Uniform tilings in hyperbolic plane
Encyclopedia
There are an infinite number of uniform tiling
s on the hyperbolic plane
based on the (p q r)
where 1/p + 1/q + 1/r < 1, where p,q,r are each orders of reflection symmetry at three points of the fundamental domain triangle – the symmetry group is a hyperbolic triangle group
.
Each family contains up to 8 uniform tilings, defined by a Wythoff symbol
or Coxeter-Dynkin diagram
, 7 representing combinations of 3 active mirrors, and an 8th representing an alternation operation, deleting alternate vertices from the highest form with all mirrors active.
Families with r=2 contain regular hyperbolic tilings, defined by a Coxeter group
such as [7,3], [8,3], [9,3], ... [5,4], [6,4], ....
Hyperbolic families with r=3 or higher are given by (p q r) and include (4 3 3), (5 3 3), (6 3 3) ... (4 4 3), (5 4 3), ... (4 4 4)....
Three families of uniform tilings are shown below (using the Poincaré disk model
for the hyperbolic plane). These three, and no others, are minimal in the sense that if any of their defining numbers is replaced by a smaller integer the resulting pattern is either Euclidean or spherical rather than hyperbolic; conversely, any of the numbers can be increased (even to infinity) to generate other hyperbolic patterns.
Each uniform tiling generates a dual uniform tiling, also given below.
Uniform tiling
In geometry, a uniform tiling is a tessellation of the plane by regular polygon faces with the restriction of being vertex-uniform.Uniform tilings can exist in both the Euclidean plane and hyperbolic plane...
s on the hyperbolic plane
Hyperbolic manifold
In mathematics, a hyperbolic n-manifold is a complete Riemannian n-manifold of constant sectional curvature -1.Every complete, connected, simply-connected manifold of constant negative curvature −1 is isometric to the real hyperbolic space Hn. As a result, the universal cover of any closed manifold...
based on the (p q r)
Schwarz triangle
In geometry, a Schwarz triangle, named after Hermann Schwarz is a spherical triangle that can be used to tile a sphere, possibly overlapping, through reflections in its edges. They were classified in ....
where 1/p + 1/q + 1/r < 1, where p,q,r are each orders of reflection symmetry at three points of the fundamental domain triangle – the symmetry group is a hyperbolic triangle group
Triangle group
In mathematics, a triangle group is a group that can be realized geometrically by sequences of reflections across the sides of a triangle. The triangle can be an ordinary Euclidean triangle, a triangle on the sphere, or a hyperbolic triangle...
.
Each family contains up to 8 uniform tilings, defined by a Wythoff symbol
Wythoff symbol
In geometry, the Wythoff symbol was first used by Coxeter, Longeut-Higgens and Miller in their enumeration of the uniform polyhedra. It represents a construction by way of Wythoff's construction applied to Schwarz triangles....
or Coxeter-Dynkin diagram
Coxeter-Dynkin diagram
In geometry, a Coxeter–Dynkin diagram is a graph with numerically labeled edges representing the spatial relations between a collection of mirrors...
, 7 representing combinations of 3 active mirrors, and an 8th representing an alternation operation, deleting alternate vertices from the highest form with all mirrors active.
Families with r=2 contain regular hyperbolic tilings, defined by a Coxeter group
Coxeter group
In mathematics, a Coxeter group, named after H.S.M. Coxeter, is an abstract group that admits a formal description in terms of mirror symmetries. Indeed, the finite Coxeter groups are precisely the finite Euclidean reflection groups; the symmetry groups of regular polyhedra are an example...
such as [7,3], [8,3], [9,3], ... [5,4], [6,4], ....
Hyperbolic families with r=3 or higher are given by (p q r) and include (4 3 3), (5 3 3), (6 3 3) ... (4 4 3), (5 4 3), ... (4 4 4)....
Three families of uniform tilings are shown below (using the Poincaré disk model
Poincaré disk model
In geometry, the Poincaré disk model, also called the conformal disk model, is a model of n-dimensional hyperbolic geometry in which the points of the geometry are in an n-dimensional disk, or unit ball, and the straight lines of the hyperbolic geometry are segments of circles contained in the disk...
for the hyperbolic plane). These three, and no others, are minimal in the sense that if any of their defining numbers is replaced by a smaller integer the resulting pattern is either Euclidean or spherical rather than hyperbolic; conversely, any of the numbers can be increased (even to infinity) to generate other hyperbolic patterns.
Each uniform tiling generates a dual uniform tiling, also given below.
The [7,3] (7 3 2) group family
Uniform hyperbolic tilings | Vertex figure Vertex figure In geometry a vertex figure is, broadly speaking, the figure exposed when a corner of a polyhedron or polytope is sliced off.-Definitions - theme and variations:... Wythoff symbol(s) Wythoff symbol In geometry, the Wythoff symbol was first used by Coxeter, Longeut-Higgens and Miller in their enumeration of the uniform polyhedra. It represents a construction by way of Wythoff's construction applied to Schwarz triangles.... Symmetry group Symmetry group The symmetry group of an object is the group of all isometries under which it is invariant with composition as the operation... Coxeter-Dynkin diagram Coxeter-Dynkin diagram In geometry, a Coxeter–Dynkin diagram is a graph with numerically labeled edges representing the spatial relations between a collection of mirrors... |
Dual Dual polyhedron In geometry, polyhedra are associated into pairs called duals, where the vertices of one correspond to the faces of the other. The dual of the dual is the original polyhedron. The dual of a polyhedron with equivalent vertices is one with equivalent faces, and of one with equivalent edges is another... tilings |
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The [5,4] (5 4 2) group family
Uniform hyperbolic tilings | Vertex figure Vertex figure In geometry a vertex figure is, broadly speaking, the figure exposed when a corner of a polyhedron or polytope is sliced off.-Definitions - theme and variations:... Wythoff symbol(s) Wythoff symbol In geometry, the Wythoff symbol was first used by Coxeter, Longeut-Higgens and Miller in their enumeration of the uniform polyhedra. It represents a construction by way of Wythoff's construction applied to Schwarz triangles.... Symmetry group Symmetry group The symmetry group of an object is the group of all isometries under which it is invariant with composition as the operation... Coxeter-Dynkin diagram Coxeter-Dynkin diagram In geometry, a Coxeter–Dynkin diagram is a graph with numerically labeled edges representing the spatial relations between a collection of mirrors... |
Dual Dual polyhedron In geometry, polyhedra are associated into pairs called duals, where the vertices of one correspond to the faces of the other. The dual of the dual is the original polyhedron. The dual of a polyhedron with equivalent vertices is one with equivalent faces, and of one with equivalent edges is another... tilings |
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(4 3 3) family
Uniform hyperbolic tilings | Vertex figure Vertex figure In geometry a vertex figure is, broadly speaking, the figure exposed when a corner of a polyhedron or polytope is sliced off.-Definitions - theme and variations:... Wythoff symbol(s) Wythoff symbol In geometry, the Wythoff symbol was first used by Coxeter, Longeut-Higgens and Miller in their enumeration of the uniform polyhedra. It represents a construction by way of Wythoff's construction applied to Schwarz triangles.... Symmetry group Symmetry group The symmetry group of an object is the group of all isometries under which it is invariant with composition as the operation... Coxeter-Dynkin diagram Coxeter-Dynkin diagram In geometry, a Coxeter–Dynkin diagram is a graph with numerically labeled edges representing the spatial relations between a collection of mirrors... |
Dual Dual polyhedron In geometry, polyhedra are associated into pairs called duals, where the vertices of one correspond to the faces of the other. The dual of the dual is the original polyhedron. The dual of a polyhedron with equivalent vertices is one with equivalent faces, and of one with equivalent edges is another... tilings |
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