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State Hydraulic Works (Turkey)
Encyclopedia
The State Hydraulic Works ( or DSİ) is a state agency organized under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry
of Turkey
responsible for the utilization of country's all water resources. The institution's four major functions are energy, agriculture, services and environment.
in 1914. The institution started to undertake continuous and systematical studies on irrigation
, reclamation, flood control
, navigation, water storage and distribution.
in 1925, soon after the foundation of the Turkish Republic, regional offices were opened in Adana
, Ankara
, Bursa
, Edirne
and Izmir
under the "Waters Directorate". Due to insufficient financial resources and field observations data available, water projects could not be expedited as planned. Severe drought, occurred in 1929, led to the establishment of the more comprehensive institution of "Waters General Directorate". In 1939, it was reorganized in "Water Works General Directorate". The agency conducted studies on feasibility, planning, gauging and water level recording.
Finally in 1954, the institution was named "General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works" (DSİ) and assigned to the Ministry of Public Works. DSİ was reassigned later to the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. Since not a long time, the agency reports to the minister of environment and forestry.
, the 25 regional offices are dispersed throughout Turkey.
Major functions of the regional offices are primarily collection of data in the field of mapping, conducting hydrometric measurements, surveying agricultural economy, land classification, drainage, groundwater
and geology, and secondly to evaluate them for the planning, construction and operation of water structures.
DSİ has currently 24 HEPPs throughout the country under construction with a total installed capacity of 2,722 MW and annual generation of 8,920 GWh.
Turkey has a total of 280,000 square kilometres of agricultural area, of which 85,000 km² is economically irrigable and 49,000 km² is currently being irrigated. As of 2005, an area of 28,000 km² is equipped with facilities of DSİ's irrigation projects, making 10% of the total agricultural area and 57% of the irrigated area in Turkey.
( or GAP), a very important integrated project for the economic and social development of the Southeastern Anatolia Region, includes active farming with extensive irrigation systems and electricity generation. The project area covers the lower parts of the Euphrates
and Tigris
rivers in the 9 provinces of the region (Gaziantep
, Adıyaman
, Kilis
, Şanlıurfa
, Diyarbakır
, Mardin
, Siirt
, Batman
, and Şırnak
), where a total of 6.5 million people live as of the 2000 census.
The project is one of the biggest investments of the last century undertaken by DSİ and contains 13 sub-projects, 7 of which are in the Euphrates Basin and 6 of which are in the Tigris Basin. Within the scope of these 13 projects, 27,000 GWh hydroelectric energy will be produced annually with 7.5 GW installed capacity and 18,200 km² of land will be irrigated with the construction of 22 dams and 19 HEPPs.
The Atatürk Dam
, the largest in Turkey and among the world's largest dams, is the centerpiece of the project.
As of the beginning of 2005, DSİ supplied annually a total of around 2.5 km³ domestic water complying with drinking water standards. This figure will reach 5.3 km³ with completion of the projects which are under construction, or at the final design and planning stages. Water supply projects developed by DSİ meet one third of the requirements for domestic and industrial water consumption.
One of the basic duties and responsibilities of DSİ is building and operating protective structures against floods. It takes the necessary precautions and warns the relevant organizations in the event of flood emergencies.
DSI conducts afforestation work and establishes recreation areas and facilities aiming at prevention of erosion, decreasing the sediment amount deposited in dams through rivers, restoring the environment of dam basins and their catchments. Tree planted areas also serve as picnic areas and public promenades.
DSİ needs to obtain land properties (real estates) for its development projects of water and land resources. Up to now, around 5,200 km² of private land was expropriated. 70,000 families and 350,000 people were relocated by dam projects. It is estimated that 50,000 families and 250,000 people more will be affected in the future.
Ministry of Environment and Forestry (Turkey)
The Ministry of Environment and Forest is a government ministry office of the Republic of Turkey, responsible for environmental and forestry related affairs in Turkey. Since 2007, the office-holder is Prof. Dr. Veysel Eroğlu of the Justice and Development Party....
of Turkey
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
responsible for the utilization of country's all water resources. The institution's four major functions are energy, agriculture, services and environment.
History
Development of water resources in Turkey began with the establishment of the "General Directorate of Public Works" by the Ottoman GovernmentOttoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
in 1914. The institution started to undertake continuous and systematical studies on irrigation
Irrigation
Irrigation may be defined as the science of artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall...
, reclamation, flood control
Flood control
In communications, flood control is a feature of many communication protocols designed to prevent overwhelming of a destination receiver. Such controls can be implemented either in software or in hardware, and will often request that the message be resent after the receiver has finished...
, navigation, water storage and distribution.
in 1925, soon after the foundation of the Turkish Republic, regional offices were opened in Adana
Adana
Adana is a city in southern Turkey and a major agricultural and commercial center. The city is situated on the Seyhan River, 30 kilometres inland from the Mediterranean, in south-central Anatolia...
, Ankara
Ankara
Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of , and as of 2010 the metropolitan area in the entire Ankara Province had a population of 4.4 million....
, Bursa
Bursa, Turkey
Bursa is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat of Bursa Province. The metropolitan area in the entire Bursa province had a population of 2.6 million as of 2010, making the city fourth most populous in Turkey. The city is equally one of the most industrialized metropolitan centers in the...
, Edirne
Edirne
Edirne is a city in Eastern Thrace, the northwestern part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. Edirne served as the capital city of the Ottoman Empire from 1365 to 1453, before Constantinople became the empire's new capital. At present, Edirne is the capital of the Edirne...
and Izmir
Izmir
Izmir is a large metropolis in the western extremity of Anatolia. The metropolitan area in the entire Izmir Province had a population of 3.35 million as of 2010, making the city third most populous in Turkey...
under the "Waters Directorate". Due to insufficient financial resources and field observations data available, water projects could not be expedited as planned. Severe drought, occurred in 1929, led to the establishment of the more comprehensive institution of "Waters General Directorate". In 1939, it was reorganized in "Water Works General Directorate". The agency conducted studies on feasibility, planning, gauging and water level recording.
Finally in 1954, the institution was named "General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works" (DSİ) and assigned to the Ministry of Public Works. DSİ was reassigned later to the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. Since not a long time, the agency reports to the minister of environment and forestry.
Organization
The DSİ is organized in three levels: The management, the department offices and the regional offices. While the first two levels are located in AnkaraAnkara
Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of , and as of 2010 the metropolitan area in the entire Ankara Province had a population of 4.4 million....
, the 25 regional offices are dispersed throughout Turkey.
Major functions of the regional offices are primarily collection of data in the field of mapping, conducting hydrometric measurements, surveying agricultural economy, land classification, drainage, groundwater
Groundwater
Groundwater is water located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock...
and geology, and secondly to evaluate them for the planning, construction and operation of water structures.
Projects
Since its establishment in 1954, DSİ has made investments in the sector of energy for US$30.0 billion, agriculture for US$39.0 billion and services for US$12.0 billion, totaling up to US$81.0 billion.Energy
Of the 135 hydroelectric power plants (HEPP) in Turkey, DSİ operates 53, which have a total installed capacity of 10,215 MW (29% of the country's total electric power capacity) and generated in 2003 electricity of 35,329 GWh (25.1% of the total).DSİ has currently 24 HEPPs throughout the country under construction with a total installed capacity of 2,722 MW and annual generation of 8,920 GWh.
Agriculture
Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP)
The Southeastern Anatolia ProjectSoutheastern Anatolia Project
The Southeastern Anatolia Project is a multi-sector integrated regional development project based on the concept of sustainable development for the 9 million people living in the Southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey...
( or GAP), a very important integrated project for the economic and social development of the Southeastern Anatolia Region, includes active farming with extensive irrigation systems and electricity generation. The project area covers the lower parts of the Euphrates
Euphrates
The Euphrates is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia. Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia...
and Tigris
Tigris
The Tigris River is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of southeastern Turkey through Iraq.-Geography:...
rivers in the 9 provinces of the region (Gaziantep
Gaziantep Province
Gaziantep Province is a province in south-central Turkey. Its capital is the city of Gaziantep which had a population of 853,513 as of 2000. Its neighbours are Adıyaman at north, Şanlıurfa at east, Syria and Kilis at south, Hatay at southwest, Osmaniye at west and Kahramanmaraş at northwest.An...
, Adıyaman
Adiyaman Province
Adıyaman Province is a province in south-central Turkey. The province was created in 1954 out of part of Malatya Province. Area 7,614 km². Population 590,935 , up from 513,131 in 1990. The capital is Adıyaman....
, Kilis
Kilis Province
Kilis Province is a province in south-central Turkey. It used to be the southern part of the province of Gaziantep and was formed in 1994. The town of Kilis is home to around 67% of the inhabitants of the province, the other towns and villages are very small.-History:There is evidence of human...
, Şanlıurfa
Sanliurfa Province
Şanlıurfa Province or simply Urfa Province is a province in Southeast Anatolia, Turkey. The city of Şanlıurfa is the capital of the province which bears its name. The population is 1,663,371 ....
, Diyarbakır
Diyarbakir Province
Diyarbakır Province is a province in eastern Turkey. The province covers an area of 15,355 km² and the population is 1,528,958. The provincial capital is Diyarbakir...
, Mardin
Mardin Province
Mardin Province is a province of Turkey with a population of 744,606. The population was 835,173 in 2000. The capital of the Mardin Province is Mardin...
, Siirt
Siirt Province
Siirt Province is a province of Turkey, located in the southeast. The province borders Bitlis to the north, Batman to the west, Mardin to the southwest, Şırnak to the south, and Van to the east. It has an area of 5,406 km² and a total population of 300,695...
, Batman
Batman Province
Batman Province is a Turkish province southeast of Anatolia. The province's population exceeded 500,000 in 2010.The province is important because of its reserves and production of oil which was started in the 1940s. There is a 494-km long oil pipeline from Batman to the Turkish port of İskenderun....
, and Şırnak
Şırnak Province
The Şırnak Province is a Turkish province in southeastern Anatolia. It has a population of 430,109 . The population was 353,197 in 2000....
), where a total of 6.5 million people live as of the 2000 census.
The project is one of the biggest investments of the last century undertaken by DSİ and contains 13 sub-projects, 7 of which are in the Euphrates Basin and 6 of which are in the Tigris Basin. Within the scope of these 13 projects, 27,000 GWh hydroelectric energy will be produced annually with 7.5 GW installed capacity and 18,200 km² of land will be irrigated with the construction of 22 dams and 19 HEPPs.
Atatürk Dam
The Atatürk Dam , originally the Karababa Dam, is a zoned rock-fill dam with a central core on the Euphrates River on the border of Adıyaman Province and Şanlıurfa Province in Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey...
, the largest in Turkey and among the world's largest dams, is the centerpiece of the project.
Services
DSİ is responsible by law for the supply of domestic and industrial water to settlements having population of more than 100,000. As of the 2000 census, there are 55 cities and towns in Turkey with populations over 100,000. DSİ supply water to 26 million people in 45 cities at different regions.As of the beginning of 2005, DSİ supplied annually a total of around 2.5 km³ domestic water complying with drinking water standards. This figure will reach 5.3 km³ with completion of the projects which are under construction, or at the final design and planning stages. Water supply projects developed by DSİ meet one third of the requirements for domestic and industrial water consumption.
Environment
The protection of nature and wildlife is of great importance for DSI. It conducts activities on development of sustainable water resources, both independently and in collaboration with other related governmental and non-governmental organizations. DSİ also provides financial and technical support to protect archaeological and historical sites for the next generations.One of the basic duties and responsibilities of DSİ is building and operating protective structures against floods. It takes the necessary precautions and warns the relevant organizations in the event of flood emergencies.
DSI conducts afforestation work and establishes recreation areas and facilities aiming at prevention of erosion, decreasing the sediment amount deposited in dams through rivers, restoring the environment of dam basins and their catchments. Tree planted areas also serve as picnic areas and public promenades.
DSİ needs to obtain land properties (real estates) for its development projects of water and land resources. Up to now, around 5,200 km² of private land was expropriated. 70,000 families and 350,000 people were relocated by dam projects. It is estimated that 50,000 families and 250,000 people more will be affected in the future.
Notable executives
- Süleyman DemirelSüleyman DemirelSami Süleyman Gündoğdu Demirel, better known as Süleyman Demirel , is a Turkish politician who served as Prime Minister seven times and was the ninth President of Turkey.-Life:Demirel was born in İslamköy, a town in Isparta Province...
, former prime minister and the 9th president of Turkey. Served as director general of DSI between 1955-1960. - Veysel EroğluVeysel ErogluProf. Veysel Eroğlu is currently Minister of Environment and Forests of Turkey and a Member of Parliament for Afyonkarahisar of the ruling Justice and Development Party.-Career:...
, current minister of environment and forestry. Served as DSI's director general from 2003 to 2007.