Bloodless surgery
Encyclopedia
Bloodless surgery is a term that was popularized at the beginning of the 20th century by the practice of an internationally famous orthopedic surgeon
, Adolf Lorenz
, who was known as "the bloodless surgeon of Vienna
." This expression reflected Lorenz's methods for treating patients with noninvasive techniques. His medical practice was a consequence of his severe allergy
to carbolic acid routinely used in operating rooms
of the era. His condition forced him to become a "dry surgeon".
Contemporary usage of bloodless surgery refers to both invasive and noninvasive medical techniques and protocols. The term is somewhat confusing. The expression does not mean "surgery
that makes no use of blood or blood transfusion
". Rather, it refers to surgery performed without transfusion of allogeneic blood. Champions of bloodless surgery do, however, transfuse products made from allogeneic blood and they also make use of pre-donated blood for autologous transfusion. The last twenty years have witnessed a surge of interest in bloodless surgery, for a variety of reasons. Jehovah's Witnesses
reject blood transfusions
on religious grounds; others may be concerned about bloodborne diseases
, such as hepatitis
and AIDS
.
During the early 1960s, American heart surgeon Denton Cooley
, successfully performed numerous bloodless open-heart surgeries on Jehovah's Witness
patients. Fifteen years later, he and his associate published a report of more than 500 cardiac surgeries in this population, documenting that cardiac surgery could be safely performed without blood transfusion
.
Ronald Lapin
(1941–1995) was a maverick Israeli-born American surgeon, who became interested in bloodless surgery in the mid 1970s. Best known as a "bloodless surgeon" due to his willingness to perform surgeries on severely anemic Jehovah's Witness
patients without the use of blood transfusions.
Preoperative techniques such as erythropoietin
(EPO) or iron administration are designed to stimulate the patient's own erythropoiesis
.
In surgery, control of bleeding is achieved with the use of laser or sonic scalpels, minimally invasive surgical techniques, electrocautery, low central venous pressure anesthesia (for select cases), or suture ligation of vessels. Other methods include the use of blood substitutes
, which at present do not carry oxygen but expand the volume of the blood to prevent shock. Blood substitutes which do carry oxygen, such as PolyHeme
, are also under development. Many doctors view acute normovolemic hemodilution, a form of storage of a patient's own blood, as a pillar of "bloodless surgery" but the technique is not an option for patients who refuse autologous blood transfusions.
Intraoperative blood salvage
is a technique which recycles and cleans blood from a patient during an operation and redirects it into the patient's body.
Postoperatively, surgeons seek to minimize further blood loss by continuing administration of medications to augment blood cell mass and minimizing the number of blood draws and the quantity of blood drawn for testing, for example by using pediatric blood tubes for adult patients.
. Additionally, it may be economically beneficial in some countries. For example, the cost of blood in the US hovers around $500 a unit, including testing. These costs are further increased as, according to Jan Hoffman (an administrator for the blood conservation program at Geisinger Medical Center
in Danville, Pennsylvania
), hospitals must pick up the tab for the first three units of blood infused per patient per calendar year. By contrast, hospitals may be reimbursed for drugs that boost a patient's red blood cell count, a treatment approach often used before and after surgery to reduce the need for a blood transfusion
. Geisinger Medical Center began a blood conservation program in 2005 and reported a recorded savings of $273,000 in its first six months of operation.
Health risks appear to be another contributing factor in their appeal, especially in light of recent studies that suggest that blood transfusions can increase the risk of complications and reduce survival rates. Thus the recovery rate is faster with bloodless surgery allowing the patient to leave earlier.
Orthopedic surgery
Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system...
, Adolf Lorenz
Adolf Lorenz
Adolf Lorenz was an Austrian orthopedic surgeon who was a native of Weidenau, Austrian Silesia . He studied medicine at the University of Vienna and subsequently worked as an assistant to surgeon Eduard Albert in Vienna. In 1901 he was one of the founders of the German Society of Orthopaedic...
, who was known as "the bloodless surgeon of Vienna
Vienna
Vienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...
." This expression reflected Lorenz's methods for treating patients with noninvasive techniques. His medical practice was a consequence of his severe allergy
Allergy
An Allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system. Allergic reactions occur when a person's immune system reacts to normally harmless substances in the environment. A substance that causes a reaction is called an allergen. These reactions are acquired, predictable, and rapid...
to carbolic acid routinely used in operating rooms
Operating theatre
An operating theater was a non-sterile, tiered theater or amphitheater in which students and other spectators could watch surgeons perform surgery...
of the era. His condition forced him to become a "dry surgeon".
Contemporary usage of bloodless surgery refers to both invasive and noninvasive medical techniques and protocols. The term is somewhat confusing. The expression does not mean "surgery
Surgery
Surgery is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, or to help improve bodily function or appearance.An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical...
that makes no use of blood or blood transfusion
Blood transfusion
Blood transfusion is the process of receiving blood products into one's circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used in a variety of medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood...
". Rather, it refers to surgery performed without transfusion of allogeneic blood. Champions of bloodless surgery do, however, transfuse products made from allogeneic blood and they also make use of pre-donated blood for autologous transfusion. The last twenty years have witnessed a surge of interest in bloodless surgery, for a variety of reasons. Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The religion reports worldwide membership of over 7 million adherents involved in evangelism, convention attendance of over 12 million, and annual...
reject blood transfusions
Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the Bible prohibits ingesting blood and that Christians should therefore not accept blood transfusions or donate or store their own blood for transfusion...
on religious grounds; others may be concerned about bloodborne diseases
Hematology
Hematology, also spelled haematology , is the branch of biology physiology, internal medicine, pathology, clinical laboratory work, and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases...
, such as hepatitis
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is a medical condition defined by the inflammation of the liver and characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ. The name is from the Greek hepar , the root being hepat- , meaning liver, and suffix -itis, meaning "inflammation"...
and AIDS
AIDS
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus...
.
During the early 1960s, American heart surgeon Denton Cooley
Denton Cooley
Denton Arthur Cooley is an American heart surgeon famous for performing the first implantation of a total artificial heart. Cooley is also founder and surgeon in-chief of the Texas Heart Institute, chief of Cardiovascular Surgery at St...
, successfully performed numerous bloodless open-heart surgeries on Jehovah's Witness
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The religion reports worldwide membership of over 7 million adherents involved in evangelism, convention attendance of over 12 million, and annual...
patients. Fifteen years later, he and his associate published a report of more than 500 cardiac surgeries in this population, documenting that cardiac surgery could be safely performed without blood transfusion
Blood transfusion
Blood transfusion is the process of receiving blood products into one's circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used in a variety of medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood...
.
Ronald Lapin
Ron Lapin
Ronald Lapin was a maverick Israeli-born American surgeon, best known as a "bloodless surgeon" due to his willingness to perform surgeries on severely anemic Jehovah's Witness patients without the use of blood transfusions...
(1941–1995) was a maverick Israeli-born American surgeon, who became interested in bloodless surgery in the mid 1970s. Best known as a "bloodless surgeon" due to his willingness to perform surgeries on severely anemic Jehovah's Witness
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The religion reports worldwide membership of over 7 million adherents involved in evangelism, convention attendance of over 12 million, and annual...
patients without the use of blood transfusions.
Principles of bloodless surgery
Several principles of bloodless surgery have been published.Preoperative techniques such as erythropoietin
Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin, or its alternatives erythropoetin or erthropoyetin or EPO, is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production...
(EPO) or iron administration are designed to stimulate the patient's own erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis is the process by which red blood cells are produced. It is stimulated by decreased O2 in circulation, which is detected by the kidneys, which then secrete the hormone erythropoietin...
.
In surgery, control of bleeding is achieved with the use of laser or sonic scalpels, minimally invasive surgical techniques, electrocautery, low central venous pressure anesthesia (for select cases), or suture ligation of vessels. Other methods include the use of blood substitutes
Blood substitutes
A blood substitute is a substance used to mimic and fulfill some functions of biological blood, usually in the oxygen-carrying sense...
, which at present do not carry oxygen but expand the volume of the blood to prevent shock. Blood substitutes which do carry oxygen, such as PolyHeme
PolyHeme
PolyHeme is a temporary oxygen-carrying blood substitute made from human hemoglobin that is currently in development for emergency treatment of trauma situations where large volumes of blood are lost, with emphasis on situations where fresh blood for transfusion is not readily available...
, are also under development. Many doctors view acute normovolemic hemodilution, a form of storage of a patient's own blood, as a pillar of "bloodless surgery" but the technique is not an option for patients who refuse autologous blood transfusions.
Intraoperative blood salvage
Intraoperative blood salvage
Intraoperative blood salvage, also known as autologous blood salvage, is a medical procedure involving recovering blood lost during surgery and re-infusing it into the patient....
is a technique which recycles and cleans blood from a patient during an operation and redirects it into the patient's body.
Postoperatively, surgeons seek to minimize further blood loss by continuing administration of medications to augment blood cell mass and minimizing the number of blood draws and the quantity of blood drawn for testing, for example by using pediatric blood tubes for adult patients.
Benefits
Bloodless medicine appeals to many doctors because it carries low risk of post-operative infection when compared with procedures requiring blood transfusionBlood transfusion
Blood transfusion is the process of receiving blood products into one's circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used in a variety of medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood...
. Additionally, it may be economically beneficial in some countries. For example, the cost of blood in the US hovers around $500 a unit, including testing. These costs are further increased as, according to Jan Hoffman (an administrator for the blood conservation program at Geisinger Medical Center
Geisinger Medical Center
Geisinger Medical Center is a hospital in Danville, Pennsylvania, serving as the primary hospital for the Danville-based Geisinger Health System, a primary chain of hospitals and clinics which includes the Danville medical center across northeastern and central Pennsylvania.Geisinger Medical Center...
in Danville, Pennsylvania
Danville, Pennsylvania
Danville is a borough in Montour County, Pennsylvania, USA, of which it is the county seat, on the North Branch of the Susquehanna River. Danville was home to 8,042 people in 1900, 7,517 people in 1910, and 7,122 people in 1940. The population was 4,897 at the 2000 census...
), hospitals must pick up the tab for the first three units of blood infused per patient per calendar year. By contrast, hospitals may be reimbursed for drugs that boost a patient's red blood cell count, a treatment approach often used before and after surgery to reduce the need for a blood transfusion
Blood transfusion
Blood transfusion is the process of receiving blood products into one's circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used in a variety of medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood...
. Geisinger Medical Center began a blood conservation program in 2005 and reported a recorded savings of $273,000 in its first six months of operation.
Health risks appear to be another contributing factor in their appeal, especially in light of recent studies that suggest that blood transfusions can increase the risk of complications and reduce survival rates. Thus the recovery rate is faster with bloodless surgery allowing the patient to leave earlier.
Risks
In cases where a significant amount of blood is lost, the unwillingness to transfuse a patient could lead to ex-sanguination and death.California
- Los Angeles
- Encino-Tarzana Regional Medical CenterEncino-Tarzana Regional Medical CenterThe Encino-Tarzana Regional Medical Center consisted of two hospitals, one in Tarzana and the other in Encino, California. Together, the two hospitals had approximately 400 beds. The hospitals were owned by Tenet Healthcare until 2008...
, Los Angeles, CaliforniaLos Angeles, CaliforniaLos Angeles , with a population at the 2010 United States Census of 3,792,621, is the most populous city in California, USA and the second most populous in the United States, after New York City. It has an area of , and is located in Southern California... - Good Samaritan Medical Center, http://www.goodsam.org
- Encino-Tarzana Regional Medical Center
- Fountain Valley [Anaheim]
- Fountain Valley Hospital http://www.fountainvalleyhospital.com/en-US/Search/Pages/Results.aspx?k=bloodless%20surgery
- San Diego
- Sharp Chula Vista Medical Center, San Diego, CaliforniaSan Diego, CaliforniaSan Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest city in California. The city is located on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, immediately adjacent to the Mexican border. The birthplace of California, San Diego is known for its mild year-round...
- Sharp Chula Vista Medical Center, San Diego, California
- San Jose
- Community Hospital of Los Gatos, Los Gatos, CaliforniaLos Gatos, CaliforniaThe Town of Los Gatos is an incorporated town in Santa Clara County, California, United States. The population was 29,413 at the 2010 census. It is located in the San Francisco Bay Area at the southwest corner of San Jose in the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains...
- Community Hospital of Los Gatos, Los Gatos, California
Connecticut
- Bridgeport
- Bridgeport HospitalBridgeport HospitalBridgeport Hospital is a private, not-for-profit general medical and surgical hospital in Bridgeport, Connecticut. It is a member of the Yale New Haven Health System, and affiliated with the Yale University School of Medicine.-Description:...
, Bridgeport, ConnecticutBridgeport, ConnecticutBridgeport is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Connecticut. Located in Fairfield County, the city had an estimated population of 144,229 at the 2010 United States Census and is the core of the Greater Bridgeport area...
- Bridgeport Hospital
- Hartford
- Hartford HospitalHartford HospitalHartford Hospital is an acute care hospital located in the South End of Hartford, Connecticut. The hospital was formed in 1854 after the State of Connecticut granted a charter for the Formation of Hartford Hospital following a boiler explosion and resulting fire at the Fales and Grey Car Works...
- Hartford Hospital
Florida
- Jacksonville
- Baptist Health Inc., Jacksonville, FloridaJacksonville, FloridaJacksonville is the largest city in the U.S. state of Florida in terms of both population and land area, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. It is the county seat of Duval County, with which the city government consolidated in 1968...
- Baptist Health Inc., Jacksonville, Florida
- Miami
- Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FloridaMiami, FloridaMiami is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, the most populous county in Florida and the eighth-most populous county in the United States with a population of 2,500,625...
- Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida
- Orlando
- (http://orlandohealth.com/MDAnderson/index.aspx)
Georgia
- Atlanta
- Atlanta Medical CenterAtlanta Medical CenterAtlanta Medical Center is a hospital in Atlanta, Georgia operated by Tenet Healthcare. It has 460 beds and over 700 physicians, a Level I trauma center, a Level III neonatal unit, and supports air ambulance service via heliport. It was formerly known as Georgia Baptist Hospital.-History:On...
, Atlanta, Georgia
- Atlanta Medical Center
- Macon
- Medical Center of Central GeorgiaMedical Center of Central GeorgiaThe Medical Center of Central Georgia is a 637-bed hospital located in Macon, Georgia. MCCG is the second largest hospital in Georgia, behind Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta. MCCG is a teaching hospital affiliated with Mercer University Medical School. MCCG Serves 28 counties throughout...
, Macon, GeorgiaMacon, GeorgiaMacon is a city located in central Georgia, US. Founded at the fall line of the Ocmulgee River, it is part of the Macon metropolitan area, and the county seat of Bibb County. A small portion of the city extends into Jones County. Macon is the biggest city in central Georgia...
- Medical Center of Central Georgia
Maryland/District of Columbia
- Baltimore
-
- Franklin Square Hospital CenterFranklin Square Hospital CenterFranklin Square Hospital Center is a hospital located in the White Marsh/Rossville area of eastern Baltimore County, Maryland. Franklin Square is the third largest hospital in Maryland. Employing more than 2,800 employees, Franklin Square is one of the largest employers in Baltimore County...
, Baltimore, Maryland
- Franklin Square Hospital Center
Massachusetts
- Boston
- Brigham and Women's HospitalBrigham and Women's HospitalBrigham and Women's Hospital is the largest hospital of the Longwood Medical and Academic Area in Boston, Massachusetts. It is directly adjacent to Harvard Medical School of which it is the second largest teaching affiliate with 793 beds...
, http://www.brighamandwomens.org/ - Massachusetts General HospitalMassachusetts General HospitalMassachusetts General Hospital is a teaching hospital and biomedical research facility in the West End neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts...
, http://www.massgeneral.org/
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Worcester
- University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolThe University of Massachusetts Medical School is one of five campuses of the University of Massachusetts system and is home to three schools: the School of Medicine, the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, the Graduate School of Nursing; a biomedical research enterprise; and a range of...
, http://www.umassmed.edu/homepagetemplate.aspx?id=21838
- University of Massachusetts Medical School
Michigan
- Detroit
- Crittenton Hospital Medical Center,http://www.crittenton.com, Rochester, MI
- Kalamazoo
- Bronson Methodist HospitalBronson Methodist HospitalBronson Methodist Hospital is a Magnet hospital located in downtown Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA, and is the flagship of the Bronson Healthcare Group, a non-profit healthcare system serving all of southwest Michigan and northern Indiana...
,http://www.bronsonhealth.com/bloodconservation, Kalamazoo, MI
- Bronson Methodist Hospital
Nebraska
- Omaha
- Creighton University Medical Center,http://www.creightonhospital.com Omaha, NebraskaOmaha, NebraskaOmaha is the largest city in the state of Nebraska, United States, and is the county seat of Douglas County. It is located in the Midwestern United States on the Missouri River, about 20 miles north of the mouth of the Platte River...
- Creighton University Medical Center,http://www.creightonhospital.com Omaha, Nebraska
New Jersey
- Englewood Hospital and Medical CenterEnglewood Hospital and Medical CenterEnglewood Hospital and Medical Center is an "acute care teaching hospital affiliated with Mount Sinai School of Medicine" in Englewood, New Jersey, United States....
, Englewood, New JerseyEnglewood, New JerseyEnglewood is a city located in Bergen County, New Jersey. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a total population of 27,147.Englewood was incorporated as a city by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 17, 1899, from portions of Ridgefield Township and the remaining portions of... - Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune City, New JerseyNeptune City, New JerseyNeptune City is a borough in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough population was 4,869.The Borough of Neptune City was incorporated on October 4, 1881, based on a referendum held on March 19, 1881...
- The University Hospital, Newark, New JerseyNewark, New JerseyNewark is the largest city in the American state of New Jersey, and the seat of Essex County. As of the 2010 United States Census, Newark had a population of 277,140, maintaining its status as the largest municipality in New Jersey. It is the 68th largest city in the U.S...
- Newark Beth Israel Medical CenterNewark Beth Israel Medical CenterNewark Beth Israel Medical Center, previously Newark Beth Israel Hospital, is the largest hospital in Newark, New Jersey, in the United States. It was run under auspices of the Newark Jewish Community and its suburban successors from its inception in 1900-1901 until its purchase by the St Barnabas...
, Newark, New JerseyNewark, New JerseyNewark is the largest city in the American state of New Jersey, and the seat of Essex County. As of the 2010 United States Census, Newark had a population of 277,140, maintaining its status as the largest municipality in New Jersey. It is the 68th largest city in the U.S... - Cooper University HospitalCooper University HospitalCooper University Hospital is a provider of health services, medical education, and clinical research in southern New Jersey and the Delaware Valley, in the United States...
, Camden, New JerseyCamden, New JerseyThe city of Camden is the county seat of Camden County, New Jersey. It is located across the Delaware River from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a total population of 77,344...
Ohio
- Cleveland
- Mercy Medical Center, Canton, OhioCanton, OhioCanton is the county seat of Stark County in northeastern Ohio, approximately south of Akron and south of Cleveland.The City of Caton is the largest incorporated area within the Canton-Massillon Metropolitan Statistical Area...
- Mercy Medical Center, Canton, Ohio
- Columbus
- Grant Medical Center, Columbus, OhioColumbus, OhioColumbus is the capital of and the largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio. The broader metropolitan area encompasses several counties and is the third largest in Ohio behind those of Cleveland and Cincinnati. Columbus is the third largest city in the American Midwest, and the fifteenth largest city...
- Grant Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
Oregon
- Portland
- Legacy Good Samaritan, Portland, OregonPortland, OregonPortland is a city located in the Pacific Northwest, near the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 Census, it had a population of 583,776, making it the 29th most populous city in the United States...
http://www.legacyhealth.org/ - Legacy Emanual Hospital, Portland, Oregon http://www.legacyhealth.org/
- Legacy Good Samaritan, Portland, Oregon
Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia
- Pennsylvania HospitalPennsylvania HospitalPennsylvania Hospital is a hospital in Center City, Philadelphia, affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania Health System . Founded on May 11, 1751 by Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Bond, it was the first hospital in the United States...
, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Philadelphia County, with which it is coterminous. The city is located in the Northeastern United States along the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. It is the fifth-most-populous city in the United States,... - Abington Memorial Hospital, Abington, PennsylvaniaAbington Township, Montgomery County, PennsylvaniaAbington Township is a township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 55,310 in as of the 2010 census.Abington Township is one of Montgomery County's oldest communities dating back to before 1700 and being incorporated in 1704. It is home to some of the county's...
- Pennsylvania Hospital
- Pittsburgh
- Allegheny General Hospital (WPAHS), Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaPittsburgh, PennsylvaniaPittsburgh is the second-largest city in the US Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Allegheny County. Regionally, it anchors the largest urban area of Appalachia and the Ohio River Valley, and nationally, it is the 22nd-largest urban area in the United States...
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Passavant, Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaPittsburgh, PennsylvaniaPittsburgh is the second-largest city in the US Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Allegheny County. Regionally, it anchors the largest urban area of Appalachia and the Ohio River Valley, and nationally, it is the 22nd-largest urban area in the United States...
- Allegheny General Hospital (WPAHS), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Texas
- Houston
- CHRISTUS St. John Hospital, Nassau Bay, TexasNassau Bay, TexasNassau Bay is a city in Harris County, Texas, United States, bordering the southeastern edge of the city of Houston. It is located in the Clear Lake Area near Galveston Bay, directly adjacent to the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. The population was 4,170 at the 2000 census...
http://www.christusstjohn.org/ser_blood_conservation.htm
- CHRISTUS St. John Hospital, Nassau Bay, Texas
Washington
- Georgetown
- Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20007, Bloodless Medicine and Surgery Program
- Richland
- Kadlec Medical Center, Richland, WashingtonRichland, WashingtonRichland is a city in Benton County in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Washington, at the confluence of the Yakima and the Columbia Rivers. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 48,058. April 1, 2011 estimates from the Washington State Office of Financial Management put the...
- Kadlec Medical Center, Richland, Washington
- Seattle
- Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
- Spokane
- Deaconness Medical Center, Spokane, Washington
- Valley Hospital and Medical Center, Spokane, Washington
- Tacoma
- St. Joseph Medical Center, Tacoma WA
- Vancouver
- Legacy Salmon Creek, Vancouver, WashingtonVancouver, WashingtonVancouver is a city on the north bank of the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington. Incorporated in 1857, it is the fourth largest city in the state with a 2010 census population of 161,791 as of April 1, 2010...
http://www.legacyhealth.org/
- Legacy Salmon Creek, Vancouver, Washington
India
- Breach Candy Hospital
- Center for Excellence for Bloodless Medicine and Surgery (cooperative venture by HealthCare Global Enterprises Limited (HCG)and medi-coin.
Directories
Further information about bloodless surgery
- Jehovah's Witnesses on blood
- Cell Salvage
- Bloodless Heart Transplant
- Military Doctors Learn Bloodless Medicine & Surgery
- Dr Sathappan Podcast (BMF 89.9) Bloodless Medicine & Surgery
- MDNEWS.com - Bloodless Surgery Grows in Popularity
- Bloodless Medicine and Surgery at Englewood Hospital
- Outline of bloodless management techniques
- Bloodless Management Care Guide
- Bloodless surgery helps save lives - Imperial College, London
- noblood.org - A 'virtual community' for healthcare professionals and others who wish to discuss bloodless medicine
- Society for the Advancement of Blood Management (SABM)
- Strategic Blood Management
- Time article on bloodless surgery
- MSNBC article
See also
- KnockingKnocking (documentary)Knocking is a 2006 documentary film directed by Joel Engardio and Tom Shepard that focuses on the civil liberties fought for by Jehovah's Witnesses...
, a documentary on Jehovah's Witnesses that features a bloodless liver transplant - AutotransfusionAutotransfusionAutotransfusion is a process when a person receives their own blood for a transfusion, instead of banked donor blood. Blood can be pre-donated before a surgery, or can be collected during and after the surgery using a device commonly known as the Cell Saver. The Cell Saver is utilized in surgeries...
, - the process of returning to a patient their own blood that has been lost.