Alenka Puhar
Encyclopedia
Alenka Puhar is a Slovenia
n journalist
, author
, translator
, and historian
. She is known for her column
s in the Slovenian journal Delo
, for her writings on the dissident movements in Socialist Slovenia
and Yugoslavia
, as well as for her book "The Primary Text of Life" (Prvotno besedilo življenja), a combination of psychohistory
and social history
of early childhood
in Slovene Lands
, then part of Austro-Hungarian Empire, in the 19th Century.
, Slovenia. She is the daughter of the Slovenian modernist painter France Mihelič and Helena Puhar, a renowned pedagogue (an elementary school in Kranj
was named after her) and grandnephew of the photographer Janez Puhar
, inventor of glass photography
. Alenka Puhar was born during World War II
in a south-eastern area of Slovenia liberated then by partisan resistance which her parents were part of. Her father, however, was already married to a writer Mira Mihelič
and was unwilling to divorce her wife, so Alenka Puhar never lived with her father, albeit she maintained a relationship with him. She is the half-sister of Gregor Tomc
, prominent sociologist and punk rock
musician, who was born from Helena Puhar's later marriage.
After finishing the Poljane Grammar School in Ljubljana
, Puhar enrolled to the University of Ljubljana
, where she studied English language
and comparative literature
. Among her professors was also the renowned philosopher and literary historian Dušan Pirjevec Ahac. After graduation, she worked as a journalist
for the daily newspaper Delo
, the most widespread newspaper in Slovenia at the time.
In the 1970s, she started frequenting the intellectual circles of younger Slovenian dissidents, including the writer Drago Jančar
, philosophers Spomenka Hribar
and Tine Hribar
, publicist and author Viktor Blažič
and others.
In 1980, she became acquainted with psychohistory
, while studying at City University of New York
under the supervision of Lloyd deMause
. Before and during breakup of Yugoslavia
Alenka Puhar collected magazine covers, illustrations, newspapers cartoons from different members of then Yugoslavia to analyze fantasies that eventually led to breakup and war. An article on "Yugoslav childhood" written by Alenka Puhar was published in Journal of Psychohistory a decade later in which she traced historical differences in early childhood between Slovenia and other more traditionalistic cultures, portraying individual and collective case studies, including Serbian traditionalistic ridiculing of Slovenia for not being as masculine as Serbia and analyzing what led Serbian traditionalistic men to rape 20000 to 50000 women during war in Bosnia.
In the 1980s, she became an active member of several civil society
movements that challenged the official policies of the Titoist regime. In 1983, she was among the signers of a petition demanding the abolition of death penalty in Yugoslavia. Next year, she organized a petition of solidarity with Serbia
n intellectuals that were trialed in Belgrade
for opposing the government policies. She became one of the co-editors of the alternative journal Nova revija
. In 1987, she was among the co-founders of the Yugoslav section of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights
. During the JBTZ-trial
in 1988, when four Slovenian journalist were arrested by the Yugoslav People's Army
and accused of revealing military secrets, she was elected on the board of the Committee for the Defense of Human Rights, which soon became the biggest civil society platform in Yugoslavia, with more than 100,000 individual members. The Committee organized the first free mass demonstration in Slovenia after 1945, held in May 1988 on the central Congress Square
of Ljubljana.
She was active in several civil activities throughout the Slovenian Spring, a process of political democratization between 1988 and 1990, which led to the independence of Slovenia in 1991. Afterwards, Puhar returned to journalist work and started writing extensively on the history of Slovenian and Yugoslav dissidents between 1945 and 1990. Since 1994, she is member of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), sponsored by the Council of Europe
. She later described the emergence of democratic movements, punk and art groups, feminist, lesbian and gay rights groups in Slovenia as causing traditionalists in other members of then Yugoslavia calling Slovenia 'selfish, greedy, separatist, fascists, Germans' etc. deserving to be punished.
's Nineteen Eighty-Four
was published by a major publisher in Ljubljana: it was one of the first official editions of the novel in any of the Communist countries. She also translated works by Gore Vidal
, Frederick Forsyth
and Wole Soyinka
to Slovene.
In 1982, she published her most well-known book, "The Primary Text of Life" (Prvotno besedilo življenja). The book, the title of which is taken from one of Ivan Cankar
's short stories, was a combination of psychohistory
and social history
, in which she analyzed the condition of children in the Slovene Lands
in the 19th century. The book raised delicate issues of sexual abuse, child abuse, and psychological terror in traditional Slovene rural society. It also produced a thorough psychological analyses of the texts of some major Slovene authors of the 19th and early 20th century, such as Josip Jurčič
and Prežihov Voranc
, and their representation of childhood. The book could not find a publisher in Slovenia and was issued in Zagreb
. When it was published, it raised a controversy, in which Puhar was accused of portraying the history of Slovene family life in a terrible light. The book was however praised by many Slovenian scholars, including the prominent sociologist of family Katja Boh
.
In 2004, Puhar edited and published the memories of Angela Vode
, one of the major activists of the feminist movement in Slovenia in the 1920s and 1930s who was condemned in the so-called Nagode trial, a show trial
staged by the Communist regime in 1947. In 2007, she was one of the authors of the volume "The Forgotten Half" (Pozabljena polovica), a comprehensive overview of notable Slovene women of the 20th century, edited by the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
.
In 2010, she appeared in a documentary film on the history of childhood in Slovenia, together with Alenka Rebula Tuta. The film, entitled "Childhood" (Otroštvo), was produced by the Slovenian National Television Broadcast
and aired during prime time
in April 2010.
Slovenia
Slovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in Central and Southeastern Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy to the west, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north, and also has a small portion of...
n journalist
Journalist
A journalist collects and distributes news and other information. A journalist's work is referred to as journalism.A reporter is a type of journalist who researchs, writes, and reports on information to be presented in mass media, including print media , electronic media , and digital media A...
, author
Author
An author is broadly defined as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created. Narrowly defined, an author is the originator of any written work.-Legal significance:...
, translator
Translation
Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. Whereas interpreting undoubtedly antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature; there exist partial translations of the Sumerian Epic of...
, and historian
Historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. If the individual is...
. She is known for her column
Column
A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces...
s in the Slovenian journal Delo
Delo
Delo is the largest national daily newspaper in Slovenia. It was established on May 1st, 1959, when two newspapers Ljudska pravica and Slovenski poročevalec merged. Nowadays, it is the most influential and credible daily newspaper in Slovenia...
, for her writings on the dissident movements in Socialist Slovenia
Socialist Republic of Slovenia
The Socialist Republic of Slovenia was a socialist state that was a constituent country of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1943 until 1990...
and Yugoslavia
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was the Yugoslav state that existed from the abolition of the Yugoslav monarchy until it was dissolved in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars. It was a socialist state and a federation made up of six socialist republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,...
, as well as for her book "The Primary Text of Life" (Prvotno besedilo življenja), a combination of psychohistory
Psychohistory
Psychohistory is the study of the psychological motivations of historical events. It attempts to combine the insights of psychotherapy with the research methodology of the social sciences to understand the emotional origin of the social and political behavior of groups and nations, past and present...
and social history
Social history
Social history, often called the new social history, is a branch of History that includes history of ordinary people and their strategies of coping with life. In its "golden age" it was a major growth field in the 1960s and 1970s among scholars, and still is well represented in history departments...
of early childhood
Early childhood
For the video game rating with a similar age group see ESRBEarly childhood is a stage in human development. It generally includes toddlerhood and some time afterwards. Play age is an unspecific designation approximately within the scope of early childhood.-Education:Infants and toddlers experience...
in Slovene Lands
Slovene Lands
Slovene Lands or Slovenian Lands is the historical denomination for the whole of the Slovene-inhabited territories in Central Europe. It more or less corresponds to modern Slovenia and the adjacent territories in Italy, Austria and Hungary in which autochthonous Slovene minorities live.-...
, then part of Austro-Hungarian Empire, in the 19th Century.
Biography
Alenka Puhar was born in ČrnomeljCrnomelj
Črnomelj is a town and municipality in southeastern Slovenia. It lies on the left bank of the Lahinja and Dobličica rivers. The municipality is at the heart of the area of White Carniola, the southeastern part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola...
, Slovenia. She is the daughter of the Slovenian modernist painter France Mihelič and Helena Puhar, a renowned pedagogue (an elementary school in Kranj
Kranj
' is the third largest municipality and fourth largest city in Slovenia, with a population of 54,500 . It is located approximately 20 km north-west of Ljubljana...
was named after her) and grandnephew of the photographer Janez Puhar
Janez Puhar
Janez Avguštin Puhar was a Slovene priest, photographer, painter, and poet. He invented a process for making photographs on glass in 1841; it was recognized on June 17, 1852 in Paris by the Académie Nationale Agricole, Manufacturière et Commerciale.The "Janez Puhar Photo Society Kranj" is the...
, inventor of glass photography
Collodion process
The collodion process is an early photographic process. It was introduced in the 1850s and by the end of that decade it had almost entirely replaced the first practical photographic process, the daguerreotype. During the 1880s the collodion process, in turn, was largely replaced by gelatin dry...
. Alenka Puhar was born during World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
in a south-eastern area of Slovenia liberated then by partisan resistance which her parents were part of. Her father, however, was already married to a writer Mira Mihelič
Mira Mihelic
Mira Mihelič, also known as Mira Kramer Puc was a Slovene writer and translator.-Biography:Mira Mihelič was born in Split on 14.julij 1912, then Austria-Hungary as Mira Kramer. She went to school in Ljubljana and studied law for a while...
and was unwilling to divorce her wife, so Alenka Puhar never lived with her father, albeit she maintained a relationship with him. She is the half-sister of Gregor Tomc
Gregor Tomc
Gregor Tomc also known as Grega Tomc is a Slovenian sociologist, musician and activist. In the late 1970s and 1980s, he was the founder and member of the famous Slovenian punk rock band Pankrti.- Biography :...
, prominent sociologist and punk rock
Punk rock
Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed between 1974 and 1976 in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in garage rock and other forms of what is now known as protopunk music, punk rock bands eschewed perceived excesses of mainstream 1970s rock...
musician, who was born from Helena Puhar's later marriage.
After finishing the Poljane Grammar School in Ljubljana
Ljubljana
Ljubljana is the capital of Slovenia and its largest city. It is the centre of the City Municipality of Ljubljana. It is located in the centre of the country in the Ljubljana Basin, and is a mid-sized city of some 270,000 inhabitants...
, Puhar enrolled to the University of Ljubljana
University of Ljubljana
The University of Ljubljana is the oldest and largest university in Slovenia. With 64,000 enrolled graduate and postgraduate students, it is among the largest universities in Europe.-Beginnings:...
, where she studied English language
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
and comparative literature
Comparative literature
Comparative literature is an academic field dealing with the literature of two or more different linguistic, cultural or national groups...
. Among her professors was also the renowned philosopher and literary historian Dušan Pirjevec Ahac. After graduation, she worked as a journalist
Journalist
A journalist collects and distributes news and other information. A journalist's work is referred to as journalism.A reporter is a type of journalist who researchs, writes, and reports on information to be presented in mass media, including print media , electronic media , and digital media A...
for the daily newspaper Delo
Delo
Delo is the largest national daily newspaper in Slovenia. It was established on May 1st, 1959, when two newspapers Ljudska pravica and Slovenski poročevalec merged. Nowadays, it is the most influential and credible daily newspaper in Slovenia...
, the most widespread newspaper in Slovenia at the time.
In the 1970s, she started frequenting the intellectual circles of younger Slovenian dissidents, including the writer Drago Jančar
Drago Jancar
Drago Jančar is a Slovenian writer, playwright and essayist. Jančar is one of the most known contemporary Slovene writers. In Slovenia, he is also famous for his political commentaries and civic engagement.-Life:...
, philosophers Spomenka Hribar
Spomenka Hribar
Spomenka Hribar is a Slovenian author, philosopher, sociologist, politician, columnist, and public intellectual. She was one of the most influential Slovenian intellectuals in the 1980s, and was frequently called "the First Lady of Slovenian Democratic Opposition", and "the Voice of Slovenian...
and Tine Hribar
Tine Hribar
Tine Hribar is a Slovenian philosopher and public intellectual, notable for his interpretations of Heidegger and his role in the democratization of Slovenia between 1988 and 1990, known as the Slovenian Spring...
, publicist and author Viktor Blažič
Viktor Blažič
Viktor Blažič is a Slovenian journalist, essayist, translator and former anti-Communist dissident.He was born in the village of Smolenja vas near Novo Mesto in south-eastern Slovenia, then part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. In 1944, he joined the partisan resistance. After World...
and others.
In 1980, she became acquainted with psychohistory
Psychohistory
Psychohistory is the study of the psychological motivations of historical events. It attempts to combine the insights of psychotherapy with the research methodology of the social sciences to understand the emotional origin of the social and political behavior of groups and nations, past and present...
, while studying at City University of New York
City University of New York
The City University of New York is the public university system of New York City, with its administrative offices in Yorkville in Manhattan. It is the largest urban university in the United States, consisting of 23 institutions: 11 senior colleges, six community colleges, the William E...
under the supervision of Lloyd deMause
Lloyd deMause
Lloyd deMause, pronounced de-Moss , is an American social thinker known for his work in the field of psychohistory. He did graduate work in political science at Columbia University and later trained as a lay psychoanalyst...
. Before and during breakup of Yugoslavia
Timeline of Yugoslav breakup
The Breakup of Yugoslavia was a process in which the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was broken up into constituent republics, and over the course of which the Yugoslav wars started....
Alenka Puhar collected magazine covers, illustrations, newspapers cartoons from different members of then Yugoslavia to analyze fantasies that eventually led to breakup and war. An article on "Yugoslav childhood" written by Alenka Puhar was published in Journal of Psychohistory a decade later in which she traced historical differences in early childhood between Slovenia and other more traditionalistic cultures, portraying individual and collective case studies, including Serbian traditionalistic ridiculing of Slovenia for not being as masculine as Serbia and analyzing what led Serbian traditionalistic men to rape 20000 to 50000 women during war in Bosnia.
In the 1980s, she became an active member of several civil society
Civil society
Civil society is composed of the totality of many voluntary social relationships, civic and social organizations, and institutions that form the basis of a functioning society, as distinct from the force-backed structures of a state , the commercial institutions of the market, and private criminal...
movements that challenged the official policies of the Titoist regime. In 1983, she was among the signers of a petition demanding the abolition of death penalty in Yugoslavia. Next year, she organized a petition of solidarity with Serbia
Serbia
Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans...
n intellectuals that were trialed in Belgrade
Belgrade
Belgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans. According to official results of Census 2011, the city has a population of 1,639,121. It is one of the 15 largest cities in Europe...
for opposing the government policies. She became one of the co-editors of the alternative journal Nova revija
Nova revija
Nova revija is a Slovenian publishing house and cultural institute that developed from the literary journal with the same name.- The magazine :...
. In 1987, she was among the co-founders of the Yugoslav section of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights
The International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights was a self-governing group of non-governmental, not-for-profit organizations that act to protect human rights throughout Europe, North America and Central Asia...
. During the JBTZ-trial
JBTZ-trial
The JBTZ trial, also known as the Ljubljana trial or the Trial against the Four was a political trial held in a military court in Slovenia, then part of Yugoslavia in 1988...
in 1988, when four Slovenian journalist were arrested by the Yugoslav People's Army
Yugoslav People's Army
The Yugoslav People's Army , also referred to as the Yugoslav National Army , was the military of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.-Origins:The origins of the JNA can...
and accused of revealing military secrets, she was elected on the board of the Committee for the Defense of Human Rights, which soon became the biggest civil society platform in Yugoslavia, with more than 100,000 individual members. The Committee organized the first free mass demonstration in Slovenia after 1945, held in May 1988 on the central Congress Square
Congress Square
Congress Square is one of the central squares in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia.The square was built in 1821 at the site of the ruins of a medieval Capuchin monastery, which had been abolished during the reign of Habsburg Emperor Joseph II. The square was used for ceremonial purposes during...
of Ljubljana.
She was active in several civil activities throughout the Slovenian Spring, a process of political democratization between 1988 and 1990, which led to the independence of Slovenia in 1991. Afterwards, Puhar returned to journalist work and started writing extensively on the history of Slovenian and Yugoslav dissidents between 1945 and 1990. Since 1994, she is member of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), sponsored by the Council of Europe
Council of Europe
The Council of Europe is an international organisation promoting co-operation between all countries of Europe in the areas of legal standards, human rights, democratic development, the rule of law and cultural co-operation...
. She later described the emergence of democratic movements, punk and art groups, feminist, lesbian and gay rights groups in Slovenia as causing traditionalists in other members of then Yugoslavia calling Slovenia 'selfish, greedy, separatist, fascists, Germans' etc. deserving to be punished.
Work
Alenka Puhar first gained recognition as a translator. In 1967 her translation of George OrwellGeorge Orwell
Eric Arthur Blair , better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English author and journalist...
's Nineteen Eighty-Four
Nineteen Eighty-Four
Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell is a dystopian novel about Oceania, a society ruled by the oligarchical dictatorship of the Party...
was published by a major publisher in Ljubljana: it was one of the first official editions of the novel in any of the Communist countries. She also translated works by Gore Vidal
Gore Vidal
Gore Vidal is an American author, playwright, essayist, screenwriter, and political activist. His third novel, The City and the Pillar , outraged mainstream critics as one of the first major American novels to feature unambiguous homosexuality...
, Frederick Forsyth
Frederick Forsyth
Frederick Forsyth, CBE is an English author and occasional political commentator. He is best known for thrillers such as The Day of the Jackal, The Odessa File, The Fourth Protocol, The Dogs of War, The Devil's Alternative, The Fist of God, Icon, The Veteran, Avenger, The Afghan and The Cobra.-...
and Wole Soyinka
Wole Soyinka
Akinwande Oluwole "Wole" Soyinka is a Nigerian writer, poet and playwright. He was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Literature, where he was recognised as a man "who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence", and became the first African in Africa and...
to Slovene.
In 1982, she published her most well-known book, "The Primary Text of Life" (Prvotno besedilo življenja). The book, the title of which is taken from one of Ivan Cankar
Ivan Cankar
Ivan Cankar was a Slovene writer, playwright, essayist, poet and political activist. Together with Oton Župančič, Dragotin Kette, and Josip Murn, he is considered as the beginner of modernism in Slovene literature...
's short stories, was a combination of psychohistory
Psychohistory
Psychohistory is the study of the psychological motivations of historical events. It attempts to combine the insights of psychotherapy with the research methodology of the social sciences to understand the emotional origin of the social and political behavior of groups and nations, past and present...
and social history
Social history
Social history, often called the new social history, is a branch of History that includes history of ordinary people and their strategies of coping with life. In its "golden age" it was a major growth field in the 1960s and 1970s among scholars, and still is well represented in history departments...
, in which she analyzed the condition of children in the Slovene Lands
Slovene Lands
Slovene Lands or Slovenian Lands is the historical denomination for the whole of the Slovene-inhabited territories in Central Europe. It more or less corresponds to modern Slovenia and the adjacent territories in Italy, Austria and Hungary in which autochthonous Slovene minorities live.-...
in the 19th century. The book raised delicate issues of sexual abuse, child abuse, and psychological terror in traditional Slovene rural society. It also produced a thorough psychological analyses of the texts of some major Slovene authors of the 19th and early 20th century, such as Josip Jurčič
Josip Jurcic
Josip Jurčič was a Slovene writer and journalist. He was born in Muljava, Austrian Empire and died in Ljubljana, Austria-Hungary...
and Prežihov Voranc
Prežihov Voranc
Prežihov Voranc was the pen name of Lovro Kuhar, a Slovene writer and Communist political activist. Voranc's literary reputation was established during the 1930s with a series of Slovene novels and short stories in the social realist style, notable for their depictions of poverty in rural and...
, and their representation of childhood. The book could not find a publisher in Slovenia and was issued in Zagreb
Zagreb
Zagreb is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Croatia. It is in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately above sea level. According to the last official census, Zagreb's city...
. When it was published, it raised a controversy, in which Puhar was accused of portraying the history of Slovene family life in a terrible light. The book was however praised by many Slovenian scholars, including the prominent sociologist of family Katja Boh
Katja Boh
Katja Boh was a Slovenian sociologist, diplomat and politician.-Early life and career:She was born in a wealthy middle class family in Ljubljana, Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Her father was an Austrian Jew who had converted to Roman Catholicism, her mother was Slovene. During World War II, she was...
.
In 2004, Puhar edited and published the memories of Angela Vode
Angela Vode
Angela Vode was a Slovenian pedagogue, feminist author and human rights activist. An early member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, she was expelled from the Party in 1939 because of criticism against the Hitler-Stalin Pact...
, one of the major activists of the feminist movement in Slovenia in the 1920s and 1930s who was condemned in the so-called Nagode trial, a show trial
Show trial
The term show trial is a pejorative description of a type of highly public trial in which there is a strong connotation that the judicial authorities have already determined the guilt of the defendant. The actual trial has as its only goal to present the accusation and the verdict to the public as...
staged by the Communist regime in 1947. In 2007, she was one of the authors of the volume "The Forgotten Half" (Pozabljena polovica), a comprehensive overview of notable Slovene women of the 20th century, edited by the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
The Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts is the national academy of Slovenia, which encompasses science and the arts and brings together the top Slovene researchers and artists as members of the academy....
.
In 2010, she appeared in a documentary film on the history of childhood in Slovenia, together with Alenka Rebula Tuta. The film, entitled "Childhood" (Otroštvo), was produced by the Slovenian National Television Broadcast
Radiotelevizija Slovenija
Radiotelevizija Slovenija – usually abbreviated to RTV Slovenija – is Slovenia's national public broadcasting organization. Based in the country's capital, Ljubljana, it has regional broadcasting centres in Koper and Maribor and correspondents around Slovenia, Europe and the world...
and aired during prime time
Prime time
Prime time or primetime is the block of broadcast programming during the middle of the evening for television programing.The term prime time is often defined in terms of a fixed time period—for example, from 19:00 to 22:00 or 20:00 to 23:00 Prime time or primetime is the block of broadcast...
in April 2010.
Major works
- Prvotno besedilo življenja ("The Primary Text of Life". Zagreb: Globus, 1982);
- Peticije, pisma in tihotapski časi ("Petitions, Letters and Times of Smuggling". Maribor: Obzorja, 1985);
- Slovenski avtoprtret 1918-1991 ("The Slovene Self-Portrait, 1918-1991. Ljubljana: Nova revija, 1992);
- Pozabljena polovica ("The Forgotten Half", co-edited with Marta VerginellaMarta VerginellaMarta Verginella is a Slovenian-Italian historian from Trieste, and one of the most prominent contemporary Slovene historians.- Biography :She was born in Trieste, Italy, where she attended Slovene language schools...
et al.. Ljubljana: Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts).