Butterley Company
Encyclopedia
Butterley Engineering was an engineering company based in Ripley, Derbyshire
. The company was formed from the Butterley Company which began as Benjamin Outram and Company in 1790 and existed until 2009.
. Indeed, after the Norman Conquest, nearby Duffield Frith
was the property of the de Ferrers family who were iron masters in Normandy
.
In 1793, William Jessop
, with the assistance of Benjamin Outram
, constructed the Cromford Canal
to connect Pinxton
and Cromford
with the Erewash Canal
. In the process of digging the Butterley Tunnel
for the Cromford Canal
, quantities of coal
and iron were discovered. Fortuitously, Butterley Hall
fell vacant and, in 1790, Outram, with the financial assistance of Francis Beresford, bought it and its estate.
The following year they were joined by Jessop, and John, the grandson of Ichabod Wright, a wealthy Nottingham
banker who was betrothed to Beresford's daughter and who owned the Butterley Park estate.
In 1793 the French Revolutionary Wars
broke out and, by 1796, the blast furnace
was producing nearly a thousand tons of pig iron
a year. By the second decade of the next century the company had expanded with another works at Codnor Park, both works then having two blast furnaces, and output had risen to around 4,500 tons per year.
In 1814 the company produced the iron work for the Vauxhall Bridge
over the River Thames
.
They also owned Hilt's Quarry at Crich
which supplied limestone
for the ironworks, and for the limekiln
s at Bullbridge
providing lime for farmers and for the increasing amount of building work. The steep wagonway
to the Cromford Canal
at Bullbridge was called the Butterley Gang Road. In 1812, William Brunton
, an engineer for the company, produced his remarkable Steam Horse locomotive
In 1817, in the depression following the Napoleonic Wars
, the works at Butterley was the scene of the Pentrich Revolution. The intention of the rebels had been to kill the three senior managers and ransack it for weapons. However, when they arrived they were confronted by George Goodwin the factory agent, who, with a few constables, faced them down. There is little to be seen nowadays of the event, but the hexagonal office, where Goodwin stood his ground, still exists as a listed building in the yard of the Butterley Company's works.[
Following this, however, the country entered a long period of prosperity, the Butterley Company with it. In 1830 it was considered to be the largest coal owner and the second largest iron producer, in the East Midlands
. By this time the company owned a considerable number of quarries for limestone
and mines for coal
and iron
, and installed a third blast furnace at Codnor Park.
One of the two drainage engines at Pode Hole
and the engine still in the Pinchbeck Engine
land drainage museum were built by Butterley, as were the Scoop wheel
pumps.
They produced a vast array of goods, from rails for wagonways to heaters for tea urns. Thomas Telford
's Caledonian Canal
used lock gates and machinery with castings produced at Butterley, as well as two steam dredgers designed by Jessop. The company also produced steam locomotives, mostly for its own use, but it provided two for the Midland Counties Railway
.
They produced all the necessary castings for the new railways and two complete lines, the Croydon, Merstham and Godstone Iron Railway and the Cromford and High Peak Railway
. A winding engine for the latter still exists in working order at Middleton Top near Wirksworth
.
The company was quick to invest in the new Bessemer process
for steel manufacture in 1856, being one of four businesses who took out a license from Sir Henry Bessemer within a month of him announcing his method. The licenses were deliberately spread around the country in order to protect the trading interests of the various licensees.
Notable patents were taken out by Butterley's manager, Sir John Alleyne
. In December 1859 Alleyne patented a method of producing a load-bearing iron beam known as the Butterley Bulb used in many of the early iron steam ships including HMS Warrior
. Alleyne patented a method in 1861 which allowed hot ingots to be moved around a roller after it had passed by just one person. During the production of steel sections the bar has to be repeatedly put through rollers. Allowing this to happen using just one person was a substantial increase in productivity. By 1863 the company was rolling the largest masses of iron of any foundry in the country. Among its most famous buildings are the Barlow Train Shed at St Pancras station in London
which included 240 foot spans.
Alleynes next invention was the two high reversing steel mill patented in 1870, which used two steam engines to allow metal ingots to be repeatedly rolled in order to get the correct size and section. With this technique the steel did not have to be moved to re-enter the rolling process but merely had to be moved back into the rolling machine once it had passed through.
There was also an extensive brickworks not only for the railways, but for thousands of factories and domestic dwellings.
By 1874 company workers were starting to fight for better conditions. The company sacked eleven miners "without a charge" on May 5, 1874.
In 1957, a partnership with Air Products
of the USA helped establish that company in the United Kingdom
.
In the early 1960s the company acquired locomotive
manufacturer F. C. Hibberd & Co Ltd
.
The Codnor Park works closed in 1965.
The company was acquired by Lord Hanson in the 1968 for £4.7 million. The company was subsequently split up into Butterley Engineering, Butterley Brick and Butterley Aggregates. Butterley Hall, Outram's home and later the companies offices, was sold off to become the headquarters of Derbyshire Constabulary
.
In the mid 1980s the foundry closed down and when the surplus buildings were demolished, the original blast furnace
of 1790 was exposed.
The company entered the 21st century with a well established reputation for constructing bridges, overhead crane
s and structural steelwork.
One of the company's prestige projects was the construction of the Falkirk Wheel
, a boatlift at Falkirk
, Scotland
to rejoin the Forth & Clyde Canal and the Union Canal
in place of a derelict flight of 11 locks. Designed by RMJM
architects, it was funded by the Millennium Commission
.
The company also constructed the Spinnaker Tower
in Portsmouth
.
On 5 March 2009, Butterley Engineering was placed into administration, the administrator stating "This is a highly specialist business that has proven vulnerable to the economic downturn".
Demolition of the works was undertaken in November and December 2009. It is not clear how many of the original buildings will remain after demolition. Photographic record of the demolition and the works in general is available at the Aditnow site. There is a stated intention of the developers to bury the blast furnace, to remove any future liability, however, a group of enthusiasts is fighting the developers' plans to bury it.
Ripley, Derbyshire
Ripley is a town in the Amber Valley area of Derbyshire in England.- Earliest history :Not much information is available as to when Ripley was founded, but it existed at the time of the Domesday Book, when it was held by a man called Levenot....
. The company was formed from the Butterley Company which began as Benjamin Outram and Company in 1790 and existed until 2009.
Origins
This area of Derbyshire had been known for its outcrops of iron ore which had been exploited at least since the Middle AgesMiddle Ages
The Middle Ages is a periodization of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The Middle Ages follows the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and precedes the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classic, Medieval and Modern...
. Indeed, after the Norman Conquest, nearby Duffield Frith
Duffield Frith
Duffield Frith was, in medieval times, an area of Derbyshire in England, part of that bestowed upon Henry de Ferrers by King William, controlled from his seat at Duffield Castle. From 1266 it became part of the Duchy of Lancaster and from 1285 it was a Royal Forest with its own Forest Courts.It...
was the property of the de Ferrers family who were iron masters in Normandy
Normandy
Normandy is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. It is in France.The continental territory covers 30,627 km² and forms the preponderant part of Normandy and roughly 5% of the territory of France. It is divided for administrative purposes into two régions:...
.
In 1793, William Jessop
William Jessop
William Jessop was an English civil engineer, best known for his work on canals, harbours and early railways in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.-Early life:...
, with the assistance of Benjamin Outram
Benjamin Outram
Benjamin Outram was an English civil engineer, surveyor and industrialist. He was a pioneer in the building of canals and tramways.-Personal life:...
, constructed the Cromford Canal
Cromford Canal
The Cromford Canal ran 14.5 miles from Cromford to the Erewash Canal in Derbyshire, England with a branch to Pinxton. Built by William Jessop with the assistance of Benjamin Outram, its alignment included four tunnels and 14 locks....
to connect Pinxton
Pinxton
Pinxton is a village on the eastern boundary of Derbyshire in the Bolsover district, England.In Anglo-Saxon times it was a small agricultural community, thought to have been recorded in the Domesday Book as "Esnotrewic." It is also thought that it was known as "Snodeswic," given by Wulfric Spott to...
and Cromford
Cromford
Cromford is a village, two miles to the south of Matlock in the Derbyshire Dales district in Derbyshire, England. It is principally known for its historical connection with Richard Arkwright, and the Cromford Mill which he built here in 1771...
with the Erewash Canal
Erewash Canal
The Erewash Canal is a broad canal in Derbyshire, England. It runs just under and has 14 locks. The first lock at Langley Bridge is actually part of the Cromford Canal.-Origins:...
. In the process of digging the Butterley Tunnel
Butterley Tunnel
Butterley Tunnel is a one and three quarter mile long canal tunnel on the Cromford Canal below Ripley, in Derbyshire, England, opened to traffic in 1794.-Origins:...
for the Cromford Canal
Cromford Canal
The Cromford Canal ran 14.5 miles from Cromford to the Erewash Canal in Derbyshire, England with a branch to Pinxton. Built by William Jessop with the assistance of Benjamin Outram, its alignment included four tunnels and 14 locks....
, quantities of coal
Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure...
and iron were discovered. Fortuitously, Butterley Hall
Butterley Hall
Butterley Hall is an 18th century country house near Ripley, Derbyshire which now serves as the headquarters of the Derbyshire Constabulary. It is a Grade II listed building...
fell vacant and, in 1790, Outram, with the financial assistance of Francis Beresford, bought it and its estate.
The following year they were joined by Jessop, and John, the grandson of Ichabod Wright, a wealthy Nottingham
Nottingham
Nottingham is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands of England. It is located in the ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire and represents one of eight members of the English Core Cities Group...
banker who was betrothed to Beresford's daughter and who owned the Butterley Park estate.
In 1793 the French Revolutionary Wars
French Revolutionary Wars
The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts, from 1792 until 1802, fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states...
broke out and, by 1796, the blast furnace
Blast furnace
A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally iron.In a blast furnace, fuel and ore and flux are continuously supplied through the top of the furnace, while air is blown into the bottom of the chamber, so that the chemical reactions...
was producing nearly a thousand tons of pig iron
Pig iron
Pig iron is the intermediate product of smelting iron ore with a high-carbon fuel such as coke, usually with limestone as a flux. Charcoal and anthracite have also been used as fuel...
a year. By the second decade of the next century the company had expanded with another works at Codnor Park, both works then having two blast furnaces, and output had risen to around 4,500 tons per year.
Early years
Outram died in 1805 and the name changed to the Butterley Company, with one of Jessop's sons, also William, taking over.In 1814 the company produced the iron work for the Vauxhall Bridge
Vauxhall Bridge
Vauxhall Bridge is a Grade II* listed steel and granite deck arch bridge in central London. It crosses the River Thames in a south–east north–west direction between Vauxhall on the south bank and Pimlico on the north bank...
over the River Thames
River Thames
The River Thames flows through southern England. It is the longest river entirely in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom. While it is best known because its lower reaches flow through central London, the river flows alongside several other towns and cities, including Oxford,...
.
They also owned Hilt's Quarry at Crich
Crich
Crich is a village in Derbyshire in England. It has the National Tramway Museum inside the Crich Tramway Village, and at the summit of Crich Hill above, a Memorial Tower for those of the Sherwood Foresters regiment who died in battle, particularly in World War I.Built in 1923 on the site of an...
which supplied limestone
Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate . Many limestones are composed from skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera....
for the ironworks, and for the limekiln
Limekiln
A lime kiln is used to produce quicklime through the calcination of limestone . The chemical equation for this reaction is...
s at Bullbridge
Bullbridge
Bullbridge is a small village in Derbyshire. The Bull bridge accident happened here in 1860.-The village:Bullbridge has a population of approx...
providing lime for farmers and for the increasing amount of building work. The steep wagonway
Wagonway
Wagonways consisted of the horses, equipment and tracks used for hauling wagons, which preceded steam powered railways. The terms "plateway", "tramway" and in someplaces, "dramway" are also found.- Early developments :...
to the Cromford Canal
Cromford Canal
The Cromford Canal ran 14.5 miles from Cromford to the Erewash Canal in Derbyshire, England with a branch to Pinxton. Built by William Jessop with the assistance of Benjamin Outram, its alignment included four tunnels and 14 locks....
at Bullbridge was called the Butterley Gang Road. In 1812, William Brunton
William Brunton
William Brunton was a Scottish engineer and inventor.He was the eldest son of Robert Brunton of Dalkeith, where he was born...
, an engineer for the company, produced his remarkable Steam Horse locomotive
Steam Horse locomotive
The Steam Horse was constructed by the Butterley Company in Derbyshire in 1813 by William Brunton . Also known as the "Mechanical Traveller" it had a pair of mechanical legs, with feet that gripped the rails at the rear of the engine to push it forwards at about three miles an hour.-Design:To...
In 1817, in the depression following the Napoleonic Wars
Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars declared against Napoleon's French Empire by opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815. As a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, they revolutionised European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale, mainly due to...
, the works at Butterley was the scene of the Pentrich Revolution. The intention of the rebels had been to kill the three senior managers and ransack it for weapons. However, when they arrived they were confronted by George Goodwin the factory agent, who, with a few constables, faced them down. There is little to be seen nowadays of the event, but the hexagonal office, where Goodwin stood his ground, still exists as a listed building in the yard of the Butterley Company's works.[
Following this, however, the country entered a long period of prosperity, the Butterley Company with it. In 1830 it was considered to be the largest coal owner and the second largest iron producer, in the East Midlands
East Midlands
The East Midlands is one of the regions of England, consisting of most of the eastern half of the traditional region of the Midlands. It encompasses the combined area of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Northamptonshire and most of Lincolnshire...
. By this time the company owned a considerable number of quarries for limestone
Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate . Many limestones are composed from skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera....
and mines for coal
Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure...
and iron
Iron
Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is the most common element forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust...
, and installed a third blast furnace at Codnor Park.
One of the two drainage engines at Pode Hole
Pode Hole
Pode Hole is a small village to the west of Spalding at the confluence of several drainage channels. Two pumping stations discharge water into Vernatt's Drain from land in Deeping Fen to the South and West. Water from Pinchbeck South Fen to the North is also lifted into Vernatt's Drain...
and the engine still in the Pinchbeck Engine
Pinchbeck Engine
The Pinchbeck Engine is a drainage engine, a rotative beam engine built in 1833 to drain Pinchbeck Marsh, to the north of Spalding, Lincolnshire, in England...
land drainage museum were built by Butterley, as were the Scoop wheel
Scoop wheel
right|thumb|Rim driven Scoop wheel of the [[Stretham Old Engine]], CambridgeshireA scoop wheel may be a pump or an excavator.-Scoop wheel pump:...
pumps.
They produced a vast array of goods, from rails for wagonways to heaters for tea urns. Thomas Telford
Thomas Telford
Thomas Telford FRS, FRSE was a Scottish civil engineer, architect and stonemason, and a noted road, bridge and canal builder.-Early career:...
's Caledonian Canal
Caledonian Canal
The Caledonian Canal is a canal in Scotland that connects the Scottish east coast at Inverness with the west coast at Corpach near Fort William. It was constructed in the early nineteenth century by engineer Thomas Telford, and is a sister canal of the Göta Canal in Sweden, also constructed by...
used lock gates and machinery with castings produced at Butterley, as well as two steam dredgers designed by Jessop. The company also produced steam locomotives, mostly for its own use, but it provided two for the Midland Counties Railway
Midland Counties Railway
The Midland Counties Railway was a railway company in the United Kingdom which existed between 1832 and 1844, connecting Nottingham, Leicester and Derby with Rugby and thence, via the London and Birmingham Railway, to London. The MCR system connected with the North Midland Railway and the...
.
They produced all the necessary castings for the new railways and two complete lines, the Croydon, Merstham and Godstone Iron Railway and the Cromford and High Peak Railway
Cromford and High Peak Railway
The Cromford and High Peak Railway in Derbyshire, England, was completed in 1831, to carry minerals and goods between the Cromford Canal wharf at High Peak Junction and the Peak Forest Canal at Whaley Bridge -Origins:...
. A winding engine for the latter still exists in working order at Middleton Top near Wirksworth
Wirksworth
Wirksworth is a small market town in Derbyshire, England, with a population of over 9,000.The population of the Wirksworth area including Cromford, Bolehill and Middleton-by-Wirksworth is about 12,000. Wirksworth is listed in the Domesday Book in 1086. Within it is the source of the River...
.
The company was quick to invest in the new Bessemer process
Bessemer process
The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. The process is named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the process in 1855. The process was independently discovered in 1851 by William Kelly...
for steel manufacture in 1856, being one of four businesses who took out a license from Sir Henry Bessemer within a month of him announcing his method. The licenses were deliberately spread around the country in order to protect the trading interests of the various licensees.
Sir John Alleyne, 3rd Baronet
Sir John Gay Newton Alleyne, 3rd Baronet was a British businessman and engineer.-Biography:Alleyne was born in Alleynedale Hall in Barbados, the son of Sir Reynold Abel Alleyne, 2nd Baronet, and his wife Rebecca, daughter of John Alton. He was educated at Harrow School and in Bonn University...
. In December 1859 Alleyne patented a method of producing a load-bearing iron beam known as the Butterley Bulb used in many of the early iron steam ships including HMS Warrior
HMS Warrior (1860)
HMS Warrior was the first iron-hulled, armour-plated warship, built for the Royal Navy in response to the first ironclad warship, the French Gloire, launched a year earlier....
. Alleyne patented a method in 1861 which allowed hot ingots to be moved around a roller after it had passed by just one person. During the production of steel sections the bar has to be repeatedly put through rollers. Allowing this to happen using just one person was a substantial increase in productivity. By 1863 the company was rolling the largest masses of iron of any foundry in the country. Among its most famous buildings are the Barlow Train Shed at St Pancras station in London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
which included 240 foot spans.
Alleynes next invention was the two high reversing steel mill patented in 1870, which used two steam engines to allow metal ingots to be repeatedly rolled in order to get the correct size and section. With this technique the steel did not have to be moved to re-enter the rolling process but merely had to be moved back into the rolling machine once it had passed through.
There was also an extensive brickworks not only for the railways, but for thousands of factories and domestic dwellings.
By 1874 company workers were starting to fight for better conditions. The company sacked eleven miners "without a charge" on May 5, 1874.
20th century
At its peak in the 1950s the company employed around 10,000 people.In 1957, a partnership with Air Products
Air Products & Chemicals
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. is an international corporation whose principal business is selling gases and chemicals for industrial uses. Air Products' headquarters is in Allentown, Pennsylvania, in the Lehigh Valley region of Pennsylvania, in the United States. Air Products is the Lehigh...
of the USA helped establish that company in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
.
In the early 1960s the company acquired locomotive
Locomotive
A locomotive is a railway vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. The word originates from the Latin loco – "from a place", ablative of locus, "place" + Medieval Latin motivus, "causing motion", and is a shortened form of the term locomotive engine, first used in the early 19th...
manufacturer F. C. Hibberd & Co Ltd
F. C. Hibberd & Co Ltd
F. C. Hibberd & Co Ltd was a British locomotive-building company founded in 1927 to build industrial petrol and diesel locomotives. In 1932 the company acquired the goodwill of James and Frederick Howard Ltd...
.
The Codnor Park works closed in 1965.
The company was acquired by Lord Hanson in the 1968 for £4.7 million. The company was subsequently split up into Butterley Engineering, Butterley Brick and Butterley Aggregates. Butterley Hall, Outram's home and later the companies offices, was sold off to become the headquarters of Derbyshire Constabulary
Derbyshire Constabulary
Derbyshire Constabulary is the territorial police force responsible for policing the county of Derbyshire, England. The force covers an area of over with a population of just under one million.-Organisation and structure:...
.
In the mid 1980s the foundry closed down and when the surplus buildings were demolished, the original blast furnace
Blast furnace
A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally iron.In a blast furnace, fuel and ore and flux are continuously supplied through the top of the furnace, while air is blown into the bottom of the chamber, so that the chemical reactions...
of 1790 was exposed.
21st century
Overhead crane
An overhead crane, commonly called a bridge crane, is a type of crane found in industrial environments. An overhead crane consists of parallel runways with a traveling bridge spanning the gap...
s and structural steelwork.
One of the company's prestige projects was the construction of the Falkirk Wheel
Falkirk Wheel
The Falkirk Wheel is a rotating boat lift located in Scotland, UK,connecting the Forth and Clyde Canal with the Union Canal, opened in 2002. It is named after the nearby town of Falkirk which is in central Scotland...
, a boatlift at Falkirk
Falkirk
Falkirk is a town in the Central Lowlands of Scotland. It lies in the Forth Valley, almost midway between the two most populous cities of Scotland; north-west of Edinburgh and north-east of Glasgow....
, Scotland
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
to rejoin the Forth & Clyde Canal and the Union Canal
Union Canal (Scotland)
The Union Canal is a 31.5-mile canal in Scotland, from Lochrin Basin, Fountainbridge, Edinburgh to Falkirk, where it meets the Forth and Clyde Canal.-Location and features:...
in place of a derelict flight of 11 locks. Designed by RMJM
RMJM
RMJM is an international architectural practice founded in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1956 by architects Robert Matthew and Stirrat Johnson-Marshall. The first offices of the practice were its headquarters in Edinburgh, and another in London...
architects, it was funded by the Millennium Commission
Millennium Commission
The Millennium Commission in the United Kingdom was set up to aid communities at the end of the 2nd millennium and the start of the 3rd millennium. It used funding raised through the UK National Lottery....
.
The company also constructed the Spinnaker Tower
Spinnaker Tower
Spinnaker Tower is a –high landmark tower in Portsmouth, England. It is the centrepiece of the redevelopment of Portsmouth Harbour, which was supported by a National Lottery grant. Its shape was chosen by Portsmouth residents from a selection of concepts...
in Portsmouth
Portsmouth
Portsmouth is the second largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England. Portsmouth is notable for being the United Kingdom's only island city; it is located mainly on Portsea Island...
.
On 5 March 2009, Butterley Engineering was placed into administration, the administrator stating "This is a highly specialist business that has proven vulnerable to the economic downturn".
Demolition of the works was undertaken in November and December 2009. It is not clear how many of the original buildings will remain after demolition. Photographic record of the demolition and the works in general is available at the Aditnow site. There is a stated intention of the developers to bury the blast furnace, to remove any future liability, however, a group of enthusiasts is fighting the developers' plans to bury it.
Footnotes
- Duke of Portland's estate papers relating to Coal seams (Derbyshire & Notts)