University of Michigan Library
Encyclopedia
The University of Michigan
University of Michigan
The University of Michigan is a public research university located in Ann Arbor, Michigan in the United States. It is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus of the University of Michigan...

 University Library
in Ann Arbor
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Ann Arbor is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County. The 2010 census places the population at 113,934, making it the sixth largest city in Michigan. The Ann Arbor Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 344,791 as of 2010...

, Michigan
Michigan
Michigan is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake"....

, is one of the largest university library systems in the United States. The system, consisting of 19 separate libraries in 11 buildings, altogether holds over 9.55 million volumes, with the collection growing at the rate of 177,000 volumes a year.

UM was the original home of the JSTOR
JSTOR
JSTOR is an online system for archiving academic journals, founded in 1995. It provides its member institutions full-text searches of digitized back issues of several hundred well-known journals, dating back to 1665 in the case of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society...

 database, which contains about 750,000 digitized pages from the entire pre-1990 backfile of ten journals of history and economics. The University Library recently initiated a book digitization program in collaboration with Google
Google
Google Inc. is an American multinational public corporation invested in Internet search, cloud computing, and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, and generates profit primarily from advertising through its AdWords program...

, and its recent partnership with Google to digitize its collection (known as Michigan Digitization Project
Michigan Digitization Project
The Michigan Digitization Project is a project in partnership with Google books to digitize the entire print collection of the University of Michigan Library. The digitized collection is available through the University of Michigan Library catalog, , the , and Google Book Search...

 or Mbooks) is both revolutionary and controversial. As of August 31, 2006, UM has rolled out the first phase of the Google archive retrieval.

Responding to restricted public funding and the rising costs of print materials, the Library has launched significant new scholarly communication ventures that use digital technology to provide cost-effective and permanent alternatives to traditional print publication. The University Library is also an educational organization in its own right, offering a full range of courses, resources, support, and training for students, faculty, and researchers.

History

The first volume purchased by the library was John James Audubon
John James Audubon
John James Audubon was a French-American ornithologist, naturalist, and painter. He was notable for his expansive studies to document all types of American birds and for his detailed illustrations that depicted the birds in their natural habitats...

's Birds of America
Birds of America (book)
The Birds of America is a book by naturalist and painter John James Audubon, containing illustrations of a wide variety of birds of the United States. It was first published as a series of sections between 1827 and 1838, in Edinburgh and London....

, acquired in 1838 for $970. That same year, Asa Gray
Asa Gray
-References:*Asa Gray. Dictionary of American Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936.*Asa Gray. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998.*Asa Gray. Plant Sciences. 4 vols. Macmillan Reference USA, 2001....

, known as the "father of American botany" and the first faculty member of the university, was entrusted with a $5,000 budget to establish the first collection of books for the University Library. His decision to purchase materials from a broad array of disciplines helped establish the University Library's ongoing commitment to depth and breadth in every field of study.

Before the first separate library building was opened in 1883, books were kept in various locations around campus, including the law school
University of Michigan Law School
The University of Michigan Law School is the law school of the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor. Founded in 1859, the school has an enrollment of about 1,200 students, most of whom are seeking Juris Doctor or Master of Laws degrees, although the school also offers a Doctor of Juridical...

 and in professor's homes. Within twelve years this facility was deemed inadequate and a fire hazard. After two additions, in 1920 an entirely new building, what is now known as the north building of the Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library and designed by the architect Albert Kahn, was completed. In 1970, an eight-story addition was built, where much of the print collections are housed, along with the Library's administration offices, the Map Library, Special Collections, and Papyrology
Papyrology
Papyrology is the study of ancient literature, correspondence, legal archives, etc., as preserved in manuscripts written on papyrus, the most common form of writing material in the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome...

. In 1959 the Shapiro Undergraduate Library was built, with a policy of open access to the stacks for students. In years to come the principle of access to materials would become the standard and goal for all libraries and initiatives.

Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library

The largest and most prominent of the University of Michigan Libraries is the Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library, the primary research collection for the humanities and social sciences. It contains over 3.5 million volumes and over 10,000 periodicals written in more than 300 languages. Commonly cited collecting strengths of the Graduate Library include English and French history, papyrology, Germanic history and culture, classical archeology, military history, English Literature, social and political movements. In addition, these general stacks collections are supported by strong holdings in United States and foreign government documents, a significant collection of maps and cartographic materials, a comprehensive collection of publications written in East Asian languages, manuscripts and special collections, over 1.5 million items in microformat, and a strong collection of reference and bibliographic sources.

The building is also the home of six other libraries:
  • The Asia Library: The Asia Library was established in 1948, and it possesses one of the nation's foremost collections of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean language resources. The Asia Library is one of the most comprehensive research resources outside of Asia for Chinese and Japanese studies.
  • The Government Documents Center: The Documents Center is a central reference and referral point for government information, whether local, state, federal, foreign, or international. Its web pages are a reference and instructional tool for government information, political science, statistical data, and related news.
  • The International Area Programs Library: The Area Programs Libraries consist of four divisions: The Near East Division, which focuses on the Near East and North Africa, and collects materials in Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Turkish, Kurdish, and Yiddish; The Slavic and East European Division, encompassing the Soviet Union and its successor states, as well as Poland, the former Yugoslav states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Notable holdings include Russian revolutionary movements and revolutions, Russian and East European dissident writings, modern Armenian and Central Asian history and literature; the South Asia Division, which includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Tibet, and Afghanistan; and the Southeast Asia Division, which is especially strong in materials related to the Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia, but also has substantial holdings in English and Aboriginal language materials from Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania.
  • The Map Library: The Map Library is the largest collection of printed maps in the state of Michigan, with over 320,000 maps and about 8,000 atlases and reference works. It specializes in maps of Michigan, the Great Lakes area, the United States, Western Europe, the Mediterranean region, Canada, Mexico, Eurasia, and Japan. In addition to maps, the Map Library collects a wide range of other cartographic materials, including atlases, geographical dictionaries, and reference texts. One of the Map Library’s unique collections is the Sanborn Fire Insurance Map Collection. Starting in 1867, the Sanborn Map Company produced the Sanborn Maps
    Sanborn Maps
    Sanborn Maps is an American publisher of historical and current maps of U.S. cities and towns that were initially created to estimate fire insurance liabilities. The company's maps are frequently used for preservation and restoration efforts....

     to provide detailed information to insurance companies for risk assessment. These large-scale maps indicate the dimensions, construction, and function of buildings, as well as other information about the built environment.
  • Papyrology Collection: With over 7,000 items and more than 10,000 individual fragments, Michigan’s Papyrology Collection is the largest collection of papyrus in the country, and the fifth largest in the world. It was started in 1920 by Francis Kelsey, a professor of classics, who acquired 617 papyri from his travels in Egypt. A resource for historians, linguists, Egyptologists, classicists, philosophers, and archaeologists, the collection includes biblical fragments, religious writings, public and private documents, private letters, and writings on astronomy, astrology, mathematics, and magic. The UM papyri span nearly two millennia of history, dating from about 1000 BC to AD 1000, with the majority dating from the third century BC to the seventh century AD. Michigan pioneered electronic conservation of papyrus, and an external link to the APIS system is found below.
  • Special Collections Library: The Special Collections Library is an internationally renowned archive of books, serials, ancient and modern manuscripts, posters, photographs, pamphlets, and original artwork. The Special Collections Library is especially noted for its collections of early manuscripts, children’s literature, social protest and radical literature, transportation history, and book arts. It is known for its Labadie Collection of Social Protest Material
    Labadie Collection
    The Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan is recognized as one of the world’s most complete collections of materials documenting the history of anarchism and other radical movements from the 19th century to the present....

    , a massive collection of primary sources in radical politics of the twentieth century, which has recently acquired the papers of Unabomber Theodore Kaczynski
    Theodore Kaczynski
    Theodore John "Ted" Kaczynski , also known as the "Unabomber" , is an American mathematician, social critic, anarcho-primitivist, and Neo-Luddite who engaged in a mail bombing campaign that spanned nearly 20 years, killing three people and injuring 23 others.Kaczynski was born in Chicago, Illinois,...

    , a University of Michigan Alumnus.

Shapiro Library

The Hatcher Graduate Library is connected by a skyway to the Shapiro Library Building, which houses three libraries:
  • Shapiro Undergraduate Library (referred to by the student population, affectionately, as the UGLi) is located in the basement, first and second floors of the Shapiro Library Building. It is a popular study and meeting place for UM undergraduates, and has a solid, generalist collection of about 200,000 books and journals. The UGLi also offers a great many services to its students, including Course Reserves, Reference Services, and the Research Consultation Program, which features one-on-one research assistance. The Peer Information Counseling Program also is located in Shapiro, and allows students to get research advice from fellow undergraduates. Café Shapiro is an annual forum for students, nominated by their professors, to read their creative work in a casual, coffeehouse-style environment. The UGLi is also home to Bert's Café, which opened in February 2008. The café was donated by Bertram Askwith (LSA '31), who is also the donor of the Askwith Media Library.
  • Shapiro Science Library is housed on the third and fourth floor of Shapiro and is the primary university research center for astronomy, biology, chemistry, geology, natural resources, mathematics, physics, and statistics. The Shapiro Library contains — in addition to its many electronic research databases — approximately 400,000 volumes.
  • Askwith Media Library, formerly the Film and Video Library, was recently renamed and moved to the second floor of the Shapiro Library Building. The Askwith Media Library contains over 25,000 titles, including feature films, documentaries, and instructional programs available for checkout or on-site viewing. Especially strong in foreign, animated, and documentary film, Askwith serves the entertainment and instructional needs of the university community.

Other Central Campus libraries

The University Library contains collections that support the university's museums. One collection is the Fine Arts Library, which serves students and faculty in the History of Art department, and supports the teaching, research, and curatorial functions of the University of Michigan Museum of Art
Museums at the University of Michigan
The University of Michigan in Ann Arbor is home to a number of museums. The majority of them on Central Campus, which include the Exhibit Museum of Natural History , Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, and the University of Michigan Museum of Art...

 and the Kelsey Museum of Archeology
Museums at the University of Michigan
The University of Michigan in Ann Arbor is home to a number of museums. The majority of them on Central Campus, which include the Exhibit Museum of Natural History , Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, and the University of Michigan Museum of Art...

. The library maintains a collection of nearly 100,000 volumes along with many electronic resources in the history, theory, and criticism of the visual arts. Another such library is the Museums Library, located in the Ruthven Museums
Museums at the University of Michigan
The University of Michigan in Ann Arbor is home to a number of museums. The majority of them on Central Campus, which include the Exhibit Museum of Natural History , Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, and the University of Michigan Museum of Art...

 building. The Museums Library holds approximately 118,000 volumes in botany, zoology, behavioral biology, and archeological anthropology.

One of the largest medical libraries in America with comprehensive collections in all facets of health care and medical research, the A. Alfred Taubman Medical Library also has extensive online collections and is a member of the National Network of Libraries of Medicine, a gateway for access to over a thousand medical libraries nationwide. Taubman Medical Library has recently introduced the Clinical Librarian Service for the growing information needs of health professionals within the University of Michigan Health System who cannot easily leave their units, clinics or health centers. Taubman’s Rare Books Room houses approximately 6,300 titles dating from 1470 to the early 20th century, including 82 incunabula.

Other Central Campus libraries include the Social Work Library, whose collections focus on social work, social welfare administration, child welfare, gerontology, and psychotherapy. Another Central Campus library is the Public Health Library. This collection contains over 75,000 volumes in health services management, environmental and industrial health, maternal and children's health, population planning, community health, biostatistics, nutrition, international health and other related fields.

North Campus libraries

Two University Libraries are located on the UM North Campus: the Music Library and the Art, Architecture & Engineering Library. The Music Library is located on the third floor of the Earl V. Moore Music Building. The Music Library's collections feature extensive materials in performance, musicology, composition, theory, and dance. It also includes scores, serials, and sound and video recordings in many formats. The Art, Architecture & Engineering Library, located in the Duderstadt Center, features over 600,000 volumes, thousands of periodicals, and over 200 databases in the disciplines of art and design, architecture, engineering, and urban planning. The library has especially strong collections in early twentieth-century art and design, with many materials on the Bauhaus
Bauhaus
', commonly known simply as Bauhaus, was a school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design that it publicized and taught. It operated from 1919 to 1933. At that time the German term stood for "School of Building".The Bauhaus school was founded by...

 school, Le Corbusier
Le Corbusier
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, better known as Le Corbusier , was a Swiss-born French architect, designer, urbanist, writer and painter, famous for being one of the pioneers of what now is called modern architecture. He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930...

, Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures and completed 500 works. Wright believed in designing structures which were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture...

.

Independent libraries

There are also several collections that are affiliated with the university, but are not part of the University Library system. Two historical libraries are the Bentley Historical Library
Bentley Historical Library
The Bentley Historical Library is a historical library located on the University of Michigan's North Campus in Ann Arbor. It was established in 1935 by the regents of the University of Michigan...

 and the William L. Clements Library
William L. Clements Library
The William L. Clements Library is a rare book and manuscript repository located on the University of Michigan's central campus in Ann Arbor, Michigan...

. The former is home of the University of Michigan's archives as well as the Michigan Historical Collections, while the latter houses original resources for the study of American history and culture from the 15th to the early 20th century. The Clements Library is believed to be the first stand alone rare books collection at a public university.

Other libraries include the Law School Library
University of Michigan Law School
The University of Michigan Law School is the law school of the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor. Founded in 1859, the school has an enrollment of about 1,200 students, most of whom are seeking Juris Doctor or Master of Laws degrees, although the school also offers a Doctor of Juridical...

, the Ronald and Deborah Freedman Library of the Population Studies Center, and the Transportation Research Institute Library. The last library is one of the world's most extensive collections of literature on traffic safety. There is also a large number of independent departmental libraries, as well as small libraries in many student dormitories.

Off-campus facilities

The only off-campus library in the University of Michigan system is the Biological Station Library. Its collection consists of over 16,000 cataloged volumes and more than 50 paper journals. It specializes in limnology, ornithology, ecology, systematics, taxonomy, and natural history. Located in Pellston, Michigan
Pellston, Michigan
Pellston is a village in Emmet County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 771 at the 2000 census. The village is the home of Pellston Regional Airport. Its motto is "Icebox of the Nation"; Pellston recorded the state of Michigan's record low temperature, a frigid -53°F...

, near the northern tip of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, the University of Michigan Biological Station is dedicated to education and research in field biology and environmental science.

Not considered an independent library, but nevertheless a key facility for the entire U-M library system, the Buhr Remote Shelving Facility stores in a preservation-sensitive environment over two million items too fragile or rarely-used to be kept in the main libraries.

Scholarly communication

The University Library has traditionally defined its mission according to the rubrics of collecting, preserving, organizing, and distributing the fruits of scholarly inquiry. For the past decade or so, the Library has been exploring new venues for scholarly communication offered by the Internet. The economics of the publishing world and the difficult fiscal realities of operating a publicly funded research library have conspired to create a situation in which the status quo is impossible to maintain. Library budgets are either cut or stagnant, while the costs of publishing in print form continue to rise. Publicly funded research libraries like Michigan’s struggle—and in many cases fail—to keep up. Moreover, restrictive intellectual property laws often take the rights for a publication—whether a book or article—away from the author who has written it and the institutions that have subsidized their research. Though it remains one of the top research libraries in the country, the University Library has been forced to make hard decisions about which journals and books to purchase, threatening the principles of comprehensive coverage and quick access to information that are the spurs to intellectual creativity.

Responding to this challenge, the University Library has been exploring innovative publishing ventures that provide more economically viable means to disseminate scholarship. Harnessing the flexibility and relatively inexpensive resources of electronic publishing, largely developed at the University library by its Digital Library Production Service, the University Library has focused on providing cost-effective, sustainable, permanent, user-friendly, locally operated, and author-friendly intellectual property agreements to counter the opposite effects that the publishing industry has fostered and to offer new models for other, similar publishing ventures.

The Scholarly Publishing Office

The Scholarly Publishing Office
Scholarly Publishing Office
The Scholarly Publishing Office , a unit of the University of Michigan Library, is devoted to developing innovative and economically sustainable publishing and distribution models for scholarly discourse...

 (SPO) is an innovative, library-based publishing enterprise, which responds to the crisis in traditional scholarly publication to provide economically sustainable publication alternatives. Publishing a broad range of online and print books and journals, SPO provides publishers and authors a low-cost, flexible, robust, and efficient format to disseminate their work. SPO is also a leader in fostering discussion about the future of academic publication, and exploring new methods for creating highly functional online scholarly resources.

Recently SPO has spearheaded a collaboration with the University of Michigan Press called the Michigan Digital Publishing Initiative to explore the theory and practice of digital scholarly publishing. This partnership extends SPO’s work in developing a model for press/library collaboration, expanding the University Library’s leading role in the development of digital resources, and encouraging a national dialogue about the future of scholarly communication.

Deep Blue

Along with the Scholarly Publishing Office, Deep Blue is another University Library publishing start-up. Deep Blue provides access to the scholarly and creative work of the University of Michigan community. The primary goal of Deep Blue is to publish the work that makes Michigan such a rich intellectual environment. Using a free open source platform designed to preserve, catalogue, index, and distribute an institutional repository, Deep Blue is committed to persistent and accurate archiving of the output of U-M affiliated scholars.

One of Deep Blue's innovations is that it responds to the paradox that the rights to a publication are often not owned by the author or institution that has sponsored (and in many cases funded) the research. What this has meant is that university libraries find themselves in the ironic position of buying the books and articles that were written by its faculty and associated scholars. Deep Blue makes available online the scholarly work of U-M faculty that has long been difficult to find or locked behind restrictive subscription barriers.

Less than a year after its launch, an estimated 40,000 works have been added to Deep Blue. Michigan scholars can make Deep Blue their first stop for publishing, or use it to provide extended access to work that already has been published. Deep Blue also enables researchers to view supplementary materials, including images, drafts, video, data and other tools that enhance the value of a scholar’s work.

Digitization

Since the early 1990s, the University of Michigan Library has been a leader among research libraries in efforts to digitize its vast collections. The Digital Library Production Service (DLPS) of the U-M Library oversees the digitization of Library materials, and the development of online access systems for these digitized materials. In furtherance of this goal, DLPS developed its own digital library software, called Digital Library Extension Service (DLXS), that provides a uniform interface for its digitized items. DLPS oversees the scanning and optical character recognition of about 5,000 texts per year, many of them rare, brittle, or delicate. It hosts the Dictionary of Old English Corpus and the Middle English Compendium, as well as the Making of America
Making of America
Making of America is a digital archive hosted by Cornell University and the University of Michigan. The Making of America collection at the University of Michigan consists primarily of books published in the United States between 1850 and 1877. The Making of America collection at Cornell contains...

 collection and many historical collections in mathematics, dentistry, transportation, and papyri.

DLPS is also affiliated with the Text Creation Partnership
Text Creation Partnership
The Text Creation Partnership is a not-for-profit organization based in the library of the University of Michigan . Its purpose is to produce large-scale full-text electronic resources on behalf of both member institutions and scholarly publishers, under an arrangement calculated to serve the...

 (TCP) to create searchable, full-text versions of works digitized in the Early English Books Online, Evans Early American Imprints, and the Eighteenth Century Collection Online projects. TCP, when its work is concluded, will have produced over 40,000 XML-encoded text files—making it one of the largest collections of its kind.

Google and HathiTrust

In December 2004 the University Library and Google announced their plans to digitize the over 7 million print volumes held by the Library. Especially old and fragile items, or items in special collections, will not be handled by Google; these the Library will scan itself. It is estimated that it will take approximately six years for Google to complete the scanning process; without Google, the U-M Library was on pace to have their entire collection scanned in about 1000 years. All costs for the project are borne by Google, and the company has developed special scanning technology to ensure that the books are not damaged during the process. All books that are out of copyright will be available for the public to read online; those still in copyright will be searchable, but only brief excerpts will be available to read. Copyright holders, such as publishers and authors, who do not want their books to be scanned can request to have their works excluded from the project, though the Library and Google both maintain that authors and publishers benefit from having their works digitized, since it will make them easier to find and will potentially bring more sales.

Though the project has been revolutionary, it is not without controversy. In September 2005 a lawsuit was filed against Google charging copyright infringement. The lawsuit is still pending, but the scanning goes on.

On June 6, 2007, twelve universities cooperating as the Committee on Institutional Cooperation
Committee on Institutional Cooperation
The Committee on Institutional Cooperation is the academic consortium of the universities in the Big Ten Conference plus former conference member, the University of Chicago....

 (CIC) announced a new partnership with Google whose explicit goal was to offer a public, shared digital repository of all the open access content. That shared repository of library partners became HathiTrust
HathiTrust
HathiTrust is a very large-scale collaborative repository of digital content from research libraries including content digitized via the Google Books project and Internet Archive digitization initiatives, as well as content digitized locally by libraries....

. The University of Michigan, which developed the MBooks
Michigan Digitization Project
The Michigan Digitization Project is a project in partnership with Google books to digitize the entire print collection of the University of Michigan Library. The digitized collection is available through the University of Michigan Library catalog, , the , and Google Book Search...

 platform for its own digitized books, partnered with Indiana University and the CIC libraries and the University of California system to create governance and models for financial support. The partnership has grown to include the New York Public Library, Columbia University, Yale, Penn State, Ohio State, Michigan State, Purdue, University of Virginia and many others.

University of Michigan Digital Library Production Service

The Digital Library Production Service (DLPS) is a department of the University Library. It is responsible for digitizing parts of the library collection, and for digital library software called DLXS. DLPS Projects include:
  • OAIster
    OAIster
    OAIster was a project of the Digital Library Production Service of the University of Michigan University Library. Its goal is to create a collection of freely available, previously difficult-to-access, academically-oriented digital resources that are easily searchable by anyone...

  • Text Creation Partnership
    Text Creation Partnership
    The Text Creation Partnership is a not-for-profit organization based in the library of the University of Michigan . Its purpose is to produce large-scale full-text electronic resources on behalf of both member institutions and scholarly publishers, under an arrangement calculated to serve the...

  • Michigan Digitization Project
    Michigan Digitization Project
    The Michigan Digitization Project is a project in partnership with Google books to digitize the entire print collection of the University of Michigan Library. The digitized collection is available through the University of Michigan Library catalog, , the , and Google Book Search...

  • Making of America
    Making of America
    Making of America is a digital archive hosted by Cornell University and the University of Michigan. The Making of America collection at the University of Michigan consists primarily of books published in the United States between 1850 and 1877. The Making of America collection at Cornell contains...


ARL rankings

Using a variety of metrics such as accessibility, materials expenditures, volumes held, and staff size, the Association for Research Libraries
Association of Research Libraries
The Association of Research Libraries is an organization of the leading research libraries in North America. As of October 2006, it comprises 123 libraries at comprehensive, research-intensive institutions in the US and Canada that share similar missions, aspirations, and achievements...

(ARL) has consistently ranked the UM library system among the top ten in the nation. Although Michigan ranks 8th among academic libraries as to total volumes held, it ranks 1st for unique titles held among all institutions which report that statistic.

YearVolumes HeldVolumes Added GrossCurrent SeriesTotal ExpendituresTotal Staff Investment Index ScoreInvestment Index Rank
2009 9,575,256 176,363 70,047 $53,134,323 584 1.65 5
2008 9,175,102 146,729 69,457 $51,599,110 570 ** 8
2007 8,414,070 157,552 71,788 $50,591,407 585 ** 8
2006 8,273,050 176,998 134,446 $49,053,402 574 * 8
2005 8,133,917 189,373 124,809 $47,113,239 473 1.24 5
2004 7,958,145 171,154 67,554 $46,737,671 475 0.98 8
2003 7,800,389 173,081 74,664 $48,193,379 497 1.13 5
2002 7,643,203 182,670 69,218 $43,357,616 514 1.05 6
2001 7,484,343 172,287 68,684 $43,558,787 501 1.05 6
2000 7,348,360 179,392 68,798 $41,368,972 459 1.06 6


External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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