Vice President of Indonesia
Encyclopedia
The Vice President
of the Republic of Indonesia is the first in the line of succession in the Republic of Indonesia
.
was elected by acclamation . The election was conducted by the Committee for the Preparation of Indonesian Independence (PPKI) because the body responsible for the Vice Presidential elections, the People's Consultative Assembly
(MPR), had not been formed yet. In the early days of the Republic, the office of Vice President showed how important it can be. On 16 October 1945, Hatta announced a Vice Presidential decree which turned the Central National Committee of Indonesia (KNIP) equal status with that of the President . As a result of this decree, the KNIP was able to separate the role of Head of State
and Head of Government
on 11 November 1945. Although a new constitution had not been set up yet, Indonesia was now a de facto
Parliamentary Democracy.
During the Indonesian National Revolution
, both Hatta and Sukarno were captured by the Dutch in Yogyakarta on 18 December 1948. Together with Sukarno, Hatta gave mandate for Syarifuddin Prawiranegara to form an emergency Government. This was done and the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) was formed in Sumatra with Prawiranegara as Chairman. Prawiranegara handed back his mandate to Sukarno and consequently, to Hatta on 13 July 1949 .
Now officially an independent nation, Indonesia adopted the Provisional Constitution, a document which defined the President's role as a ceremonial Head of State whose role was to appoint a Prime Minister on the advice of formateurs . Although the Vice Presidency continued to exist, the form of Government was now officially a Parliamentary Democracy and there was not a significant role for the Vice President to play. On 1 December 1956, partly because of his differences with Sukarno, Hatta resigned from the Vice Presidency .
For the next 17 years, the Vice Presidency remain vacant. In December 1965, there were calls for a Vice President to be named to assist President Sukarno during the times of uncertainty . The idea did not gain momentum and the Vice Presidency continued to remain vacant as the Presidency passed over from Sukarno to General Suharto.
In March 1973, the Vice Presidency vacancy was filled by Hamengkubuwono IX when he was elected by the MPR. After Hamengkubuwono IX and throughout the New Order
, the Vice Presidency were successively held by Adam Malik
, Umar Wirahadikusumah
, Sudharmono
, Try Sutrisno
, and BJ Habibie. During his time as President, Suharto would reduce the Vice Presidency to a sinecure. A Vice President was reduced to making sure that Government policy was being implemented and attending ceremonies . The Vice President did not even take on Presidential duties when Suharto was either out of the country or ill . The office would derogatorily be known as Ban Serep (Spare Tire). Despite being a largely figurehead role, the Vice Presidency twice became a source of controversy with Sudharmono having to face various obstacles en route to being Vice President in 1988 and Try being preemptively nominated in 1993.
With Suharto's fall in May 1998 and Habibie's accession to the Presidency, the Vice Presidency once again became vacant. In October 1999, Megawati Sukarnoputri
was elected as Vice President and the office began to gain significance. Megawati was delegated genuine tasks to do and in 2000, the she even became responsible for the day-to-day running of the Government .
During the 2001 MPR Annual Session, it was finally decided that from 2004 onwards, the Vice President, together with the President, will directly be elected by the people . The substantial role that the Vice Presidency is now going to have was evident in the way in which the 2004 Presidential Candidates chose their running mate
s. At the end, Jusuf Kalla
became Indonesia's first directly elected Vice President.
The Provisional Constitution: The Vice Presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen aged at least 30 years old. He cannot be someone who is deemed to be undesirable or has had his right to take part in elections stripped. He is also required to not be involved with any private corporations.
The Amended 1945 Constitution: The Vice Presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen since his/her birth, who has not willingly become a citizen in another nation, has not betrayed the nation, and is physically and mentally capable of performing the duties. Amended Constitution also states that further criteria will be determined by laws. The Vice President is also required to be nominated by a Political Party or a coalition of Political Parties.
2008 Law No. 42 about Presidential and Vice Presidential Election: The Vice Presidential candidate must be:
2nd Resolution of 1973 MPR: The Vice Presidential candidate has to make a statement in writing which declares that he is able to work together with the President.
The Provisional Constitution: Together with the President, the Vice President is elected according to rules specified by laws. The Vice President-elect is required to read either an oath or a promise or a statement of office before officially becoming Vice President. The Vice President is constitutionally required to live where the seat of Government is.
The Amended 1945 Constitution: Together with the President, the Vice President is elected directly by the people on a ticket. Further election rules are determined by laws passed by the DPR. The Vice President-elect is required to read either an oath or a promise of office before officially becoming Vice President. The term of office is Five years and after that the Vice President can be re-elected for only one more term.
Oath of Office of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia : "I swear by Allah to fulfill the duties of President (Vice President) of the Republic of Indonesia to the best of my capabilities and in the fairest way possible, to uphold the Constitution by all means and to execute all laws and regulations as straightforwardly as possible as well as to dedicate myself to the service of the Nation and the People."
Pledge of Office of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia : "I solemnly pledge to fulfill the duties of President (Vice President) of the Republic of Indonesia to the best of my capabilities and in the fairest way possible, to uphold the Constitution by all means and to execute all laws and regulations as straightforwardly as possible as well as to dedicate myself to the service of the Nation and the People."
The Provisional Constitution: The Vice President replaces the President in the event that the President dies, resigns, or is unable to perform his/her duties for any reason.
The Amended 1945 Constitution: The Vice President replaces the President in the event that the President dies, resigns, or is unable to perform his/her duties for any reason. If the Vice President dies, the government will be taken over together by Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Internal Affairs and Minister of Defense. Then the MPR will elect a new president from the two candidates nominated by the political parties whose candidates are the winner and the runner-up in the past presidential election. If the Vice Presidency becomes vacant with the President still holding office, the President nominates two candidates and the MPR has to elect a new Vice President out of the candidates within 60 days. Under the amended constitution, the Vice President can now be impeached and removed from office. If the Vice President is viewed to be unfit to perform his duties and has committed crimes such as corruption and betraying the Nation, the DPR can appeal to the Supreme Court to try the Vice President. Furthermore, the DPR can ask the Constitutional Court to look into the matter, during which it has 90 days to make a decision. With the decision made, the DPR can motion for the MPR to convene. The Vice President would then be given one last chance to defend himself before the MPR makes the decision whether or not the Vice President should be impeached.
Vice president
A vice president is an officer in government or business who is below a president in rank. The name comes from the Latin vice meaning 'in place of'. In some countries, the vice president is called the deputy president...
of the Republic of Indonesia is the first in the line of succession in the Republic of Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...
.
History of the office
The Indonesian Vice Presidency was established during the formulation of the 1945 constitution by the Researching Body for the Preparation of the Indonesian Independence (BPUPKI). The office was first filled on 18 August 1945 when Mohammad HattaMohammad Hatta
was born in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies . He was Indonesia's first vice president, later also serving as the country's Prime Minister. Known as "The Proclamator", he and a number of Indonesians, including the first president of Indonesia, Sukarno, fought for the independence of...
was elected by acclamation . The election was conducted by the Committee for the Preparation of Indonesian Independence (PPKI) because the body responsible for the Vice Presidential elections, the People's Consultative Assembly
People's Consultative Assembly
The People's Consultative Assembly is the legislative branch in Indonesia's political system. It is composed of the members of the People's Representative Council and the Regional Representative Council. Before 2004, and the amendments to the 1945 Constitution, the MPR was the highest governing...
(MPR), had not been formed yet. In the early days of the Republic, the office of Vice President showed how important it can be. On 16 October 1945, Hatta announced a Vice Presidential decree which turned the Central National Committee of Indonesia (KNIP) equal status with that of the President . As a result of this decree, the KNIP was able to separate the role of Head of State
Head of State
A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
and Head of Government
Head of government
Head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is often styled prime minister, chief minister, premier, etc...
on 11 November 1945. Although a new constitution had not been set up yet, Indonesia was now a de facto
De facto
De facto is a Latin expression that means "concerning fact." In law, it often means "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but not officially established." It is commonly used in contrast to de jure when referring to matters of law, governance, or...
Parliamentary Democracy.
During the Indonesian National Revolution
Indonesian National Revolution
The Indonesian National Revolution or Indonesian War of Independence was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between Indonesia and the Dutch Empire, and an internal social revolution...
, both Hatta and Sukarno were captured by the Dutch in Yogyakarta on 18 December 1948. Together with Sukarno, Hatta gave mandate for Syarifuddin Prawiranegara to form an emergency Government. This was done and the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) was formed in Sumatra with Prawiranegara as Chairman. Prawiranegara handed back his mandate to Sukarno and consequently, to Hatta on 13 July 1949 .
Now officially an independent nation, Indonesia adopted the Provisional Constitution, a document which defined the President's role as a ceremonial Head of State whose role was to appoint a Prime Minister on the advice of formateurs . Although the Vice Presidency continued to exist, the form of Government was now officially a Parliamentary Democracy and there was not a significant role for the Vice President to play. On 1 December 1956, partly because of his differences with Sukarno, Hatta resigned from the Vice Presidency .
For the next 17 years, the Vice Presidency remain vacant. In December 1965, there were calls for a Vice President to be named to assist President Sukarno during the times of uncertainty . The idea did not gain momentum and the Vice Presidency continued to remain vacant as the Presidency passed over from Sukarno to General Suharto.
In March 1973, the Vice Presidency vacancy was filled by Hamengkubuwono IX when he was elected by the MPR. After Hamengkubuwono IX and throughout the New Order
New Order (Indonesia)
The New Order is the term coined by former Indonesian President Suharto to characterize his regime as he came to power in 1966. Suharto used this term to contrast his rule with that of his predecessor, Sukarno...
, the Vice Presidency were successively held by Adam Malik
Adam Malik
Adam Malik Batubara was Indonesia's third vice president, a senior diplomat, and one of the pioneers of Indonesian journalism.-Early life:...
, Umar Wirahadikusumah
Umar Wirahadikusumah
was the fourth Indonesian Vice President; he served from 1983 to 1988.-Early life:Umar Wirahadikusumah was born on 10 October 1924 to Raden Rangga Wirahadikusumah and Raden Ratnaringrum...
, Sudharmono
Sudharmono
Sudharmono was Indonesia's fifth vice president, and was in office during the period 1988 - 1993.-Early life:...
, Try Sutrisno
Try Sutrisno
Try Sutrisno was Indonesia's sixth vice president from 1993 to 1998.-Early life:Try Sutrisno was born on 15 November 1935 in Surabaya, East Java. His father Subandi was an ambulance driver, and his mother Mardiyah was a housewife. After the Indonesian Proclamation of Independence, the Dutch...
, and BJ Habibie. During his time as President, Suharto would reduce the Vice Presidency to a sinecure. A Vice President was reduced to making sure that Government policy was being implemented and attending ceremonies . The Vice President did not even take on Presidential duties when Suharto was either out of the country or ill . The office would derogatorily be known as Ban Serep (Spare Tire). Despite being a largely figurehead role, the Vice Presidency twice became a source of controversy with Sudharmono having to face various obstacles en route to being Vice President in 1988 and Try being preemptively nominated in 1993.
With Suharto's fall in May 1998 and Habibie's accession to the Presidency, the Vice Presidency once again became vacant. In October 1999, Megawati Sukarnoputri
Megawati Sukarnoputri
In this Indonesian name, the name "Sukarnoputri" is a patronymic, not a family name, and the person should be referred to by the given name "Megawati"....
was elected as Vice President and the office began to gain significance. Megawati was delegated genuine tasks to do and in 2000, the she even became responsible for the day-to-day running of the Government .
During the 2001 MPR Annual Session, it was finally decided that from 2004 onwards, the Vice President, together with the President, will directly be elected by the people . The substantial role that the Vice Presidency is now going to have was evident in the way in which the 2004 Presidential Candidates chose their running mate
Running mate
A running mate is a person running together with another person on a joint ticket during an election. The term is most often used in reference to the person in the subordinate position but can also properly be used when referring to both candidates, such as "Michael Dukakis and Lloyd Bentsen were...
s. At the end, Jusuf Kalla
Jusuf Kalla
is an Indonesian politician who was the 10th Vice President of Indonesia from 2004 to 2009 and Chairman of the Golkar Party during the same period. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the 2009 presidential election.-Early life:...
became Indonesia's first directly elected Vice President.
The Requirements to Run for Office
The 1945 Constitution: The Vice Presidential candidate has to be of Indonesian origins.The Provisional Constitution: The Vice Presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen aged at least 30 years old. He cannot be someone who is deemed to be undesirable or has had his right to take part in elections stripped. He is also required to not be involved with any private corporations.
The Amended 1945 Constitution: The Vice Presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen since his/her birth, who has not willingly become a citizen in another nation, has not betrayed the nation, and is physically and mentally capable of performing the duties. Amended Constitution also states that further criteria will be determined by laws. The Vice President is also required to be nominated by a Political Party or a coalition of Political Parties.
2008 Law No. 42 about Presidential and Vice Presidential Election: The Vice Presidential candidate must be:
- Believe in the one and only God;
- an Indonesian citizen since his/her birth, who has not willingly become a citizen in another nation;
- has not betrayed the nation, and has not involved in any corruption or other criminal;
- physically and mentally capable of performing the duties;
- a permanent resident in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia;
- already report his/her wealth to the Corruption Eradication Commission;
- has not any debt individually or collectively that can make the state has a loss;
- has not been declared bankrupt by the court decision;
- never involved in any despicable act;
- registered as a voter;
- registered as the tax payer and already pay the tax for at least for the last five years;
- never assuming office as Vice President for two terms before;
- faithful to the Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution, and the vision of the Indonesian Declaration of IndependenceIndonesian Declaration of IndependenceThe Proclamation of Indonesian Independence was read at 10.00 a.m. on Friday, August 17, 1945. The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed-resistance of the Indonesian National Revolution, fighting against the forces of the Netherlands until the latter officially acknowledged...
; - never sentenced to the jail for more than five years;
- not be less than 35 years of age;
- attended school at least to the Senior High School or others with the same level;
- never be a member of the Communist Party of IndonesiaCommunist Party of IndonesiaThe Communist Party of Indonesia was the largest non-ruling communist party in the world prior to being crushed in 1965 and banned the following year.-Forerunners:...
or the mass organization of that party; - has a vision, mission, and programs to executing the office of Vice President.
2nd Resolution of 1973 MPR: The Vice Presidential candidate has to make a statement in writing which declares that he is able to work together with the President.
Election, Oath/Promise/Statement of Office, Term of Office, Constitutional Requirement
The 1945 Constitution: Together with the President, the Vice President is elected by the MPR with the largest amount of votes. The Vice President-elect is also required to read either an oath or a promise of office before officially becoming Vice President. The term of office is Five years and after that the Vice President can be re-elected again.The Provisional Constitution: Together with the President, the Vice President is elected according to rules specified by laws. The Vice President-elect is required to read either an oath or a promise or a statement of office before officially becoming Vice President. The Vice President is constitutionally required to live where the seat of Government is.
The Amended 1945 Constitution: Together with the President, the Vice President is elected directly by the people on a ticket. Further election rules are determined by laws passed by the DPR. The Vice President-elect is required to read either an oath or a promise of office before officially becoming Vice President. The term of office is Five years and after that the Vice President can be re-elected for only one more term.
Oath of Office of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia : "I swear by Allah to fulfill the duties of President (Vice President) of the Republic of Indonesia to the best of my capabilities and in the fairest way possible, to uphold the Constitution by all means and to execute all laws and regulations as straightforwardly as possible as well as to dedicate myself to the service of the Nation and the People."
Pledge of Office of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia : "I solemnly pledge to fulfill the duties of President (Vice President) of the Republic of Indonesia to the best of my capabilities and in the fairest way possible, to uphold the Constitution by all means and to execute all laws and regulations as straightforwardly as possible as well as to dedicate myself to the service of the Nation and the People."
Powers
None specified by all constitutions. The convention has been for the President to delegate a task for the Vice President to do.Line of Succession and Impeachment
The 1945 Constitution: The Vice President replaces the President in the event that the President dies, resigns, or is unable to perform his/her duties for any reason.The Provisional Constitution: The Vice President replaces the President in the event that the President dies, resigns, or is unable to perform his/her duties for any reason.
The Amended 1945 Constitution: The Vice President replaces the President in the event that the President dies, resigns, or is unable to perform his/her duties for any reason. If the Vice President dies, the government will be taken over together by Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Internal Affairs and Minister of Defense. Then the MPR will elect a new president from the two candidates nominated by the political parties whose candidates are the winner and the runner-up in the past presidential election. If the Vice Presidency becomes vacant with the President still holding office, the President nominates two candidates and the MPR has to elect a new Vice President out of the candidates within 60 days. Under the amended constitution, the Vice President can now be impeached and removed from office. If the Vice President is viewed to be unfit to perform his duties and has committed crimes such as corruption and betraying the Nation, the DPR can appeal to the Supreme Court to try the Vice President. Furthermore, the DPR can ask the Constitutional Court to look into the matter, during which it has 90 days to make a decision. With the decision made, the DPR can motion for the MPR to convene. The Vice President would then be given one last chance to defend himself before the MPR makes the decision whether or not the Vice President should be impeached.
Post-Vice Presidency
Law 7 of 1978 stipulates that former Vice Presidents are entitled to a pension. Former Presidents are also entitled to a house with electricity, water, and telephone bills covered by the Government. In addition to that Former Vice Presidents will have free healthcare for his family and a car with chauffeur.List of Vice Presidents
- Dr. Mohammad HattaMohammad Hattawas born in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies . He was Indonesia's first vice president, later also serving as the country's Prime Minister. Known as "The Proclamator", he and a number of Indonesians, including the first president of Indonesia, Sukarno, fought for the independence of...
(18 August 1945 – 1 December 1956) - Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IXSri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IXHamengkubuwono IX or HB IX was the first Governor of the Yogyakarta Special Region, the ninth Sultan of Sultanate of Yogyakarta and the second vice president of Indonesia during the Suharto's reign.-Early life:...
(22 March 1973 – 23 March 1978) - Adam MalikAdam MalikAdam Malik Batubara was Indonesia's third vice president, a senior diplomat, and one of the pioneers of Indonesian journalism.-Early life:...
(23 March 1978 – 12 March 1983) - Umar WirahadikusumahUmar Wirahadikusumahwas the fourth Indonesian Vice President; he served from 1983 to 1988.-Early life:Umar Wirahadikusumah was born on 10 October 1924 to Raden Rangga Wirahadikusumah and Raden Ratnaringrum...
(12 March 1983 – 11 March 1988) - SudharmonoSudharmonoSudharmono was Indonesia's fifth vice president, and was in office during the period 1988 - 1993.-Early life:...
(11 March 1988 – 17 March 1993) - Try SutrisnoTry SutrisnoTry Sutrisno was Indonesia's sixth vice president from 1993 to 1998.-Early life:Try Sutrisno was born on 15 November 1935 in Surabaya, East Java. His father Subandi was an ambulance driver, and his mother Mardiyah was a housewife. After the Indonesian Proclamation of Independence, the Dutch...
( 17 March 1993 – 14 March 1998) - Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (14 March 1998 – 21 May 1998)
- Megawati SukarnoputriMegawati SukarnoputriIn this Indonesian name, the name "Sukarnoputri" is a patronymic, not a family name, and the person should be referred to by the given name "Megawati"....
(26 October 1999 – 23 July 2001) - Hamzah HazHamzah HazHamzah Haz is an Indonesian politician. He is the head of the United Development Party and served as the ninth Vice-President from 2001 until 2004....
(23 July 2001 – 20 October 2004) - Jusuf KallaJusuf Kallais an Indonesian politician who was the 10th Vice President of Indonesia from 2004 to 2009 and Chairman of the Golkar Party during the same period. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the 2009 presidential election.-Early life:...
(20 October 2004 – 20 October 2009) - BoedionoBoedionoBoediono is the Vice President of Indonesia, after winning the 2009 presidential election together with incumbent President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.-Education:Boediono received his early education in primary school in Blitar, East Java...
(20 October 2009 – PresentPresentPresent is a time that is neither past nor future.Present may also refer to:- Time and timing :* Present tense, the grammatical tense of a verb* Before Present, radiocarbon dates relative to AD 1950* Presenting, a medical term* Presenteeism...
)