The Holohan Murder Case
Encyclopedia
The Holohan Murder Case concerned the death of OSS Major William Holohan in Italy
during the Second World War.
In September 1944, the U.S. Army's Office of Strategic Services
(OSS) dispatched teams of specially-trained soldiers into enemy-occupied territory to organize resistance movements
. In Europe, one of those teams was dispatched to the Como, Italy area. Its mission was code-named "Chrysler". Many of the partisan groups in Europe and Asia were overtly communist
in their allegiances. This greatly concerned some Allied planners, since the Communists could be expected to use their military power to take control of post-war government. The uprising in Paris
in August 1944 was fomented by pro-Communist police who were then pushed aside by forces loyal to Charles de Gaulle
. In Greece
, a civil war erupted between Communist and anti-Communist partisan forces.
of Armeno
in the province of Novara. Holohan was a 40-year-old lawyer who had a peacetime reserve commission in the Cavalry. Twenty-two-year-old Lieutenant Icardi was the only mission member able to speak the dialect of the region. Lieutenant Giannino could speak Italian and LoDolce spoke Sicilian. Holohan was entrusted with about $16,000 worth of U.S. dollars, gold Louis d'or
s, Swiss franc
s, and Italian lire
to fund mission activities. Holohan insisted that his men wear their uniforms in accordance with OSS directives, to avoid being executed as spies if captured.
The situation in northern Italy, 600 miles (1,000 km) from the Allied armies, was particularly complex. There were four major anti-Fascist groups; Socialists, Action Party, Christian Democrat, and Communist
, plus smaller groups under commanders with imprecise allegiances. Originally, Mission Chrysler was to establish a show of authority and liaison in the area in anticipation of an early Axis capitulation. When this did not happen, the mission was changed to assist the partisan units with arms and supplies.
German forces went after the Chrysler men, who had several narrow escapes from anti-partisan sweeps. At one point, the German's pinpointed the OSS transmitter to within 100 yards, but partisans intercepted three Germans and a Swiss interpreter with direction-finding gear. In December, an independent partisan leader called Cinquanta betrayed the Chrysler men to the Germans. Cinquanta was later assassinated.
On December 6, 1944, the OSS men were holed up in Villa Castelnuovo on Lake Orta
when two friendly priests came to warn them to flee. As the soldiers left in the darkness, gunfire broke out and Holohan, Icardi, LoDolce and Italian agents Gualtiero and Tozzini fired back. By prearrangement, the men would split up if attacked. Icardi made it to Giorgio's headquarters. When the men finally reunited, Holohan was missing. Icardi reported the incident to his headquarters.
Two weeks later, an OSS man from Milan visited the Lake Orta and investigated Holohan's disappearance. At the villa, the officer found spent 9mm shell casings (used by all sides) and on the beach, one of Holohan's hand grenades.
The surviving Chrysler men continued to arrange supply drops to the partisans, and Moscatelli stated later that after Holohan’s death, OSS support increased. In February 1945, Mission Chrysler was ordered to Milan, but its operations changed because of the urban environment, which precluded air drops and hiding in the countryside.
In January 1949, Italian Carabiniere Lieutenant Elio Albieri became interested in the case. When he questioned ex-partisans Tozzini and Mannini in March 1950, they told a story of Icardi becoming resentful of Holohan's refusal to support the Communists and hatching a plot to murder the major. When an attempt to poison Holohan's soup failed, a toss of a coin selected LoDolce to go to Holohan's room where LoDolce shot him twice in the head. The Italians stuffed Holohan's body into a sleeping bag and then dumped it into the lake. The men assisted the Italian police in recovering the body, which was identified as Holohan's. The skull showed two bullet wounds.
On August 3, 1950, former Sergeant Carl G. LoDolce gave a statement to Army CID (Criminal Investigative Division) in Rochester, New York
. LoDolce alleged that he and former Lieutenant Aldo Icardi, both members of Holohan's team, had killed Holoran in a dispute over providing aid to Communist partisans. The members of the mission had drawn lots to see who would kill Holohan.
Another former OSS sergeant who served on Chrysler, Arthur P. Ciaramicoli, declared the allegations "silly." As for feelings towards Holohan, Ciaramicoli told a reporter, "We all didn't particularly like the major. He was older than the rest of us and was content to sit back and take things easy. He endangered our lives on several occasions by his attitude".
Icardi denied involvement in Holoran's death, and LoDolce repudiated the press accounts of his involvement in murder taken by the CID investigator. Former partisan leader Vincenzo Moscatelli, by now Senator in the Italian Parliament, told reporters that Holohan had an "anti-Communist attitude" and described Icardi as a "valiant soldier who helped greatly in the partisan struggle against the Germans." True
magazine Rome correspondent Michael Stern
published an article based on the Italian case, and Time
magazine also adopted the Italian version in its coverage. The New York Times
published a lengthy statement by Icardi given to the Pittsburgh Press
.
In 1953, the two Americans were tried for murder in absentia
in Novara, Italy, along with former partisans "Giorgio" Migliari, Giuseppa Mannini, and Gualtieri Tozzini. The Italians testified to having helped plan murder of Holoran, who was poisoned and shot by LoDolce on Icardi's orders in order to divert more arms to Communists and to acquire between $45,000 and $150,000 (far more than the actual funds involved) that Holohan had for covert operations. They said that Holohan was "sentenced to death" as a "traitor".
Migliari testified that he and Icardi each invested $75,000 in Italian lire in a toy factory, the money coming from commissions paid by Holohan to get favorable exchange rates on the mission's funds. Some witnesses accused Icardi of living a lavish lifestyle and that Icardi had murdered Holohan on the orders of superiors, while others complimented Icardi's honesty and courage. When Senator Moscatelli was asked if Icardi was a Communist, the former partisan leader said, “How could he be if he is still a member of the United States Intelligence Service?”
Although Icardi and LoDolce were absent, they had a lawyer who told the court that Major Holohan had to be eliminated "as an obstacle in the fight for victory."
The Italians (who spent three years in jail) were acquitted by the judges who felt that the partisans acted "out of necessity" and were following orders. The Americans were convicted in absentia of murder. Icardi was sentenced to life imprisonment and LoDolce was sentenced to 17 years. Since neither man could be forced to go to Italy, neither served time.
The trial began on April 17, 1956 and the prosecution had 18 Italian witnesses ready. Icardi's defense attorney, Edward Bennett Williams
, argued that Holohan was killed on the orders of Communist partisan leader Moscatelli because of Holohan's opposition to the Communists. The attack that killed Holohan was actually staged by the Moscatelli’s men. Williams got Congressman Cole to admit that he had discussed getting a perjury charge against Icardi before the interview. After Cole stepped down from the witness stand, Williams moved that the case be dismissed because there was no valid legislative purpose in the interrogations of Icardi.
On April 19, 1956, Judge Richmond B. Keech handed down a directed verdict of acquittal on the perjury charges, citing the defense argument that there was no valid legislative purpose to Icardi's testimony before the subcommittee and the perjury charge could not stand. Keech had strong words for Congressman Cole's conduct. Icardi wept.
agent and met with Senator Moscatelli. Moscatelli was still in the Italian Parliament representing the Italian Communist Party. Moscatelli admitted that he was responsible for Holohan's death and Icardi had nothing to do with it.
Aldo Icardi practiced law in Florida
until his retirement.
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
during the Second World War.
In September 1944, the U.S. Army's Office of Strategic Services
Office of Strategic Services
The Office of Strategic Services was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency...
(OSS) dispatched teams of specially-trained soldiers into enemy-occupied territory to organize resistance movements
Resistance during World War II
Resistance movements during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation and propaganda to hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns...
. In Europe, one of those teams was dispatched to the Como, Italy area. Its mission was code-named "Chrysler". Many of the partisan groups in Europe and Asia were overtly communist
Communism
Communism is a social, political and economic ideology that aims at the establishment of a classless, moneyless, revolutionary and stateless socialist society structured upon common ownership of the means of production...
in their allegiances. This greatly concerned some Allied planners, since the Communists could be expected to use their military power to take control of post-war government. The uprising in Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
in August 1944 was fomented by pro-Communist police who were then pushed aside by forces loyal to Charles de Gaulle
Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969....
. In Greece
Greece
Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....
, a civil war erupted between Communist and anti-Communist partisan forces.
Mission Chrysler
On September 27, 1944, four US soldiers; mission commander Major William V. Holohan, First Lieutenant Giannino, Second Lieutenant Aldo Icardi, and radio operator Carl G. LoDolce, along with three Italian agents parachuted into northern Italy near Coiromonte, a frazioneFrazione
A frazione , in Italy, is the name given in administrative law to a type of territorial subdivision of a comune; for other administrative divisions, see municipio, circoscrizione, quartiere...
of Armeno
Armeno
Armeno is a comune in the Province of Novara in the Italian region of Piedmont, located about 100 km northeast of Turin and about 45 km northwest of Novara...
in the province of Novara. Holohan was a 40-year-old lawyer who had a peacetime reserve commission in the Cavalry. Twenty-two-year-old Lieutenant Icardi was the only mission member able to speak the dialect of the region. Lieutenant Giannino could speak Italian and LoDolce spoke Sicilian. Holohan was entrusted with about $16,000 worth of U.S. dollars, gold Louis d'or
Louis d'or
The Louis d'or is any number of French coins first introduced by Louis XIII in 1640. The name derives from the depiction of the portrait of King Louis on one side of the coin; the French royal coat of arms is on the reverse...
s, Swiss franc
Swiss franc
The franc is the currency and legal tender of Switzerland and Liechtenstein; it is also legal tender in the Italian exclave Campione d'Italia. Although not formally legal tender in the German exclave Büsingen , it is in wide daily use there...
s, and Italian lire
Lire
Lire is a French literary magazine covering both French and foreign literature. It was founded in 1975 by Jean-Louis Servan-Schreiber and Bernard Pivot.-External links:*...
to fund mission activities. Holohan insisted that his men wear their uniforms in accordance with OSS directives, to avoid being executed as spies if captured.
The situation in northern Italy, 600 miles (1,000 km) from the Allied armies, was particularly complex. There were four major anti-Fascist groups; Socialists, Action Party, Christian Democrat, and Communist
Italian Communist Party
The Italian Communist Party was a communist political party in Italy.The PCI was founded as Communist Party of Italy on 21 January 1921 in Livorno, by seceding from the Italian Socialist Party . Amadeo Bordiga and Antonio Gramsci led the split. Outlawed during the Fascist regime, the party played...
, plus smaller groups under commanders with imprecise allegiances. Originally, Mission Chrysler was to establish a show of authority and liaison in the area in anticipation of an early Axis capitulation. When this did not happen, the mission was changed to assist the partisan units with arms and supplies.
German forces went after the Chrysler men, who had several narrow escapes from anti-partisan sweeps. At one point, the German's pinpointed the OSS transmitter to within 100 yards, but partisans intercepted three Germans and a Swiss interpreter with direction-finding gear. In December, an independent partisan leader called Cinquanta betrayed the Chrysler men to the Germans. Cinquanta was later assassinated.
Communists
On December 2, 1944, Holohan sent Icardi to meet with the local Communist commander Vincenzo Moscatelli. This was arranged, reluctantly, by Aminta Migliari, aka Giorgio, who had wanted the arms drops funneled through him. Although Migliari proved to be treacherous, the OSS men had to rely on him for support. The Communists, who made up about 75% of the partisans in the Chrysler area, were supposed to receive equal allocations of the two arms drops, but the Communists frequently raided drops intended for rival groups. Lieutenant Icardi stated in 1950 that Holohan treated the Communists equally as the other groups. Some Italians regarded Holohan as "fervently anti-Communist".On December 6, 1944, the OSS men were holed up in Villa Castelnuovo on Lake Orta
Lake Orta
Lake Orta is a lake in northern Italy west of Lake Maggiore.It has been so named since the 16th century, but was previously called the Lago di San Giulio, after Saint Julius , the patron saint of the region; Cusio is a merely poetical name...
when two friendly priests came to warn them to flee. As the soldiers left in the darkness, gunfire broke out and Holohan, Icardi, LoDolce and Italian agents Gualtiero and Tozzini fired back. By prearrangement, the men would split up if attacked. Icardi made it to Giorgio's headquarters. When the men finally reunited, Holohan was missing. Icardi reported the incident to his headquarters.
Two weeks later, an OSS man from Milan visited the Lake Orta and investigated Holohan's disappearance. At the villa, the officer found spent 9mm shell casings (used by all sides) and on the beach, one of Holohan's hand grenades.
The surviving Chrysler men continued to arrange supply drops to the partisans, and Moscatelli stated later that after Holohan’s death, OSS support increased. In February 1945, Mission Chrysler was ordered to Milan, but its operations changed because of the urban environment, which precluded air drops and hiding in the countryside.
Questions
After the war, Holohan's brother, Joseph R. Holahan (his spelling), a stockbroker, sought to learn more about the night at Villa Castelnuovo. He wrote to the Defense Department, to Italian police, and he interviewed Icardi, by then a lawyer in Pittsburgh. In 1947, after the OSS men returned to civilian life, Icardi was interviewed by Army investigators and he was given a polygraph examination. Icardi offered to reenter the Army in order to submit to a court martial and clear up any questions.In January 1949, Italian Carabiniere Lieutenant Elio Albieri became interested in the case. When he questioned ex-partisans Tozzini and Mannini in March 1950, they told a story of Icardi becoming resentful of Holohan's refusal to support the Communists and hatching a plot to murder the major. When an attempt to poison Holohan's soup failed, a toss of a coin selected LoDolce to go to Holohan's room where LoDolce shot him twice in the head. The Italians stuffed Holohan's body into a sleeping bag and then dumped it into the lake. The men assisted the Italian police in recovering the body, which was identified as Holohan's. The skull showed two bullet wounds.
On August 3, 1950, former Sergeant Carl G. LoDolce gave a statement to Army CID (Criminal Investigative Division) in Rochester, New York
Rochester, New York
Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York, south of Lake Ontario in the United States. Known as The World's Image Centre, it was also once known as The Flour City, and more recently as The Flower City...
. LoDolce alleged that he and former Lieutenant Aldo Icardi, both members of Holohan's team, had killed Holoran in a dispute over providing aid to Communist partisans. The members of the mission had drawn lots to see who would kill Holohan.
Another former OSS sergeant who served on Chrysler, Arthur P. Ciaramicoli, declared the allegations "silly." As for feelings towards Holohan, Ciaramicoli told a reporter, "We all didn't particularly like the major. He was older than the rest of us and was content to sit back and take things easy. He endangered our lives on several occasions by his attitude".
Icardi denied involvement in Holoran's death, and LoDolce repudiated the press accounts of his involvement in murder taken by the CID investigator. Former partisan leader Vincenzo Moscatelli, by now Senator in the Italian Parliament, told reporters that Holohan had an "anti-Communist attitude" and described Icardi as a "valiant soldier who helped greatly in the partisan struggle against the Germans." True
True (magazine)
True, also known as True, The Man's Magazine, was published by Fawcett Publications from 1937 until 1974. Known as True, A Man's Magazine in the 1930s, it was labeled True, #1 Man's Magazine in the 1960s. Petersen Publishing took over with the January 1975, issue...
magazine Rome correspondent Michael Stern
Michael Stern (journalist)
Michael Stern was an American reporter, author and philanthropist. As a reporter during World War II he issued some of the first accounts from a liberated Rome, Italy in June 1944...
published an article based on the Italian case, and Time
Time (magazine)
Time is an American news magazine. A European edition is published from London. Time Europe covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong...
magazine also adopted the Italian version in its coverage. The New York Times
The New York Times
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper founded and continuously published in New York City since 1851. The New York Times has won 106 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any news organization...
published a lengthy statement by Icardi given to the Pittsburgh Press
Pittsburgh Press
The Pittsburgh Press is an online newspaper in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, currently owned and operated by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Historically, it was a major afternoon paper...
.
Trial in absentia
In the fall of 1951, the Italian government charged Icardi and LoDolce with murder, and tried to have them extradited to Italy, but U.S. judges denied the extradition requests. Icardi and LoDolce were outside the jurisdiction of U.S. military authorities because they had been discharged, and U.S. Courts had no jurisdiction over offenses committed in Italy. The judge in Icardi’s case refused the request to extradite him because at the time of the alleged crime, the Italian government did not have control over the area of the offense. In their rulings, however, the judges accepted the Italian version of events.In 1953, the two Americans were tried for murder in absentia
In absentia
In absentia is Latin for "in the absence". In legal use, it usually means a trial at which the defendant is not physically present. The phrase is not ordinarily a mere observation, but suggests recognition of violation to a defendant's right to be present in court proceedings in a criminal trial.In...
in Novara, Italy, along with former partisans "Giorgio" Migliari, Giuseppa Mannini, and Gualtieri Tozzini. The Italians testified to having helped plan murder of Holoran, who was poisoned and shot by LoDolce on Icardi's orders in order to divert more arms to Communists and to acquire between $45,000 and $150,000 (far more than the actual funds involved) that Holohan had for covert operations. They said that Holohan was "sentenced to death" as a "traitor".
Migliari testified that he and Icardi each invested $75,000 in Italian lire in a toy factory, the money coming from commissions paid by Holohan to get favorable exchange rates on the mission's funds. Some witnesses accused Icardi of living a lavish lifestyle and that Icardi had murdered Holohan on the orders of superiors, while others complimented Icardi's honesty and courage. When Senator Moscatelli was asked if Icardi was a Communist, the former partisan leader said, “How could he be if he is still a member of the United States Intelligence Service?”
Although Icardi and LoDolce were absent, they had a lawyer who told the court that Major Holohan had to be eliminated "as an obstacle in the fight for victory."
The Italians (who spent three years in jail) were acquitted by the judges who felt that the partisans acted "out of necessity" and were following orders. The Americans were convicted in absentia of murder. Icardi was sentenced to life imprisonment and LoDolce was sentenced to 17 years. Since neither man could be forced to go to Italy, neither served time.
A committee investigates
The U.S. Congress then entered the story after Joseph Holahan joined the staff of the House Armed Services Committee. On March 26, 1953, a two-man subcommittee including Chairman W. Sterling Cole, traveled to Pittsburgh and interviewed Icardi, who denied the murder charges. On August 29, 1955, Icardi was indicted by a federal grand jury for eight counts of perjury.The trial began on April 17, 1956 and the prosecution had 18 Italian witnesses ready. Icardi's defense attorney, Edward Bennett Williams
Edward Bennett Williams
Edward Bennett Williams was a Washington, D.C. trial attorney who founded the law firm of Williams & Connolly and owned several professional sports teams...
, argued that Holohan was killed on the orders of Communist partisan leader Moscatelli because of Holohan's opposition to the Communists. The attack that killed Holohan was actually staged by the Moscatelli’s men. Williams got Congressman Cole to admit that he had discussed getting a perjury charge against Icardi before the interview. After Cole stepped down from the witness stand, Williams moved that the case be dismissed because there was no valid legislative purpose in the interrogations of Icardi.
On April 19, 1956, Judge Richmond B. Keech handed down a directed verdict of acquittal on the perjury charges, citing the defense argument that there was no valid legislative purpose to Icardi's testimony before the subcommittee and the perjury charge could not stand. Keech had strong words for Congressman Cole's conduct. Icardi wept.
Confession
Williams later went to Italy with a Federal Bureau of InvestigationFederal Bureau of Investigation
The Federal Bureau of Investigation is an agency of the United States Department of Justice that serves as both a federal criminal investigative body and an internal intelligence agency . The FBI has investigative jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crime...
agent and met with Senator Moscatelli. Moscatelli was still in the Italian Parliament representing the Italian Communist Party. Moscatelli admitted that he was responsible for Holohan's death and Icardi had nothing to do with it.
Aldo Icardi practiced law in Florida
Florida
Florida is a state in the southeastern United States, located on the nation's Atlantic and Gulf coasts. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. With a population of 18,801,310 as measured by the 2010 census, it...
until his retirement.
Sources
- “Icardi Denies He Helped Murder Maj. Holohan Behind Nazi Lines,” The New York Times, August 16, 1951, p. 12;
- “LoDolce Disowns His ‘Confession’,” Ibid., August 18, 1951, p. 4;
- “Murder Charges Scorned by Icardi,” Ibid., August 19, 1951, p. 4;
- “Ruling on LoDolce Bars Extradition,” Ibid., August 12, 1952, p. 1;
- “Case Dismissed,” Ibid., August 17, 1952, p. E2;
- “Holohan Suspect Called U.S. Agent,” Ibid., October 21, 1952, p. 19;
- “Woman Says Icardi Sought Her Death,” Ibid., October 22, 1953, p. 16;
- “Italian Describes Icardi as Playboy,” Ibid., October 23, 1953, p. 9;
- “Woman Says Icardi Did Not Need Cash,” Ibid., October 24, 1953, 9;
- “Icardi Called Gangster,” Ibid., October 29, 1953, p. 3;
- “Icardi Motive Defended,” Ibid., November 6, 1953, p. 10;
- “The Holohan Murder,” Ibid., November 8, 1953, p. E2;
- “Icardi Indicted for Perjury in O.S.S. Killing of Major,” Ibid., August 30, 1955, p. 1;
- “Holohan Slaying Called Red Coup,” Ibid., August 18, 1956, p. 16;
- “U.S. Court Acquits Icardi; Defines Limits on Inquiries,” Ibid., April 20, 1956, p. 1;
- “Icardi and the Law,” Ibid., April 22, 1956, p. 192;
- “The Case of the Missing Major,” Time, August 27, 1951;
- “The Unpunishable Crime,” Ibid., August 25, 1952;
- “Congress Off Limits,” Ibid., April 30, 1956;
- “Pathologist’s Report,” Ibid., November 19, 1956.