for Unión Española.-External links:*...

 Camilo Pino
Camilo Pino
Camilo Pino La Corte is a Venezuelan novelist. He was born in Caracas, Venezuela in 1970, the son of historian Elias Pino Iturrieta.Pino studied journalism at the Universidad Central de Venezuela and communications at the University of Westminster...

 Mauricio Pozo
Mauricio Pozo
Mauricio Andrés Pozo Quinteros is a retired Chilean football defender, who made his debut for the Chile national football team in 2001. He obtained a total of four caps for his native country.-References:*...

 Hector Puebla
Hector Puebla
Héctor Puebla Saavedra is one the biggest idols of Chilean soccer club Cobreloa, he played for the team for 16 years, and he's the most well-known player in Cobreloa's history amongst the fans...

 Jaime Riveros
Jaime Riveros
Jaime Eduardo Riveros Valenzuela is a Chilean footballer, who currently is Palestino. Riveros has many nicknames which are "la Liebre", "la Zurdita", "el Mono", and "el 10." He has played for seven different clubs and has been called up to the national team. He made his national team debut on...

 Sebastián Rocco
Sebastián Rocco
Sebastián Rocco is a Chilean footballer, who currently plays defender for Everton in Chile.- Career :...

 Alexis Sánchez
Alexis Sánchez (footballer)
Alexis Alejandro Sánchez Sánchez , is a Chilean footballer who plays as a forward for FC Barcelona and for the Chilean national team. He is well known for his excellent dribbling ability, great speed and his unusual strength for a fast winger....

 Mario Soto
Mario Benavides Soto
Mario Soto Benavides was a Chilean football defender, who played for his native country in the 1982 FIFA World Cup. In total for his country he played 48 matches scoring 1 goal between 1975 and 1985...

 Hugo Tabilo Nelson Tapia Carlos Tejas
Carlos Tejas
Carlos Tejas Pastén is a Chilean footballer, also called "el cuchillo", currently plays for Club Deportivo O'Higgins. His position is Goalkeeper. He currently plays for Coquimbo Unido. Tejas was in Chile's squad for the 1997 Copa América and 1998 FIFA World Cup.-References:...

 Francisco Valdés
Francisco Valdés
Francisco Segundo Valdés Muñoz, , nicknamed Chamaco, was a Chilean footballer and manager. Recognized as one of Chile's most important midfielders, with 215 official goals, he is the top scorer in the history of Chilean league...

 Rubén Vallejos Eduardo Vargas
Eduardo Vargas
Eduardo Jesús Vargas Rojas is a chilean footballer. He currently plays for Universidad de Chile as forward.- Career :...

 Adán Vergara
Adán Vergara
Adán Jonathan Vergara Villagra is a Chilean football player and who currently plays for Universidad Católica in Chile. He is an experienced and powerful central defender.- Career :...


Eduardo Vilches
Eduardo Vilches
Eduardo Enrique Vilches Arriagada is a former Chilean footballer.-Club career:Vilches began his professional career with Magallanes, before moving to Universidad Católica and Colo-Colo...

 José Luis Villanueva
José Luis Villanueva
José Luis Villanueva Ahumada is a Chilean football player. He is currently playing for Universidad Católica.- Second Division in Chile :...

 Paolo Vivar Alex Whiteley Oscar Wirth Guillermo Yávar
Guillermo Yávar
Guillermo Yávar is a Chilean football forward who played for Chile in the 1966 and 1974 FIFA World Cups. He also played for Club Universidad de Chile.-External links:*...

 Nicolas Asencio
Nicolás Asencio
Nicolás Geovanny Asencio Espinoza is an Ecuadorian football striker who is a free agent.He played for a several clubs, including his beloved Barcelona de Guayaquil...

 Eduardo Bennett   Pablo Abdala
Pablo Abdala
Pablo Abdala is a naturalized Palestinian football midfielder.-External links:...

   Lucas Barrios
Lucas Barrios
Lucas Ramón Barrios Cáceres is an Argentine-born Paraguayan footballer. He currently plays as a striker for Borussia Dortmund in the German Bundesliga. Barrios is known for his effectiveness in the target area...

 Pablo Caballero
Pablo Caballero Cáceres
Pablo Caballero full name Pablo Leonardo Caballero Cáceres is a Paraguayan footballer. He plays for Boca Unidos.-External links:*...

 Marco Lazaga
Marco Lazaga
Marco Antonio Lazaga, is a football striker from Paraguay, who currently plays for Everton.-Career:Lazaga started his career with Club 2 de Mayo of Pedro Juan Caballero, before signing with the Argentine side Belgrano of Córdoba. In 2008, he returned to Paraguay to play in the Apertura tournament...

 Darío Verón
Darío Verón
Darío Anastacio Verón Maldonado is a Paraguayan football player that plays for UNAM Pumas in the Mexican First Division....

 Alex Magallanes
Alex Magallanes
Alex Magallanes is a Peruvian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder. He currently plays for José Gálvez FBC.Alex Magallanes has made 17 appearances for the Peru national football team.-Honours:...

 Osvaldo Canobbio
Osvaldo Canobbio
Osvaldo Francisco Canobbio Pittaluga , commonly known as Osvaldo Canobbio, is a footballer who currently plays as a striker...

 Luis Garisto
Luis Garisto
Luis Garisto Pan is a current Uruguayan football coach who has had a professional career as both player and head coach. Luis Garisto began his professional career in 1960 with Uruguayn club C.A. Peñarol...

 Baudilio Jáuregui
Baudilio Jáuregui
Baudilio Jáuregui is a former Uruguayan footballer currently played for clubs of Uruguay, Argentina and Chile and the Uruguay national football team in the FIFA World Cup West Germany 1974...

 Ladislao Mazurkiewicz
Ladislao Mazurkiewicz
Ladislao Mazurkiewicz Iglesias is an Uruguayan former football goalkeeper of the 1960s and 1970s. He helped the Uruguay national team to qualify to the semifinals of the 1970 World Cup, where the charrúas were stopped by the eventual champions, Brazil. He was elected the best goalkeeper of that...

   Washington Olivera
Washington Olivera
Washington Olivera is a coach and former footballer who played for clubs in Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, the United States and El Salvador, as well as the Uruguay national football team....

 Jorge Luis Siviero
Jorge Luis Siviero
Jorge Luis Siviero , is a Uruguayan football coach and former playerSiviero was born in Montevideo. He played for clubs in Uruguay, Mexico and Chile and for the Uruguay national football team....



Sources

Libro Oficial Cobreloa Un Impacto en el Desierto (2007), Carlos Gómez/Cedep, Chile Official site
The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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