Waco CG-4
Encyclopedia
The Waco CG-4 was the most widely used United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 troop/cargo military glider
Military glider
Military gliders have been used by the military of various countries for carrying troops and heavy equipment to a combat zone, mainly during the Second World War. These engineless aircraft were towed into the air and most of the way to their target by military transport planes, e.g...

 of World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

. It was designated the CG-4 by the United States Army Air Forces
United States Army Air Forces
The United States Army Air Forces was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II, and the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force....

, and named Hadrian in British military service.

Designed by the Waco Aircraft Company
Waco Aircraft Company
The Waco Aircraft Company was an aircraft manufacturer located in Troy, Ohio, USA. Between 1919 and 1947, the company produced a wide range of civilian biplanes....

, flight testing began in May 1942, and eventually more than 13,900 CG-4As were delivered.

Design and development

The CG-4A was constructed of fabric-covered wood and metal and was crewed by a pilot and copilot. It had two fixed mainwheels and a tailwheel. The factories ran 24-hour shifts to build the gliders. One night-shift worker in the Wicks Aircraft Company factory in Kansas City wrote,
The CG-4A could carry 13 troops and their equipment. Cargo loads could be a quarter ton truck (Jeep
Jeep
Jeep is an automobile marque of Chrysler . The first Willys Jeeps were produced in 1941 with the first civilian models in 1945, making it the oldest off-road vehicle and sport utility vehicle brand. It inspired a number of other light utility vehicles, such as the Land Rover which is the second...

), a 75 mm howitzer
Howitzer
A howitzer is a type of artillery piece characterized by a relatively short barrel and the use of comparatively small propellant charges to propel projectiles at relatively high trajectories, with a steep angle of descent...

, or a ¼ ton trailer, loaded through the upward-hinged nose section. C-47
C-47 Skytrain
The Douglas C-47 Skytrain or Dakota is a military transport aircraft that was developed from the Douglas DC-3 airliner. It was used extensively by the Allies during World War II and remained in front line operations through the 1950s with a few remaining in operation to this day.-Design and...

s were usually used as tow aircraft. A few C-46
C-46 Commando
The Curtiss-Wright C-46 Commando was a transport aircraft originally derived from a commercial high-altitude airliner design. It was instead used as a military transport during World War II by the United States Army Air Forces as well as the U.S. Navy/Marine Corps under the designation R5C...

 tugs were used during and after Operation Plunder
Operation Plunder
Commencing on the night of 23 March 1945 during World War II, Operation Plunder was the crossing of the River Rhine at Rees, Wesel, and south of the Lippe River by the British 2nd Army, under Lieutenant-General Sir Miles Dempsey , and the U.S. Ninth Army , under Lieutenant General William Simpson...

.

The USAAF CG-4A tow line was 11/16 in nylon
Nylon
Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers known generically as polyamides, first produced on February 28, 1935, by Wallace Carothers at DuPont's research facility at the DuPont Experimental Station...

, 350 feet (107 m) long. The CG-4A pickup line was 15/16 inch- (24 mm)-diameter nylon, but only 225 ft (69 m) long including the doubled loop.

Sixteen companies were prime contractors for manufacturing the CG-4A. Among them were, Wicks Aircraft Company of Kansas City
Kansas City, Missouri
Kansas City, Missouri is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri and is the anchor city of the Kansas City Metropolitan Area, the second largest metropolitan area in Missouri. It encompasses in parts of Jackson, Clay, Cass, and Platte counties...

, Commonwealth Aircraft
Commonwealth Aircraft
Commonwealth Aircraft was formed in late 1942 on the acquisition of the assets of Rearwin Aircraft & Engines. Commonwealth continued producing the acquired Rearwin designs in the acquired Rearwin facilities in Kansas City, Kansas. In early 1946, Commonwealth took over Columbia Aircraft...

 of Kansas City
Kansas City, Kansas
Kansas City is the third-largest city in the state of Kansas and is the county seat of Wyandotte County. It is a suburb of Kansas City, Missouri, and is the third largest city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area. The city is part of a consolidated city-county government known as the "Unified...

 (1470), General Aircraft Corporation
General Aircraft Corporation
The General Aircraft Company was an American aircraft design and manufacturing company formed in the 1940s and ceased involvement with aircraft in 1976.-History:...

 of Lowell
Lowell, Massachusetts
Lowell is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, USA. According to the 2010 census, the city's population was 106,519. It is the fourth largest city in the state. Lowell and Cambridge are the county seats of Middlesex County...

 (1112), Robertson Aircraft Corporation
Robertson Aircraft Corporation
Robertson Aircraft Coroporation was a post-World War I American aviation service company based at the Lambert-St. Louis Flying Field near St. Louis, Missouri, that flew passengers and U.S. Air Mail, gave flying lessons, and performed exhibition flights...

 of St. Louis
St. Louis, Missouri
St. Louis is an independent city on the eastern border of Missouri, United States. With a population of 319,294, it was the 58th-largest U.S. city at the 2010 U.S. Census. The Greater St...

 (170), Northwestern Aeronautical Corporation of Minneapolis
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Minneapolis , nicknamed "City of Lakes" and the "Mill City," is the county seat of Hennepin County, the largest city in the U.S. state of Minnesota, and the 48th largest in the United States...

 (1510), Ford Motor Company
Ford Motor Company
Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker based in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. The automaker was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. In addition to the Ford and Lincoln brands, Ford also owns a small stake in Mazda in Japan and Aston Martin in the UK...

 of Detroit
Detroit, Michigan
Detroit is the major city among the primary cultural, financial, and transportation centers in the Metro Detroit area, a region of 5.2 million people. As the seat of Wayne County, the city of Detroit is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan and serves as a major port on the Detroit River...

 (2418 Units at $14,891 dollars each) and the WACO Company of Troy
Troy, Ohio
* - Sports :In addition to Troy High School athletics, Troy is home to the Miami Valley Silverbacks indoor football team of the Continental Indoor Football League....

 (999 Units at $19,367 each). Others were the Cessna Aircraft Company of Wichita, Kansas
Wichita, Kansas
Wichita is the largest city in the U.S. state of Kansas.As of the 2010 census, the city population was 382,368. Located in south-central Kansas on the Arkansas River, Wichita is the county seat of Sedgwick County and the principal city of the Wichita metropolitan area...

 (750), Babcock Aircraft Company of Deland, Florida
DeLand, Florida
DeLand is the county seat of Volusia County, Florida. In 2006, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city's population to be 24,375. It is part of the Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 436,575 in 2006...

 (60), Gibson Refrigerator
Gibson Appliance
Gibson was founded by Joshua Hall in Belding, Michigan, in 1877 as the Belding-Hall Company selling cabinets that housed blocks of ice . The area around Belding, Michigan, had a skilled workforce of Danish craftsman and a good supply of hardwoods including ash. The company was purchased by Frank...

 of Greenville, Michigan
Greenville, Michigan
Greenville is a city in Montcalm County of the U.S. state of Michigan. Portions of the county are associated with the Western region while others are more closely associated with the Central Michigan region. The population was 8,481 at the 2010 census...

 (1078), Laister-Kauffman Corporation of St. Louis, Missouri
St. Louis, Missouri
St. Louis is an independent city on the eastern border of Missouri, United States. With a population of 319,294, it was the 58th-largest U.S. city at the 2010 U.S. Census. The Greater St...

 (310), National (1 at an astronomical $1,741,809) , Pratt-Read
Pratt-Read
Pratt-Read is an American manufacturing company based in Shelton, Connecticut that produces screwdrivers. It is a subsidiary of Ideal Industries...

 of Eddystone, Pennsylvania
Eddystone, Pennsylvania
Eddystone is a borough in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,442 at the 2000 census.-Early history:The area at the mouth of Ridley Creek was first called "Tequirassy" by Native Americans. The land was owned by Olof Persson Stille, one of the early settlers from New...

 (956), Ridgefield Manufacturing Company of Ridgeville, New Jersey (156), Timm Aircraft Company
Otto Timm
Otto William Timm was a California-based barnstormer and aircraft manufacturer. Charles Lindbergh's first flight was flown by Timm. Timm had a brother named Wallace Timm who did a lot of flying for the nascent Hollywood movie industry.-Biography:Timm was born on October 28, 1893...

 of Van Nuys, California (434), and Ward Furniture Company of Fort Smith, Arkansas
Fort Smith, Arkansas
Fort Smith is the second-largest city in Arkansas and one of the two county seats of Sebastian County. With a population of 86,209 in 2010, it is the principal city of the Fort Smith, Arkansas-Oklahoma Metropolitan Statistical Area, a region of 298,592 residents which encompasses the Arkansas...

 (7).

Operational history

Whiteman Air Force Base
Whiteman Air Force Base
Whiteman Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located approximately south of Knob Noster, Missouri; east-southeast of Kansas City, Missouri....

 was originally activated on 6 August 1942 as Sedalia Glider Base. In November 1942 the installation became Sedalia Army Air Field and was assigned to the 12th Troop Carrier Command of the United States Army Air Forces
United States Army Air Forces
The United States Army Air Forces was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II, and the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force....

. The field served as a training site for glider pilots and paratroopers. Assigned aircraft included the CG-4A glider, Curtiss C-46
C-46 Commando
The Curtiss-Wright C-46 Commando was a transport aircraft originally derived from a commercial high-altitude airliner design. It was instead used as a military transport during World War II by the United States Army Air Forces as well as the U.S. Navy/Marine Corps under the designation R5C...

, and Douglas C-47
C-47 Skytrain
The Douglas C-47 Skytrain or Dakota is a military transport aircraft that was developed from the Douglas DC-3 airliner. It was used extensively by the Allies during World War II and remained in front line operations through the 1950s with a few remaining in operation to this day.-Design and...

 . However, the C-46 was not used as a glider tug in combat until Operation Plunder
Operation Plunder
Commencing on the night of 23 March 1945 during World War II, Operation Plunder was the crossing of the River Rhine at Rees, Wesel, and south of the Lippe River by the British 2nd Army, under Lieutenant-General Sir Miles Dempsey , and the U.S. Ninth Army , under Lieutenant General William Simpson...

 in March 1945.

CG-4As went into operation in July 1943 during the Allied invasion of Sicily
Allied invasion of Sicily
The Allied invasion of Sicily, codenamed Operation Husky, was a major World War II campaign, in which the Allies took Sicily from the Axis . It was a large scale amphibious and airborne operation, followed by six weeks of land combat. It launched the Italian Campaign.Husky began on the night of...

. They participated in the American airborne landings in Normandy
American airborne landings in Normandy
The American airborne landings in Normandy were the first United States combat operations during Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy by the Western Allies on June 6, 1944. Around 13,100 paratroopers of the U.S. 82nd Airborne and 101st Airborne Divisions made night parachute drops early on...

 on 6 June 1944, and in other important airborne operations in Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...

 and in the China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...

-Burma-India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...

 Theater. Although not the intention of the Army Air Forces, gliders were generally considered expendable by high-ranking European theater officers and combat personnel and were abandoned or destroyed after landing. While equipment and methods for extracting flyable gliders were developed and delivered to Europe, half of that equipment was rendered unavailable by certain higher-ranked officers. Despite this lack of support for the recovery system, several gliders were recovered from Normandy and even more from Operation Market Garden
Operation Market Garden
Operation Market Garden was an unsuccessful Allied military operation, fought in the Netherlands and Germany in the Second World War. It was the largest airborne operation up to that time....

 in the Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...

 and Wesel
Wesel (district)
Wesel is a Kreis in the northwestern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Borken, Recklinghausen, district-free cities Bottrop, Oberhausen, Duisburg and Krefeld, districts Viersen, Cleves.-History:...

, Germany.

The CG-4A found favor where its small size was a benefit. The larger British Airspeed Horsa
Airspeed Horsa
The Airspeed AS.51 Horsa was a British World War II troop-carrying glider built by Airspeed Limited and subcontractors and used for air assault by British and Allied armed forces...

 could carry more troopers (seating for 28 or a jeep or an anti-tank gun), and the British General Aircraft Hamilcar
General Aircraft Hamilcar
The General Aircraft Limited GAL. 49 Hamilcar or Hamilcar Mark I was a large British military glider produced during the Second World War, which was designed to carry heavy cargo, such as the Tetrarch or M22 Locust light tank...

 could carry a light tank
Light tank
A light tank is a tank variant initially designed for rapid movement, and now primarily employed in low-intensity conflict. Early light tanks were generally armed and armored similar to an armored car, but used tracks in order to provide better cross-country mobility.The light tank was a major...

, but the CG-4A could land in smaller spaces. In addition, by using a fairly simple net system, an in-flight C-47 equipped with a tail hook could "pick up" a CG-4A waiting on the ground. The system was used succsefully in the 1945 high-altitude rescue attempt of the survivors of the Gremlin Special in a mountain valley of New Guninea.

The CG-4A was also used to send supplies to partisan
Partisans (Yugoslavia)
The Yugoslav Partisans, or simply the Partisans were a Communist-led World War II anti-fascist resistance movement in Yugoslavia...

s in Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia refers to three political entities that existed successively on the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century....

.

After World War II ended almost all the remaining CG-4s were declared surplus and almost all were sold. Many were bought for the wood in the large shipping boxes. Others were bought for conversion to towed camping homes with the wing and tail end cut off and being towed by the rear section and others sold for hunting cabins and lake side vacation cabins.

Variants

XCG-4: Prototypes, two built, plus one stress test article
CG-4A: Main Production variant, survivors became G-4A in 1948, 13,903 built by 16 contractors
XCG-4B: One CG-4A built with a plywood structure
XPG-1: One CG-4A converted with two Franklin 6AC-298-N3 engines by Northwestern
XPG-2: One CG-4A converted with two 175 hp L-440-1 engines by Ridgefield
XPG-2A: Two articles: XPG-2 engines changed to 200 hp plus one CG-4A converted also with 200 hp engines
PG-2A: Production PG-2A with two 200 hp L-440-7s, redesignated G-2A in 1948, ten built by Northwestern
XPG-2B: Cancelled variant with two R-775-9 engines
LRW-1: CG-4A transferred to the United States Navy
United States Navy
The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U.S. Navy is the largest in the world; its battle fleet tonnage is greater than that of the next 13 largest navies combined. The U.S...

 (13 units)
G-2A: PG-2A re-designated in 1948
G-4A: CG-4A re-designated in 1948
G-4C: G-4A with different tow-bar, 35 conversions
Hadrian Mk.I: Royal Air Force designation for the CG-4A, 25 delivered
Hadrian Mk.II: Royal Air Force designation for the CG-4A with equipment changes

Operators

 Canada:
  • Royal Canadian Air Force
    Royal Canadian Air Force
    The history of the Royal Canadian Air Force begins in 1920, when the air force was created as the Canadian Air Force . In 1924 the CAF was renamed the Royal Canadian Air Force and granted royal sanction by King George V. The RCAF existed as an independent service until 1968...


:
  • Czechoslovakian Air Force operated 2 or 3 Wacos, designated NK-4

:
  • Army Air Corps
    • Glider Pilot Regiment
      Glider Pilot Regiment
      The Glider Pilot Regiment was a British airborne forces unit of the Second World War which was responsible for crewing the British Army's military gliders and saw action in the European Theatre of World War II in support of Allied airborne operations...

  • Royal Air Force
    Royal Air Force
    The Royal Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the British Armed Forces. Formed on 1 April 1918, it is the oldest independent air force in the world...

    • No. 668 Squadron RAF
      No. 668 Squadron RAF
      No. 668 Squadron RAF was a glider squadron of the Royal Air Force active during the Second World War.-History:No. 668 Squadron RAF was formed on 16 November 1944 at Calcutta, British India as a glider squadron, with the intention of being used for airborne operations by South East Asia Command. It...

    • No. 669 Squadron RAF
      No. 669 Squadron RAF
      No. 669 Squadron RAF was a glider squadron of the Royal Air Force active during the Second World War.-History:No. 669 Squadron RAF was formed on 16 November 1944 at Bikram, Patna, India as a glider squadron, with the intention of being used for airborne operations by South East Asia Command....

    • No. 670 Squadron RAF
      No. 670 Squadron RAF
      No. 670 Squadron RAF was a glider squadron of the Royal Air Force active during the Second World War.-History:No. 670 Squadron was formed at Fatehjang, Punjab, British India on 14 December 1944 as a glider squadron, with the intention of being used for airborne operations by South East Asia...

    • No. 671 Squadron RAF
      No. 671 Squadron RAF
      No. 671 Squadron RAF was a glider squadron of the Royal Air Force active during the Second World War.-History:671 Squadron was formed at Bikram, Patna in India as a glider squadron on 1 January 1945 by renumbering No. 669 Squadron RAF, with the intention of being used for airborne operations by...

    • No. 672 Squadron RAF
      No. 672 Squadron RAF
      No. 672 Squadron RAF was a glider squadron of the Royal Air Force active during the Second World War.-History:No. 672 Squadron was formed at Bikram, Patna in India on 16 November 1944 as a glider squadron, with the intention of being used for airborne operations by South East Asia Command. It...

    • No. 673 Squadron RAF
      No. 673 Squadron RAF
      No. 673 Squadron RAF was a glider squadron of the Royal Air Force, active during the Second World War.-History:No. 673 Squadron was formed at Bikram, Patna in British India on 1 January 1945 as a glider squadron, with the intention of being used for airborne operations by South East Asia Command....


 United States:
  • United States Army Air Forces
    United States Army Air Forces
    The United States Army Air Forces was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II, and the direct predecessor of the United States Air Force....

  • United States Navy
    United States Navy
    The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U.S. Navy is the largest in the world; its battle fleet tonnage is greater than that of the next 13 largest navies combined. The U.S...


Surviving aircraft

  • U.S. Army Airborne & Special Operations Museum
    Airborne & Special Operations Museum
    The Airborne & Special Operations Museum is part of the United States Army Museum System. Located near Fort Bragg, Fayetteville, North Carolina, it opened to the public on August 16, 2000, the 60th anniversary of the first U.S. Army parachute jump in 1940 at Fort Benning, Ga.Its emphasis is on...

    , Fayetteville, NC
  • The Fighting Falcon Museum, Greenville MI
  • National Museum of the United States Air Force
    National Museum of the United States Air Force
    The National Museum of the United States Air Force is the official museum of the United States Air Force located at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base northeast of Dayton, Ohio. The NMUSAF is the world's largest and oldest military aviation museum with more than 360 aircraft and missiles on display...

  • National Infantry Museum
    National Infantry Museum
    The National Infantry Museum is a museum located in South Columbus, Georgia, just outside Fort Benning, the home of the Infantry. The museum honors the history of infantry forces in the United States Army.The museum is in size and cost $107 million to build...

    , Fort Benning, Columbus GA
  • 82nd Airborne Division War Memorial Museum, Fort Bragg, Fayetteville NC
  • Air Mobility Command Museum
  • Carolinas Aviation Museum
    Carolinas Aviation Museum
    The Carolinas Aviation Museum is an aviation museum on the grounds of Charlotte/Douglas International Airport in Charlotte, North Carolina. The mission of the Museum is to educate the public about the importance of aviation to our society and inspire the next generation to excel academically in the...

    , Charlotte NC
  • National Soaring Museum
    National Soaring Museum
    The National Soaring Museum is an aviation museum whose stated aim is to preserve the history of motorless flight. It is located on top of Harris Hill near Elmira, New York, USA.The NSM is the Soaring Society of America's official repository...

  • Musée Airborne
  • Silent Wings Museum
    Silent Wings Museum
    Silent Wings Museum, "The Legacy of The World War II Glider Pilots", is a museum in Lubbock, Texas.-History:The museum is located on the site of the World War II South Plains Army Air Field, where glider pilots were trained between 1942 and 1945, after which time they were required also to command...

    , Lubbock TX
  • Museum of Army Flying
    Museum of Army Flying
    The Museum of Army Flying is an award-winning British military aviation museum about the history of flying in the British Army. It is located beside the Army Air Corps Centre in Middle Wallop, close to Andover in Hampshire, England....

    , Middle Wallop
    Middle Wallop
    Middle Wallop is the local name given to an area between the two Parishes of Over Wallop and Nether Wallop in Hampshire, England. As it does not have its own parish technically it does not exist, however road signs and maps make reference to the location and have done so since the 18th century,...

    , United Kingdom
    United Kingdom
    The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...

  • Don F. Pratt Memorial Museum
    Don F. Pratt Memorial Museum
    Don F. Pratt Memorial Museum is a museum located in Building 5702 on Tennessee Avenue at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. Military artifacts and memorabilia are available to touch and view at the museum which features interior and exterior exhibits that help visitors better reflect on military history...

    , Fort Campbell KY
  • Airborne D-Day Museum, St. Mere Eglise, Normandy, France
  • Cradle of Aviation Museum, Long Island, NY
  • Yanks Air Museum, Chino, CA

Specifications (CG-4A)

See also

External links

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