Body swap
Encyclopedia
A body swap is a storytelling device
Literary technique
A literary technique is any element or the entirety of elements a writer intentionally uses in the structure of their work...

 seen in a variety of fiction
Fiction
Fiction is the form of any narrative or informative work that deals, in part or in whole, with information or events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary—that is, invented by the author. Although fiction describes a major branch of literary work, it may also refer to theatrical,...

, most often in television
Television
Television is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or colored, with accompanying sound...

 shows and movies, in which two people (or beings) exchange minds and end up in each other's bodies. Alternatively, their minds may stay where they are as their bodies adjust. The two people usually keep their voices in cartoons, for purposes of knowing who is who.

There are three distinct types of body swapping. Switches can be caused by magic item
Magic item
A magic item is any object that has magical powers inherent in it. These may act on their own or be the tools of the person or being whose hands they fall into. Magic items are commonly found in both folklore and modern fantasy...

s such as amulets, heartfelt wish
Wish
A wish is a hope or desire for something. Fictionally, wishes can be used as plot devices. In folklore, opportunities for "making a wish" or for wishes to "come true" or "be granted" are themes that are sometimes used.-In literature:...

es, or just strange quirks of the universe
Universe
The Universe is commonly defined as the totality of everything that exists, including all matter and energy, the planets, stars, galaxies, and the contents of intergalactic space. Definitions and usage vary and similar terms include the cosmos, the world and nature...

. The switches typically reverse after the subjects have expanded their world view
World view
A comprehensive world view is the fundamental cognitive orientation of an individual or society encompassing the entirety of the individual or society's knowledge and point-of-view, including natural philosophy; fundamental, existential, and normative postulates; or themes, values, emotions, and...

s, gained a new appreciation for each other's troubles by literally "walking in another's shoes" and/or caused sufficient amounts of farce
Farce
In theatre, a farce is a comedy which aims at entertaining the audience by means of unlikely, extravagant, and improbable situations, disguise and mistaken identity, verbal humour of varying degrees of sophistication, which may include word play, and a fast-paced plot whose speed usually increases,...

. Notable examples include the books Vice Versa (1882) and Freaky Friday
Freaky Friday
Freaky Friday is a classic comedic children’s novel written by Mary Rodgers first published in the USA in 1972, and adapted for film several times.-Plot:...

(1972), as well as the film versions of both.

Switches accomplished by technology
Technology
Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures. The word technology comes ;...

, exempting gadgets advanced sufficiently
Clarke's three laws
Clarke's Three Laws are three "laws" of prediction formulated by the British writer and scientist Arthur C. Clarke. They are:# When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right...

 to appear as magic, are the fare of mad scientist
Mad scientist
A mad scientist is a stock character of popular fiction, specifically science fiction. The mad scientist may be villainous or antagonistic, benign or neutral, and whether insane, eccentric, or simply bumbling, mad scientists often work with fictional technology in order to forward their schemes, if...

s. Body-swapping devices are characterized by highly experiment
Experiment
An experiment is a methodical procedure carried out with the goal of verifying, falsifying, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis. Experiments vary greatly in their goal and scale, but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results...

al status, straps, helmet
Helmet
A helmet is a form of protective gear worn on the head to protect it from injuries.Ceremonial or symbolic helmets without protective function are sometimes used. The oldest known use of helmets was by Assyrian soldiers in 900BC, who wore thick leather or bronze helmets to protect the head from...

s with complicated cables that run to a central system and a tendency to direly malfunction
Malfunction
A malfunction is when something functions wrongly or does not function at all.Some types of malfunctions are:*Malfunction , malfunction of a parachute*Sexual malfunction, also called "sexual dysfunction"**See also dyspareunia...

 before their effects can be reversed. Those without such means may resort to brain transplant
Whole-body transplant
A whole-body transplant or brain transplant is a hypothetical operation that would move the brain of one being into the body of another. It is a procedure distinct from head transplant, which involves transferring the entire head to a new body, as opposed to the brain only...

s. Such experiments can have overtones of horror
Horror fiction
Horror fiction also Horror fantasy is a philosophy of literature, which is intended to, or has the capacity to frighten its readers, inducing feelings of horror and terror. It creates an eerie atmosphere. Horror can be either supernatural or non-supernatural...

; evil mad scientists seldom use willing test subjects.

On the internet, many amateur
Amateur
An amateur is generally considered a person attached to a particular pursuit, study, or science, without pay and often without formal training....

 authors write and share body swap stories with one another. Fictionmania
Fictionmania
Fictionmania is a website dedicated to publishing and archiving transgender fiction, much of which is erotica. It is open to submissions from any writer, provided the submitted literature "explores gender." As of March 2008, Fictionmania was host to more than 15,000 story files; by Sept 2011,...

 is a website publishing
Publishing
Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of literature or information—the activity of making information available to the general public...

 and archiving transgender
Transgender
Transgender is a general term applied to a variety of individuals, behaviors, and groups involving tendencies to vary from culturally conventional gender roles....

 fiction, some of it focusing on male-to-female body swaps.

Science

While swapping bodies remains fictional as of 2011, scientific research points to the possibility of head transplant
Head transplant
A head transplant is a surgical operation involving the grafting of an organism's head onto the body of another. It should not be confused with another, hypothetical, surgical operation, the brain transplant. Head transplantation involves decapitating the patient...

s, a brain transplant or mind uploading somewhere in the future.

In 1973 a group of scientists from Case Western Reserve University
Case Western Reserve University
Case Western Reserve University is a private research university located in Cleveland, Ohio, USA...

 School of Medicine in Cleveland Ohio, led by Dr. Robert White
Robert J. White
Robert Joseph White was an American surgeon, best known for his head transplants on monkeys.-Biography:...

, a neurosurgeon inspired by the work of Vladimir Demikhov
Vladimir Demikhov
Vladimir Petrovich Demikhov was a Soviet scientist and organ transplant pioneer, who did several transplantations in the 1930s and 1950s, such as the transplantation of a heart into an animal and a lung-heart replacement in an animal. He is also well-known for his transplantation of the heads of...

, transplanted the head of one monkey onto another monkey's body. The animal was still able to smell, taste, hear, and see. The animal survived for eight days after the operation, even at times attempting to bite some of the staff. Dr. White successfully repeated the operation on a monkey in 2001.

In 2002, other head transplants were also conducted in Japan involving rats. Unlike the head transplants performed by Dr. White, however, these head transplants involved grafting one rat's head onto the body of another rat that kept its head. Thus the rat ended up with two heads.

Appearances in media

  • A Saintly Switch
    A Saintly Switch
    A Saintly Switch is a made for TV comedy film directed by film director, Peter Bogdanovich and produced in 1999 in by Walt Disney Animations, first exhibited on The Wonderful World of Disney. The plot revolves around an aging NFL quarterback and his stay-at-home wife switching bodies...

    (1999) (TV) – NFL Quarterback and his wife.
  • Freaky Friday
    Freaky Friday
    Freaky Friday is a classic comedic children’s novel written by Mary Rodgers first published in the USA in 1972, and adapted for film several times.-Plot:...

    (1976, 1995 and 2003) - Mother and daughter. Disney has produced several different versions.
  • It's a Boy Girl Thing
    It's a Boy Girl Thing
    It's A Boy Girl Thing is a 2006 romantic comedy film directed by Nick Hurran and written by Geoff Deane, starring Samaire Armstrong and Kevin Zegers and set in the United States but produced in the United Kingdom. The producers of the film are David Furnish, Steve Hamilton Shaw of Rocket Pictures...

    (2006) - Male teen and neighbor girl.
  • Prelude to a Kiss
    Prelude to a Kiss (film)
    Prelude to a Kiss is a 1992 American romantic fantasy film directed by Norman René and starring Alec Baldwin, Meg Ryan and Sydney Walker. The screenplay by Craig Lucas is based on his 1988 play of the same title.-Plot synopsis:...

    (1992) - Bride and mysterious old man.
  • Shrek the Third
    Shrek the Third
    Shrek the Third is a 2007 American animated film, and the third film in the Shrek series. It was produced by Jeffrey Katzenberg for DreamWorks Animation, and is distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was released in U.S. theaters on May 18, 2007...

    (2007) - Donkey and Puss in Boots
  • The Change-Up (2011) - Best friends played by Ryan Reynolds
    Ryan Reynolds
    Ryan Rodney Reynolds is a Canadian film and television actor, best known for his roles in such films as National Lampoon's Van Wilder, Waiting..., The Amityville Horror, Just Friends, Definitely, Maybe, The Proposal, Buried, X-Men Origins: Wolverine, and Green Lantern.One of his best known...

     and Jason Bateman
    Jason Bateman
    Jason Kent Bateman is an American television and film actor. After appearing in several 1980s and 1990s sitcoms including It's Your Move, and The Hogan Family, Bateman came to prominence in the early 2000s for playing Michael Bluth on Arrested Development, for which he won a TV Land, a Golden...

    .
  • The Hot Chick
    The Hot Chick
    The Hot Chick is a 2002 American comedy film about a teenage girl whose body is magically swapped with that of a 30-year-old criminal. It was directed by Tom Brady and produced by Guy Riedel for Happy Madison and Touchstone Pictures, from a screenplay by Tom Brady and Rob Schneider...

    (2002) - Clive (Rob Schneider) and Jessica (Rachel McAdams).
  • Boy Meets Girl
    Boy Meets Girl (TV series)
    Boy Meets Girl is an ITV comedy-drama television mini-series starring Rachael Stirling and Martin Freeman. In the show, Danny Reed is struck by lightning. When he wakes up from the attack, he is inside the body of a woman, fashion journalist Veronica Burton...

    — Two strangers swap bodies when struck by lightning.
  • American Dad: "Don't Look a Smith Horse in the Mouth
    Don't Look a Smith Horse in the Mouth
    "Don't Look a Smith Horse in the Mouth" is the tenth episode of the fifth season of American Dad!. It aired on January 3, 2010 on Fox and was the first American Dad episode to air in 720p high-definition.- Plot :...

    "
  • Angel
    Angel (TV series)
    Angel is an American television series, a spin-off of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The series was created by Buffys creator, Joss Whedon, in collaboration with David Greenwalt, and first aired on October 5, 1999...

    : "Carpe Noctem"
  • Ben 10
    Ben 10
    The Omnitrix was originally created by a Galvan named Azmuth. The Omnitrix was intended to allow beings to experience life as other species in order to bring understanding and foster peace in the universe....

    : "A Change of Face"
  • Buffy the Vampire Slayer: "Witch
    Witch (Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode)
    "Witch" is the third episode of the first season of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer . It serves as the show's first regular episode after the Pilot and originally aired in the United States on March 17, 1997, on The WB Television Network...

    " and "This Year's Girl"/"Who Are You"
  • Charmed
    Charmed
    Charmed is an American television series that originally aired from October 7, 1998, until May 21, 2006, on the now defunct The WB Television Network. The series was created in 1998 by writer Constance M...

    : "Enter the Demon", "Freaky Phoebe" and "The Lost Picture Show" — Piper and Leo.
  • Dragon Ball Z — Ginyu has the power to switch bodies with people at will.
  • The Fairly OddParents
    The Fairly OddParents
    The Fairly OddParents is an American-Canadian animated television series created by Butch Hartman about the adventures of Timmy Turner, who is granted fairy godparents named Cosmo and Wanda. The series started out as cartoon segments that ran from September 4, 1998 to March 23, 2001 on Oh Yeah!...

    : "Dog Daze Afternoon", "Presto Change-o", and "Manic Mom-Day"
  • Farscape
    Farscape
    Farscape is an Australian-American science fiction television series filmed in Australia and produced originally for the Nine Network. The series was conceived by Rockne S. O'Bannon and produced by Jim Henson Productions and Hallmark Entertainment...

    : "Out of Their Minds"
  • Fullmetal Alchemist
    Fullmetal Alchemist
    , is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hiromu Arakawa. The world of Fullmetal Alchemist is styled after the European Industrial Revolution...

    — Dante has lived for hundreds of years by continually switching bodies with others.
  • Futurama
    Futurama
    Futurama is an American animated science fiction sitcom created by Matt Groening and developed by Groening and David X. Cohen for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series follows the adventures of a late 20th-century New York City pizza delivery boy, Philip J...

    : "The Prisoner of Benda
    The Prisoner of Benda
    "The Prisoner of Benda" is the 10th episode of the sixth season of the animated sitcom, Futurama. It aired on Comedy Central on August 19, 2010. In the episode, Professor Farnsworth and Amy build a machine that allows them to switch minds so that they may each pursue their lifelong dreams. ...

    "
  • Johnny Test
    Johnny Test
    Johnny Test is an American/Canadian animated television series. It premiered on Kids' WB, on The WB Television Network, on September 17, 2005. Five months later, it was introduced to Cartoon Network UK on January 12, 2006, first, as a sneak preview on Jungle Saturdays Block, and then on June 5,...

    : "Papa Johnny" and "Johnny Susan Susan Johnny"
  • Naruto
    Naruto
    is an ongoing Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Masashi Kishimoto. The plot tells the story of Naruto Uzumaki, an adolescent ninja who constantly searches for recognition and aspires to become the Hokage, the ninja in his village who is acknowledged as the leader and the strongest of...

    - Orochimaru
    Orochimaru (Naruto)
    is a fictional character from the Naruto universe created by Masashi Kishimoto and developed into a media franchise, which consists of a series of manga, anime, soundtracks, OVAs, movies, video games, and other collectibles...

     switches bodies every three years.
  • The Outer Limits
    The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)
    The Outer Limits is an American television series that aired on ABC from 1963 to 1965. The series is similar in style to the earlier The Twilight Zone, but with a greater emphasis on science fiction, rather than fantasy stories...

    : "The Human Factor"
  • The Powerpuff Girls
    The Powerpuff Girls
    The Powerpuff Girls is an American animated television series created by animator Craig McCracken and produced by Hanna-Barbera for Cartoon Network...

    : "Criss Cross Crisis"
  • Quantum Leap
    Quantum Leap
    Quantum Leap is an American television series that was broadcast on NBC from March 26, 1989 to May 5, 1993, for a total of five seasons. The series was created by Donald Bellisario, and starred Scott Bakula as Dr...

    : Doctor Sam Beckett leaps from life to life on various dates.
  • Red Dwarf
    Red Dwarf
    Red Dwarf is a British comedy franchise which primarily comprises eight series of a television science fiction sitcom that aired on BBC Two between 1988 and 1999 and Dave from 2009–present. It gained cult following. It was created by Rob Grant and Doug Naylor, who also wrote the first six series...

    : "Body Swap"
  • Smallville
    Smallville (TV series)
    Smallville is an American television series developed by writers/producers Alfred Gough and Miles Millar based on the DC Comics character Superman, originally created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster. The television series was initially broadcast by The WB Television Network , premiering on October...

    : "Transference"
  • Star Trek
    Star Trek: The Original Series
    Star Trek is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry, produced by Desilu Productions . Star Trek was telecast on NBC from September 8, 1966, through June 3, 1969...

    : "Turnabout Intruder"
  • Star Trek: Voyager
    Star Trek: Voyager
    Star Trek: Voyager is a science fiction television series set in the Star Trek universe. Set in the 24th century from the year 2371 through 2378, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet vessel USS Voyager, which becomes stranded in the Delta Quadrant 70,000 light-years from Earth while...

    : "Vis à Vis
    Vis à Vis (Star Trek: Voyager)
    "Vis à Vis" is an episode of Star Trek: Voyager, the 20th episode of the fourth season. The episode has an average rating of 3/5 on the official Star Trek website .-Plot:...

    "
  • Stargate SG-1
    Stargate SG-1
    Stargate SG-1 is a Canadian-American adventure and military science fiction television series and part of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Stargate franchise. The show, created by Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner, is based on the 1994 feature film Stargate by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich...

    — At least four episodes to date have dealt with body swapping.
  • Teen Titans
    Teen Titans (TV series)
    Teen Titans is an American animated television series based on the DC Comics characters of the same name. The show was created by Glen Murakami, developed by David Slack, and produced by Warner Bros. Animation. It premiered on Cartoon Network on July 19, 2003, and the final episode "Things Change"...

    : "Switched"
  • Avenging Spirit
    Avenging Spirit
    Avenging Spirit, known in Japan as , is a 1991 2-player platform arcade game developed and published by Jaleco.-Plot:During a walk with his girlfriend, the player is ambushed by agents of a mysterious crime syndicate who take his girlfriend away and shoot him to death...

    - The entire game focuses around switching bodies to fight your way through the levels.
  • Tales of Rebirth
    Tales of Rebirth
    is the sixth mothership title in Namco's Tales RPG series. It was released on December 16, 2004 in Japan for the Sony PlayStation 2. Tales of Rebirth's characteristic genre name is . Tales of Rebirth has an anime introductory video accompanied by the song Good Night by Every Little Thing. Notably,...

    - The character Agarte has the Force of Moon, which forces her to switch bodies with other characters, including Claire, multiple times.
  • Under the Skin - You have to change body in body with disguise, to Completed goals.
  • Angel Sanctuary
    Angel Sanctuary
    is a shōjo manga series written and illustrated by Kaori Yuki. Originally serialized in Hana to Yume from February 1995 to February 2001, the chapters were collected and published in twenty tankōbon volumes by Hakusensha; the first volume was released in 1997 and the final volume was published in...

    - Setsuna and Alexiel in volumes 8-11.
  • Castle Roogna in Piers Anthony
    Piers Anthony
    Piers Anthony Dillingham Jacob is an English American writer in the science fiction and fantasy genres, publishing under the name Piers Anthony. He is most famous for his long-running novel series set in the fictional realm of Xanth.Many of his books have appeared on the New York Times Best...

    's Xanth
    Xanth
    Xanth is a fantasy world created by author Piers Anthony for his Xanth series of novels, also known as The Magic of Xanth.-History:The name Xanth is in itself an unintentional pun, which matches the playful tone of the books...

     series
  • Gender Blender by Blake Nelson
    Blake Nelson
    Blake Nelson is an American author of adult and children's literature. He grew up in Portland, Oregon, and attended Wesleyan University.Nelson began his career writing short humor pieces for Details magazine in the mid-nineties...

  • The Help! I'm Trapped...
    Help! I'm Trapped...
    Help! I'm Trapped... is a series of 17 books written by Todd Strasser, published by Scholastic Press. With worldwide sales of over 10 million copies, the plots mainly center around a group of children and a machine that has the power to switch bodies....

    series by Todd Strasser
  • Laughing Gas
    Laughing Gas (novel)
    Laughing Gas is a comic novel by P.G. Wodehouse, first published in the United Kingdom on September 25, 1936 by Herbert Jenkins, London, and in the United States on December 4, 1936 by Doubleday, Doran, New York...

    by P. G. Wodehouse
    P. G. Wodehouse
    Sir Pelham Grenville Wodehouse, KBE was an English humorist, whose body of work includes novels, short stories, plays, poems, song lyrics, and numerous pieces of journalism. He enjoyed enormous popular success during a career that lasted more than seventy years and his many writings continue to be...

  • The Barking Ghost, Why I'm Afraid of Bees and Switched
    Switched
    Switched may refer to:* Switched , an American music group* "Switched" , an episode of the American TV series Teen Titans* Switched!, an American TV series* Switched! , a Singaporean Chinese TV series...

    by R. L. Stine
    R. L. Stine
    Robert Lawrence Stine , known as R. L. Stine, and Jovial Bob Stine, is an American writer. Stine, who is called the "Stephen King of children's literature," is the author of hundreds of horror fiction novels, including the books in the Fear Street, Goosebumps, Rotten School, Mostly Ghostly, and The...

  • The Identity Matrix by Jack L. Chalker
    Jack L. Chalker
    Jack Laurence Chalker was an American science fiction author. Chalker was also a Baltimore City Schools history teacher in Maryland for 12 years, retiring in 1978 to write full-time...

  • The Tale of the Body Thief
    The Tale of the Body Thief
    The Tale of the Body Thief is the fourth novel in Anne Rice's The Vampire Chronicles series, following The Queen of the Damned. Published in 1992, it continues the adventures of Lestat, specifically his efforts to regain his lost humanity....

    by Anne Rice
    Anne Rice
    Anne Rice is a best-selling Southern American author of metaphysical gothic fiction, Christian literature and erotica from New Orleans, Louisiana. Her books have sold nearly 100 million copies, making her one of the most widely read authors in modern history...

     - Lestat de Lioncourt
    Lestat de Lioncourt
    Lestat de Lioncourt is a fictional character appearing in several novels by Anne Rice, including The Vampire Lestat. He is a vampire and the main character in the majority of The Vampire Chronicles, narrated in first person.-Publication history:...

     and Raglan James http://www.annerice.com/bs_b_theTaleOfTheBodyThief.htm
  • Transmigration by J. T. McIntosh
    J. T. McIntosh
    J. T. McIntosh was a pseudonym used by Scottish writer and journalist James Murdoch MacGregor.-Biography:Born in Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland, but living largely in Aberdeen, MacGregor used the McIntosh pseudonym as well as "H. J...

  • The Great Keinplatz Experiment by Arthur Conan Doyle
    Arthur Conan Doyle
    Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle DL was a Scottish physician and writer, most noted for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, generally considered a milestone in the field of crime fiction, and for the adventures of Professor Challenger...

    . http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=DoyCapt.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=3&division=div1
  • "The Thing on the Doorstep
    The Thing on the Doorstep
    "The Thing on the Doorstep" is a short story written by H. P. Lovecraft, part of the so-called Cthulhu Mythos universe of horror fiction. It was written in August 1933, and first published in the January 1937 issue of Weird Tales.-Inspiration:...

    " by H. P. Lovecraft
    H. P. Lovecraft
    Howard Phillips Lovecraft --often credited as H.P. Lovecraft — was an American author of horror, fantasy and science fiction, especially the subgenre known as weird fiction....

  • "Wild Wood" by Mildred Clingerman
    Mildred Clingerman
    Mildred McElroy Clingerman was an American science fiction author.Clingerman was born Mildred McElroy in Allen, Oklahoma and her family moved to Tucson, Arizona in 1929. She graduated from Tucson High School and attended the University of Arizona...

  • "The Distances" by Julio Cortázar
    Julio Cortázar
    Julio Cortázar, born Jules Florencio Cortázar, was an Argentine writer. Cortázar, known as one of the founders of the Latin American Boom, influenced an entire generation of Spanish speaking readers and writers in the Americas and Europe.-Early life:Cortázar's parents, Julio José Cortázar and...

  • "The Story of the Late Mr Elvesham" by H. G. Wells
    H. G. Wells
    Herbert George Wells was an English author, now best known for his work in the science fiction genre. He was also a prolific writer in many other genres, including contemporary novels, history, politics and social commentary, even writing text books and rules for war games...

  • "Ichchhepuron(Fulfilling the wish)" by Rabindranath Tagore
    Rabindranath Tagore
    Rabindranath Tagore , sobriquet Gurudev, was a Bengali polymath who reshaped his region's literature and music. Author of Gitanjali and its "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse", he became the first non-European Nobel laureate by earning the 1913 Prize in Literature...

  • "Mefisto In Onyx" by Harlan Ellison
    Harlan Ellison
    Harlan Jay Ellison is an American writer. His principal genre is speculative fiction.His published works include over 1,700 short stories, novellas, screenplays, teleplays, essays, a wide range of criticism covering literature, film, television, and print media...


See also

  • Body swap appearances in media
    Body swap appearances in media
    - List of movies with body swaps :* A Walk in My Shoes*All Of Me - Female client into attorney, then into a jar of water, then into his buddy musician, then into her stablekeeper's daughter, the daughter finally into one of her horses.*13 Going on 30...

  • Mind uploading in fiction
  • Whole-body transplants in popular culture

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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