Stereo MCs
Encyclopedia
Stereo MCs are an English
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...

 electronic dance group
Musical ensemble
A musical ensemble is a group of people who perform instrumental or vocal music. In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles or wind ensembles...

, which formed in Clapham
Clapham
Clapham is a district in south London, England, within the London Borough of Lambeth.Clapham covers the postcodes of SW4 and parts of SW9, SW8 and SW12. Clapham Common is shared with the London Borough of Wandsworth, although Lambeth has responsibility for running the common as a whole. According...

, London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...

 in 1985. They are best known worldwide for their 1992 transatlantic Top 20 hit single
Hit single
A hit single is a recorded song or instrumental released as a single that has become very popular. Although it is sometimes used to describe any widely-played or big-selling song, the term "hit" is usually reserved for a single that has appeared in an official music chart through repeated radio...

, "Connected
Connected (Stereo MCs song)
"Connected" was the title track and first single from the Stereo MCs third studio album. It reached #20 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and climbed to #18 on the UK Top 75 Chart. The song appeared in the movie Hackers, starring Angelina Jolie and Jonny Lee Miller. Rob Lowe personally chose the...

". The book Guinness Rockopedia described them as "the big boys of British rap".

Career

Vocalist Rob Birch, and DJ
Disc jockey
A disc jockey, also known as DJ, is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience. Originally, "disc" referred to phonograph records, not the later Compact Discs. Today, the term includes all forms of music playback, no matter the medium.There are several types of disc jockeys...

/producer
Record producer
A record producer is an individual working within the music industry, whose job is to oversee and manage the recording of an artist's music...

 Nick Hallam, founded their Gee Street
Gee Street Records
Gee Street Records was a British hip hop record label started by Jon Baker in 1985. The label's name came from its original location, a converted warehouse on Gee Street in London....

 recording studio
Recording studio
A recording studio is a facility for sound recording and mixing. Ideally both the recording and monitoring spaces are specially designed by an acoustician to achieve optimum acoustic properties...

 and record label
Record label
In the music industry, a record label is a brand and a trademark associated with the marketing of music recordings and music videos. Most commonly, a record label is the company that manages such brands and trademarks, coordinates the production, manufacture, distribution, marketing and promotion,...

, with money they were given to leave their London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...

 flat and dispensing with using a backing band, travelled to early gigs on public transport.

When Gee Street attracted the attention of 4th & Broadway, they recorded the debut Stereo MCs' album
Album
An album is a collection of recordings, released as a single package on gramophone record, cassette, compact disc, or via digital distribution. The word derives from the Latin word for list .Vinyl LP records have two sides, each comprising one half of the album...

 33-45-78
33-45-78
33-45-78 is the 1989 debut album by the Stereo MCs. It was recorded on a shoestring budget with DJ Cesare as drummer and Cath Coffey as backing vocalist. Billboard declared that 33-45-78 proved the band "capable of wildly imaginative sampling"...

(1989) on a shoestring budget with DJ Cesare, drummer
Drummer
A drummer is a musician who is capable of playing drums, which includes but is not limited to a drum kit and accessory based hardware which includes an assortment of pedals and standing support mechanisms, marching percussion and/or any musical instrument that is struck within the context of a...

 Owen If and backing vocalist
Backing vocalist
A backing vocalist or backing singer is a singer who provides vocal harmony with the lead vocalist or other backing vocalists...

 and Cath Coffey
Cath Coffey
Cath Coffey is one of the earliest members of British rap band Stereo MCs. The single "Elevate My Mind", off the Stereo MCs album Supernatural, in which Coffey was the backing vocalist, was the first British rap single to reach the US pop charts.After the release of their album Supernatural, the...

. In 1990, "Elevate My Mind" by the Stereos was the first British hip hop single
Single (music)
In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a recording of fewer tracks than an LP or a CD. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats. In most cases, the single is a song that is released separately from an album, but it can still appear...

 to reach the US
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 R&B
Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs
Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, is a chart released weekly by Billboard in the United States.The chart, initiated in 1942, is used to track the success of popular music songs in urban, or primarily African American, venues. Dominated over the years at various times by jazz, rhythm and blues, doo-wop, soul,...

 chart
Record chart
A record chart is a ranking of recorded music according to popularity during a given period of time. Examples of music charts are the Hit parade, Hot 100 or Top 40....

. Having supported the Happy Mondays
Happy Mondays
Happy Mondays are an English alternative rock band from Salford, Greater Manchester. Formed in 1980, the band's original line-up was Shaun Ryder on lead vocals, his brother Paul Ryder on bass, lead guitarist Mark Day, keyboardist Paul Davis, and drummer Gary Whelan...

 on a US tour, in the emerging UK indie dance scene, it took an alliance with the Jungle Brothers
Jungle Brothers
The Jungle Brothers are an American hip hop group that pioneered the fusion of jazz and hip-hop and also became the first hip-hop group to use a house-music producer. The group began performing in the mid-1980s and released its first album, Straight Out the Jungle, in July 1988...

, to ensure chart success for Supernatural
Supernatural (Stereo MCs album)
Supernatural is a 1990 album by Stereo MCs. The album is their second release. The US release is subtitled "American Mix" and has a different track list.-Track listing:...

(1990). Remix
Remix
A remix is an alternative version of a recorded song, made from an original version. This term is also used for any alterations of media other than song ....

 work for U2
U2
U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin. Formed in 1976, the group consists of Bono , The Edge , Adam Clayton , and Larry Mullen, Jr. . U2's early sound was rooted in post-punk but eventually grew to incorporate influences from many genres of popular music...

, PM Dawn, Queen Latifah
Queen Latifah
Dana Elaine Owens , better known by her stage name Queen Latifah, is an American singer, rapper, and actress. Her work in music, film and television has earned her a Golden Globe award, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, two Image Awards, a Grammy Award, six additional Grammy nominations, an Emmy...

, Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy, Monie Love
Monie Love
Simone Riscoe , better known by her stage name Monie Love, is an English emcee and former radio personality in the United States...

 and Electronic
Electronic (band)
-Albums:-Singles:-Music videos:-External links:* *...

 all followed.

They are still sought after producers, with most of their remixes being done under the name Ultimatum.

Their live band included singers Andrea Bedassie and Verona Davis, and they were one of the few hip hop outfits to play rock
Rock and roll
Rock and roll is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily from a combination of African American blues, country, jazz, and gospel music...

 music festival
Music festival
A music festival is a festival oriented towards music that is sometimes presented with a theme such as musical genre, nationality or locality of musicians, or holiday. They are commonly held outdoors, and are often inclusive of other attractions such as food and merchandise vending machines,...

s at the time. 1992's mainstream breakthrough Connected, a UK Albums Chart
UK Albums Chart
The UK Albums Chart is a list of albums ranked by physical and digital sales in the United Kingdom. It is compiled every week by The Official Charts Company and broadcast on a Sunday on BBC Radio 1 , and published in Music Week magazine and on the OCC website .To qualify for the UK albums chart...

 # 2, contained the hit singles "Connected
Connected (Stereo MCs song)
"Connected" was the title track and first single from the Stereo MCs third studio album. It reached #20 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and climbed to #18 on the UK Top 75 Chart. The song appeared in the movie Hackers, starring Angelina Jolie and Jonny Lee Miller. Rob Lowe personally chose the...

", "Step It Up
Step It Up (song)
"Step It Up" is a hit single by British group Stereo MCs. It charted higher than previous singles "Connected" and "Ground Level". "Step It Up" peaked at #12 on the UK singles chart and has now become known as the group's signature song, thanks to its vibrant beat and catchy chorus...

", "Creation", and "Ground Level" and won them BRIT Awards
Brit Awards
The Brit Awards are the British Phonographic Industry's annual pop music awards. The name was originally a shortened form of "British", "Britain" or "Britannia", but subsequently became a backronym for British Record Industry Trust...

 for Best Group and Best Album. Hallam and Birch then created the music publishing firm, Spirit Songs, which signed Finley Quaye
Finley Quaye
Finley Quaye is a British musician. He won the 1997 Mobo Award for best reggae act, and the 1998 BRIT Award for Best British Male Solo Artist.-Life:...

.

However the follow-up to Connected did not appear for almost a decade. Further remix duties for Madonna
Madonna (entertainer)
Madonna is an American singer-songwriter, actress and entrepreneur. Born in Bay City, Michigan, she moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance. After performing in the music groups Breakfast Club and Emmy, she released her debut album in 1983...

 ("Frozen"), and the Jungle Brothers
Jungle Brothers
The Jungle Brothers are an American hip hop group that pioneered the fusion of jazz and hip-hop and also became the first hip-hop group to use a house-music producer. The group began performing in the mid-1980s and released its first album, Straight Out the Jungle, in July 1988...

 ("Jungle Brother") in 1998, kept the Stereo MCs name in the limelight.

In 2000, they released a DJ
Disc jockey
A disc jockey, also known as DJ, is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience. Originally, "disc" referred to phonograph records, not the later Compact Discs. Today, the term includes all forms of music playback, no matter the medium.There are several types of disc jockeys...

 mix for Studio !K7
Studio !K7
Studio !K7 is an independent record label based in Berlin, Germany that focuses mostly on electronic music. The name is an abbreviation of the company's original Berlin address, Kaiserdamm 7 . !K7 has since opened branch offices in New York City, Hamburg, London, and Tokyo.It has four independent...

's DJ-Kicks
DJ-Kicks
DJ-Kicks is a series of DJ mix albums, mixed by various artists for the independent record label !K7 Records.-History:...

 series and remixed another song for Madonna, ("Music
Music (Madonna song)
"Music" is the first single by American singer-songwriter Madonna from her 8th studio album Music and was released on August 21, 2000, by Maverick Records. It was also released on DVD single, a debut in this format by Madonna. It earned two Grammy Award nominations in 2001, for Record of the Year...

"). The following year saw the release of Deep Down & Dirty, followed by a tour, including slots opening for the recently re-united Jane's Addiction
Jane's Addiction
Jane's Addiction is an American alternative rock band formed in Los Angeles, California in 1985. The band's original line-up featured Perry Farrell , Dave Navarro , Eric Avery and Stephen Perkins . After breaking up in 1991, Jane's Addiction briefly reunited in 1997 and again in 2001, both times...

.

Their most recent album, Double Bubble, was released in July 2008. In December 2008, they supported Madness
Madness (band)
In 1979, the band recorded the Lee Thompson composition "The Prince". The song, like the band's name, paid homage to their idol, Prince Buster. The song was released through 2 Tone Records, the label of The Specials founder Jerry Dammers. The song was a surprise hit, peaking in the UK music charts...

 at the O2 Arena
O2 arena
O2 Arena may refer to:*The O2 Arena the arena within the O2 in London.*The O2 , an entertainment complex built within the former Millennium Dome, North Greenwich, that contains the arena.*O2 World in Berlin*O2 World in Hamburg...

 in London.

Members

  • 'The Head' - born Nick Hallam, 11 June 1960, Nottingham
    Nottingham
    Nottingham is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands of England. It is located in the ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire and represents one of eight members of the English Core Cities Group...

    , England
    England
    England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...

    .
  • 'Rob B' - born Robert Charles Birch, 11 June 1961, Ruddington
    Ruddington
    Ruddington is an English village situated five miles south of Nottingham in the Borough of Rushcliffe. It had a population of 6,441 at the 2001 UK census....

    , Nottinghamshire
    Nottinghamshire
    Nottinghamshire is a county in the East Midlands of England, bordering South Yorkshire to the north-west, Lincolnshire to the east, Leicestershire to the south, and Derbyshire to the west...

    , England.
  • 'Owen If' - born Ian Frederick Rossiter, 20 March 1959, Newport
    Newport
    Newport is a city and unitary authority area in Wales. Standing on the banks of the River Usk, it is located about east of Cardiff and is the largest urban area within the historic county boundaries of Monmouthshire and the preserved county of Gwent...

    , Monmouthshire
    Monmouthshire (historic)
    Monmouthshire , also known as the County of Monmouth , is one of thirteen ancient counties of Wales and a former administrative county....

    , Wales.

Albums

  • The Stereo MCs [EP] (1989) †
  • 33-45-78
    33-45-78
    33-45-78 is the 1989 debut album by the Stereo MCs. It was recorded on a shoestring budget with DJ Cesare as drummer and Cath Coffey as backing vocalist. Billboard declared that 33-45-78 proved the band "capable of wildly imaginative sampling"...

    (July 1989)
  • Supernatural
    Supernatural (Stereo MCs album)
    Supernatural is a 1990 album by Stereo MCs. The album is their second release. The US release is subtitled "American Mix" and has a different track list.-Track listing:...

    (September 1990)
  • Connected (October 1992) #2 UK
    UK Albums Chart
    The UK Albums Chart is a list of albums ranked by physical and digital sales in the United Kingdom. It is compiled every week by The Official Charts Company and broadcast on a Sunday on BBC Radio 1 , and published in Music Week magazine and on the OCC website .To qualify for the UK albums chart...

  • DJ-Kicks: Stereo MCs
    DJ-Kicks: Stereo MCs
    DJ-Kicks: Stereo MCs is a DJ mix album, mixed by Stereo MCs. It was released on 27 March 2000 on the Studio !K7 independent record label as part of the DJ-Kicks series.-Track listing:#"Moon Trek" - The Mike Theodore Orchestra – 3:03...

    (mixed by the Stereo MCs) (2000)
  • Deep Down And Dirty (2001) #17 UK
  • Retroactive (2002) (best of compilation album
    Compilation album
    A compilation album is an album featuring tracks from one or more performers, often culled from a variety of sources The tracks are usually collected according to a common characteristic, such as popularity, genre, source or subject matter...

    )
  • Paradise (2005)
  • Live at the BBC (2008)
  • Double Bubble (2008)
  • Emperor´s Nightingale (August, 26th, 2011)


† This EP
Extended play
An EP is a musical recording which contains more music than a single, but is too short to qualify as a full album or LP. The term EP originally referred only to specific types of vinyl records other than 78 rpm standard play records and LP records, but it is now applied to mid-length Compact...

 was written, produced and composed by the Stereo MCs and released on Island Records
Island Records
Island Records is a record label that was founded by Chris Blackwell in Jamaica. It was based in the United Kingdom for many years and is now owned by Universal Music Group...

. The song
Song
In music, a song is a composition for voice or voices, performed by singing.A song may be accompanied by musical instruments, or it may be unaccompanied, as in the case of a cappella songs...

s would later appear on their first album. The tracklisting was as follows:
  1. "What Is Soul?" (sampled
    Sampling (music)
    In music, sampling is the act of taking a portion, or sample, of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or a different sound recording of a song or piece. Sampling was originally developed by experimental musicians working with musique concrète and electroacoustic music, who physically...

     Ben E. King
    Ben E. King
    Benjamin Earl King , better known as Ben E. King, is an American soul singer. He is perhaps best known as the singer and co-composer of "Stand by Me", a U.S...

    's "What Is Soul?", David Byrne
    David Byrne (musician)
    David Byrne is a musician and artist, best known as a founding member and principal songwriter of the American new wave band Talking Heads, which was active between 1975 and 1991. Since then, Byrne has released his own solo recordings and worked with various media including film, photography,...

     and Brian Eno
    Brian Eno
    Brian Peter George St. John le Baptiste de la Salle Eno , commonly known as Brian Eno or simply as Eno , is an English musician, composer, record producer, singer and visual artist, known as one of the principal innovators of ambient music.Eno studied at Colchester Institute art school in Essex,...

    's "Regiment" and Talking Heads
    Talking Heads
    Talking Heads were an American New Wave and avant-garde band formed in 1975 in New York City and active until 1991. The band comprised David Byrne, Chris Frantz, Tina Weymouth and Jerry Harrison...

    ' "Once In A Lifetime")
  2. "On 33" (sampled George Clinton
    George Clinton (funk musician)
    George Clinton is an American singer, songwriter, bandleader, and music producer and the principal architect of P-Funk. He was the mastermind of the bands Parliament and Funkadelic during the 1970s and early 1980s, and launched a solo career in 1981. He has been cited as one of the foremost...

    's "Atomic Dog" and Deep Purple
    Deep Purple
    Deep Purple are an English rock band formed in Hertford in 1968. Along with Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath, they are considered to be among the pioneers of heavy metal and modern hard rock, although some band members believe that their music cannot be categorised as belonging to any one genre...

    's "And The Address")
  3. "Bring It On"
  4. "Neighbourhood"
  5. "Gee Street" (sampled Rose Royce
    Rose Royce
    Rose Royce is an American soul and R&B band. The group is best known for several hit singles including "Car Wash," "I Wanna Get Next to You," "Wishing on a Star", "Love Don't Live Here Anymore" and "I'm Going Down".-Career:...

    's "6 O'Clock DJ")

Singles

  • "Move It" (March 1988) – Stereo MCs and DJ Cesare
  • "What is Soul?" (October 1988)
  • "On 33" (June 1989)
  • "Lyrical Machine" (August 1989)
  • "Elevate My Mind" (September 1990) #74 UK
    UK Singles Chart
    The UK Singles Chart is compiled by The Official Charts Company on behalf of the British record-industry. The full chart contains the top selling 200 singles in the United Kingdom based upon combined record sales and download numbers, though some media outlets only list the Top 40 or the Top 75 ...

     #39 US
    Billboard Hot 100
    The Billboard Hot 100 is the United States music industry standard singles popularity chart issued weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on radio play and sales; the tracking-week for sales begins on Monday and ends on Sunday, while the radio play tracking-week runs from Wednesday...

  • "Lost in Music" (March 1991) #46 UK
  • "Connected
    Connected (Stereo MCs song)
    "Connected" was the title track and first single from the Stereo MCs third studio album. It reached #20 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and climbed to #18 on the UK Top 75 Chart. The song appeared in the movie Hackers, starring Angelina Jolie and Jonny Lee Miller. Rob Lowe personally chose the...

    " (September 1992) #18 UK, #20 US, #5 US Modern Rock
    Modern Rock Tracks
    Alternative Songs is a music chart in the United States that has appeared in Billboard magazine since September 10, 1988. It lists the 40 most-played songs on modern rock radio stations, most of which are alternative rock songs...

  • "Step It Up
    Step It Up (song)
    "Step It Up" is a hit single by British group Stereo MCs. It charted higher than previous singles "Connected" and "Ground Level". "Step It Up" peaked at #12 on the UK singles chart and has now become known as the group's signature song, thanks to its vibrant beat and catchy chorus...

    " (November 1992) #12 UK, #58 US, #16 US Modern Rock
  • "Ground Level" (February 1993) #19 UK
  • "Creation" (May 1993) #19 UK
  • "Deep Down and Dirty" (2001) #17 UK
  • "We Belong in This World Together" (2001) #59 UK
  • "Warhead" (2005)
  • "Paradise" (2005)
  • "Black Gold" (2008)
  • "Boy" (feat. Jamie Cullum
    Jamie Cullum
    Jamie Cullum is an English pop and jazz-pop singer-songwriter. Though he is primarily a vocalist/pianist he also accompanies himself on other instruments including guitar and drums. Since April 2010, he has been presenting a weekly jazz show on BBC Radio 2, broadcast on Tuesdays from 19:00.- Early...

    ) (2011)

Song appearances in other media

  • "Elevate My Mind" was used on the soundtrack of Bad Company (1995) starring Laurence Fishburne, Ellen Barkin, and Frank Langella.
  • The song "Sofisticated," from Deep Down & Dirty, has been used in a series of commercials for Pizza Hut
    Pizza Hut
    Pizza Hut is an American restaurant chain and international franchise that offers different styles of pizza along with side dishes including pasta, buffalo wings, breadsticks, and garlic bread....

    . In some commercials, the original keyboard piano theme is kept, though the other instrumentation is different, presumably newly written by other musicians for the advertisements.
  • "Connected" was used on the soundtrack
    Soundtrack
    A soundtrack can be recorded music accompanying and synchronized to the images of a motion picture, book, television program or video game; a commercially released soundtrack album of music as featured in the soundtrack of a film or TV show; or the physical area of a film that contains the...

     for the American
    United States
    The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

     film
    Film
    A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a series of still or moving images. It is produced by recording photographic images with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or visual effects...

    , Hackers
    Hackers (film)
    Hackers is a 1995 American thriller film directed by Iain Softley and starring Angelina Jolie, Jonny Lee Miller, Renoly Santiago, Matthew Lillard, Lorraine Bracco and Fisher Stevens...

    . It was also used on the Carphone Warehouse adverts in the 1990s. In addition, "Connected" was used as the trailer theme for the film Blow
    Blow (film)
    Blow is a 2001 biopic about the American cocaine smuggler George Jung, directed by Ted Demme. David McKenna and Nick Cassavetes adapted Bruce Porter's 1993 book Blow: How a Small Town Boy Made $100 Million with the Medellín Cocaine Cartel and Lost It All for the screenplay. It is based on the real...

    . It was also featured on the TV series Bones
    Bones (TV series)
    Bones is an American crime drama television series that premiered on the Fox Network on September 13, 2005. The show is based on forensic anthropology and forensic archaeology, with each episode focusing on an FBI case file concerning the mystery behind human remains brought by FBI Special Agent...

    in the 2011 episode "The Finder."
  • The song "Step It Up" was used in the comedy films Wayne's World 2
    Wayne's World 2
    Wayne's World 2 is a 1993 comedy film starring Mike Myers and Dana Carvey as hosts of a Public-access television cable TV show from Aurora, Illinois. The film was adapted from a sketch on NBC's Saturday Night Live and is the sequel to Wayne's World....

    , Alien Autopsy and on the Halifax adverts in 2010.
  • "We Belong In This World Together" was used in a Target
    Target Corporation
    Target Corporation, doing business as Target, is an American retailing company headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It is the second-largest discount retailer in the United States, behind Walmart. The company is ranked at number 33 on the Fortune 500 and is a component of the Standard & Poor's...

     television advertisement in 2008.
  • The song "Wake Up" Appeared in the Shopping
    Shopping (film)
    Shopping is a 1994 film written and directed by Paul W. S. Anderson about a group of British teenagers who indulge in joyriding and ramraiding...

    soundtrack and on the compilation album
    Compilation album
    A compilation album is an album featuring tracks from one or more performers, often culled from a variety of sources The tracks are usually collected according to a common characteristic, such as popularity, genre, source or subject matter...

     of film soundtrack songs, Trackspotting.
  • "We Belong In This World Together" was used in a Telus television advertisement in 2009, and in a television advertisement for the NBC
    NBC
    The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcasting television network and former radio network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Rockefeller Center with additional major offices near Los Angeles and in Chicago...

     show Heroes
    Heroes (TV series)
    Heroes is an American science fiction television drama series created by Tim Kring that appeared on NBC for four seasons from September 25, 2006 through February 8, 2010. The series tells the stories of ordinary people who discover superhuman abilities, and how these abilities take effect in the...

    in 2009.
  • The song Deep Down And Dirty was used in the 2001 Xbox game Project Gotham Racing.

See also


External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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