Scaphyglottis
Encyclopedia
Scaphyglottis is a genus
of orchids native to Central America
, northern South America
and parts of the Caribbean
. The current concept of this genus is the result of combining several genera which have been described at various times. The concept is characterized by the growth habit: not only are new pseudobulb
s added at the base of the old ones (as is typical of sympodial
orchids), but new pseudobulbs also grow at the apices of the old ones. Many species are quite similar and difficult to distinguish, but some are clearly distinct. A few have showy colors. The genus comprises nearly 70 species.
and the Caribbean Islands to southern Bolivia
and much of Brazil
, ranging from hot, humid tropical rain forests near sea level through dry forests of the uplands to the cloud forest
s high in the Andes
. The center of diversity is in southern Central America
. They usually grow high in trees, or in other highly-illuminated locations.
, or sometimes lithophytic. They show considerable variation in size, ranging from a few cm to nearly 1 m tall. They all have narrow, elongated pseudobulbs covered at the base by numerous evanescent sheaths. Each pseudobulb bears up to three long, narrow apical leaves. The pseudobulbs are superposed i. e. tend to grow in stacked chains, one arising from the apex of another.
The inflorescence
grows from the apex of the pseudobulb, and differs from most sympodial orchids in that one pseudobulb will sometimes produce inflorescences for several years. This, combined with the habit of new pseudobulbs growing from the apices of old ones, creates the impression that there are inflorescences growing from the middle of the stem. The inflorescence can be solitary, successive, racemose
or paniculate
.
The flowers are small, and nearly always white, cream, or a pale shade of green or lavender, with the exception of two species of Hexisea
, which are mostly brilliant red. The petals and sepals have nearly the same length, but the petals are usually wider, and the lip is usually the largest perianth segment. The anther is terminal, and contains four to six pollinia.
Most Scaphyglottis are pollinated by insects; nearly all species produce nectar which accumulates in the nectary formed by the base of the lip and the bottom of the column. The two species of Hexisea are possibly also pollinated by hummingbirds, which are especially known to visit red flowers.
and Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher
in 1835. In 1960, Robert Louis Dressler designated Fernandezia graminifolia Ruiz & Pavon, now known as Scaphyglottis graminifolia, to be the type species. The generic epithet comes from the Greek skaphe, concave or hollow, and glotta, tongue, in reference to the shape of the floral labellum
.
This definition of Scaphyglottis was unclear for a long time. There is a large group of species clearly belonging to the genus, such as the now defunct three small genera Tetragamestus, Leaoa, and Hexadesmia, which were brought into synonymy decades ago. In 1993, a review of Scaphpyglottis was published which did not include a complete synonymy, but which was nevertheless useful in clarifying many of the species in the genus.
Many of the species belonging to Scaphyglottis before the unification are also confusing and variable, forming various complexes of reproductively isolated groups that seem morphologically identical.
Hexadesmia This genus containing 27 species was described by Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart in 1843. It consisted of several different species separated from Scaphyglottis because the flowers had six pollinia instead of four. Because all of these species are in the basal clade of Scaphyglottis, six pollinia seems likely to be the ancestral condition of Scaphyglottis. Several other authors, including Schlechter
and Reichenbach
, placed additional species in Hexadesmia.
Leaoa: In 1922, Rudolf Schlechter and Paulo de Campos Porto erected this small genus for a species that had previously been called Hexadesmia monophylla, which had a very long inflorescence, rather than the short inflorescence typical of Hexadesmia, as well as the typical six pollinia. More species were added to the genus by Leslie Andrew Garay in 1955 and by Freidrich Gustav Brieger in 1976, bringing the total to four.
Tetragamestus: Heinrich gustav Reichenbach described Tetragamestus modestus in 1854. Three additional species have been assigned to this genus, the last by Schlechter
in 1818. The most widely known species is T. modestus, a name which can be confused with reichenbachanthus modestus, a synonym of S. brasiliensis. The name Tetragamestus is widely used by orchid enthusiasts, many of whom reject the inclusion of this genus in Scaphyglottis.
Reichenbachanthus: João Barbosa Rodrigues published Reichenbachanthus modestus in 1882. Four species of pendant epiphytes which occur from Central America to southeastern Brazil in tropical rain forests have been included in this genus, the last in 1997 by Dressler. The terete (= narrowly cylindrical) pseudobulb is difficult to distinguish from the single terete leaf. The base of the full or slightly trilobate lip forms a nectary together with the column, the column foot, and the base of the lateral sepals. The column
is long and thick with an apical anther containing four pollinia. The pale yellow or green flowers feature lanceolate petals, smaller than the sepals.
Fractiunguis was published by Schlechter
in 1922, and has been considered a synonym of Reichenbachanthus almost from that time. It consisted of three species:
Hexisea: In 1834, John Lindley
published Hexisea bidentata.. The generic epithet refers to the six perianth segments being nearly equal in size and shape. Fourteen species have been placed in this genus before it was reduced to synonymy under Scaphyglottis, despite having priority to Scaphyglottis.
The plants are epiphytic or rupicolous (rock dwelling) and caespitose, sometimes hanging down from branches of trees. They grow naturally in tropical and equatorial, humid, low-altitude forests from southern Mexico
to northern and northwestern South America
.
The original two species (H. bidentata and H. imbricata, originally published as H. bidentata var. imbricata) are distinguished from Scaphyglottis by small, almost entirely red flowers, with nearly equal perianth segments. It is the only group pollinated by hummingbirds.
The vegative morphology is similar to Scaphyglottis. The pseudobulb
s are typically cylindrical or fusiform, bear deciduous linear-lanceolate leaves, and grow one from at the apex of another to form articulated chains. The racemose inflorescence is apical or from the nodes of the joints between pseudobulbs, with few flowers open simultaneously (generally only two or three) being produced over several years.
The red or orange flowers have lanceolate sepals and petals. The labellum is simple and flolded down, the same color as the other perianth segments. In some species (e.g. H. bidentata) there is a bright yellow callus in the form of two teeth near the base of the labellum. The pollinarium contains four pollinia.
According to the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, Hexisea is the name that should be used for all Scaphyglottis, because the name Hexisea (for one of these species) was published before Scaphyglottis. However, Dressler suggested that the name Scaphyglottis be retained to avoid changing the names of a large number of well known species. , and that the formally correct name Hexisea be used only when referring to those species which had been traditionally known as Hexisea. On the strength of this recommendation, Kew has made Scaphyglottis the accepted name, and reduced the correct name Hexisea to synonymy.
Euothonaea was published by Reichenbach
in 1852, but was invalid for technical reasons This genus has always been relegated to synonoymy under Hexisea.
Costaricaea was erected by Schlechter
in 1923 for Costaricaea amparoana, which was moved to Hexisea amparoana in 1934 and then to Scaphyglottis amparoana in 1964.
Platyglottis was proposed in 1942 by Loius Otto Williams for the new Panama
nian species Platyglottis coriacea. In 2004, Dressler transferred it to Scaphyglottis coriaceae. Although the pseudobulbs of this species grow from the apices of previous pseudobulbs like the rest of the genus Scaphyglottis, this species differs by having wide. flat, coriaceous, alternate leaves, and an apical racemose inflorescence with up to four pale flowers open at once, featuring long ovaries and large bracts at the base of the peduncle
. Both the vegetative and floral morphology make this species easy to distinguish for the other species of Scaphyglottis.
Helleriella. In 1974 Garay and Sweet transferred Scaphyglottis punctulata (Reichenbach f.) C. Schweinfurth, (Ponera punctulata Reichenbach f., Epidendrum dussii Cogniaux) to the Andean genus Helleriella without any explanation. A comparison of S. punctulata with the two species of Helleriella shows that it fits poorly into that genus. Except for a somewhat unusual habit it is a typical Scaphyglottis. This is also confirmed by molecular data.
The paper did not publish any names for these three suggested sub-taxa of Scaphyglottis, but did publish three new combinations.
produced by hybridizing Scphyglottis species have been regestered:
produced anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in rats
and mice, apparently (at least partially) by activation of opioid receptors.
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of orchids native to Central America
Central America
Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. It is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with South America on the southeast. When considered part of the unified continental model, it is considered a subcontinent...
, northern South America
South America
South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...
and parts of the Caribbean
Caribbean
The Caribbean is a crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, to the west and south, from the Atlantic Ocean, to the east and north...
. The current concept of this genus is the result of combining several genera which have been described at various times. The concept is characterized by the growth habit: not only are new pseudobulb
Pseudobulb
The pseudobulb is a storage organ derived from the part of a stem between two leaf nodes.It applies to the orchid family , specifically certain groups of epiphytic orchids, and may be single or composed of several internodes with evergreen or deciduous leaves along its length.In some species, it is...
s added at the base of the old ones (as is typical of sympodial
Sympodial
Sympodial means "with conjoined feet", and in biology is often used to refer to the outward morphology or mode of growth of organisms.-In botany:...
orchids), but new pseudobulbs also grow at the apices of the old ones. Many species are quite similar and difficult to distinguish, but some are clearly distinct. A few have showy colors. The genus comprises nearly 70 species.
Distribution
Scaphyglottis species grow over a large area, stretching from southern MexicoMexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
and the Caribbean Islands to southern Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is the poorest country in South America...
and much of Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
, ranging from hot, humid tropical rain forests near sea level through dry forests of the uplands to the cloud forest
Cloud forest
A cloud forest, also called a fog forest, is a generally tropical or subtropical evergreen montane moist forest characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud cover, usually at the canopy level. Cloud forests often exhibit an abundance of mosses covering the ground and...
s high in the Andes
Andes
The Andes is the world's longest continental mountain range. It is a continual range of highlands along the western coast of South America. This range is about long, about to wide , and of an average height of about .Along its length, the Andes is split into several ranges, which are separated...
. The center of diversity is in southern Central America
Central America
Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. It is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with South America on the southeast. When considered part of the unified continental model, it is considered a subcontinent...
. They usually grow high in trees, or in other highly-illuminated locations.
Description
The plants are epiphyticEpiphyte
An epiphyte is a plant that grows upon another plant non-parasitically or sometimes upon some other object , derives its moisture and nutrients from the air and rain and sometimes from debris accumulating around it, and is found in the temperate zone and in the...
, or sometimes lithophytic. They show considerable variation in size, ranging from a few cm to nearly 1 m tall. They all have narrow, elongated pseudobulbs covered at the base by numerous evanescent sheaths. Each pseudobulb bears up to three long, narrow apical leaves. The pseudobulbs are superposed i. e. tend to grow in stacked chains, one arising from the apex of another.
The inflorescence
Inflorescence
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Strictly, it is the part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed and which is accordingly modified...
grows from the apex of the pseudobulb, and differs from most sympodial orchids in that one pseudobulb will sometimes produce inflorescences for several years. This, combined with the habit of new pseudobulbs growing from the apices of old ones, creates the impression that there are inflorescences growing from the middle of the stem. The inflorescence can be solitary, successive, racemose
Raceme
A raceme is a type of inflorescence that is unbranched and indeterminate and bears pedicellate flowers — flowers having short floral stalks called pedicels — along the axis. In botany, axis means a shoot, in this case one bearing the flowers. In a raceme, the oldest flowers are borne...
or paniculate
Panicle
A panicle is a compound raceme, a loose, much-branched indeterminate inflorescence with pedicellate flowers attached along the secondary branches; in other words, a branched cluster of flowers in which the branches are racemes....
.
The flowers are small, and nearly always white, cream, or a pale shade of green or lavender, with the exception of two species of Hexisea
Hexisea
Hexisea is a genus of orchids . The genera Costaricaea Schltr. and Euothonaea Rchb.f. are synonyms of Hexisea. This genus is abbreviated Hxsa in trade journals.-Synonymy:...
, which are mostly brilliant red. The petals and sepals have nearly the same length, but the petals are usually wider, and the lip is usually the largest perianth segment. The anther is terminal, and contains four to six pollinia.
Most Scaphyglottis are pollinated by insects; nearly all species produce nectar which accumulates in the nectary formed by the base of the lip and the bottom of the column. The two species of Hexisea are possibly also pollinated by hummingbirds, which are especially known to visit red flowers.
Taxonomic History
The genus was published by Eduard Friedrich PoeppigEduard Friedrich Poeppig
Eduard Friedrich Poeppig was a German botanist, zoologist and explorer.-Biography:He was born in Plauen, Saxony. He studied medicine and natural history at the University of Leipzig, graduating with a medical degree. On graduation, the rector of the university gave him a botanical mission to North...
and Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher
Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher
Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher was an Austrian botanist, numismatist and Sinologist. He was a director of the Botanical Garden of Vienna. He was born in Pressburg and died in Vienna....
in 1835. In 1960, Robert Louis Dressler designated Fernandezia graminifolia Ruiz & Pavon, now known as Scaphyglottis graminifolia, to be the type species. The generic epithet comes from the Greek skaphe, concave or hollow, and glotta, tongue, in reference to the shape of the floral labellum
Labellum
Labellum is the Latin diminutive of labium, meaning lip. These are anatomical terms used descriptively in biology, for example in Entomology and botany.-Botany:...
.
This definition of Scaphyglottis was unclear for a long time. There is a large group of species clearly belonging to the genus, such as the now defunct three small genera Tetragamestus, Leaoa, and Hexadesmia, which were brought into synonymy decades ago. In 1993, a review of Scaphpyglottis was published which did not include a complete synonymy, but which was nevertheless useful in clarifying many of the species in the genus.
Many of the species belonging to Scaphyglottis before the unification are also confusing and variable, forming various complexes of reproductively isolated groups that seem morphologically identical.
Synonymy—A confusing and controversial subject.
In 2004, several other genera were brought into synonymy with Scaphyglottis as the concept is used today:Hexadesmia This genus containing 27 species was described by Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart in 1843. It consisted of several different species separated from Scaphyglottis because the flowers had six pollinia instead of four. Because all of these species are in the basal clade of Scaphyglottis, six pollinia seems likely to be the ancestral condition of Scaphyglottis. Several other authors, including Schlechter
Schlechter
Schlechter is a family surname of German origin . Notable people with this surname:* Carl Schlechter , chess master* Rudolf Schlechter , taxonomist...
and Reichenbach
Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach
Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach was an ornithologist, botanist and the foremost German orchidologist of the 19th century...
, placed additional species in Hexadesmia.
Leaoa: In 1922, Rudolf Schlechter and Paulo de Campos Porto erected this small genus for a species that had previously been called Hexadesmia monophylla, which had a very long inflorescence, rather than the short inflorescence typical of Hexadesmia, as well as the typical six pollinia. More species were added to the genus by Leslie Andrew Garay in 1955 and by Freidrich Gustav Brieger in 1976, bringing the total to four.
Tetragamestus: Heinrich gustav Reichenbach described Tetragamestus modestus in 1854. Three additional species have been assigned to this genus, the last by Schlechter
Schlechter
Schlechter is a family surname of German origin . Notable people with this surname:* Carl Schlechter , chess master* Rudolf Schlechter , taxonomist...
in 1818. The most widely known species is T. modestus, a name which can be confused with reichenbachanthus modestus, a synonym of S. brasiliensis. The name Tetragamestus is widely used by orchid enthusiasts, many of whom reject the inclusion of this genus in Scaphyglottis.
Reichenbachanthus: João Barbosa Rodrigues published Reichenbachanthus modestus in 1882. Four species of pendant epiphytes which occur from Central America to southeastern Brazil in tropical rain forests have been included in this genus, the last in 1997 by Dressler. The terete (= narrowly cylindrical) pseudobulb is difficult to distinguish from the single terete leaf. The base of the full or slightly trilobate lip forms a nectary together with the column, the column foot, and the base of the lateral sepals. The column
Column
A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces...
is long and thick with an apical anther containing four pollinia. The pale yellow or green flowers feature lanceolate petals, smaller than the sepals.
- Reichenbachanthus modestus, originally published as Fractiunguis brasiliensis and also published in 1877 as Hexisea reflexa (Reichenbach) is now Scaphyglottis reflexaScaphyglottis reflexaScaphyglottis reflexa is a species of orchid occurring from Grenada to Central America and tropical South America....
. - Reichenbachanthus reflexus, also published as Fractiunguis reflexus and Hexisea reflexa is now Scaphyglottis emarginata.
- Reichenbachanthus cuniculatus, originally published as Fractiunguis cuniculatus in 1923, also published as Hexisea cuniculata in 1925, is now Scaphyglottis cuniculata (Schltr.)Dressler (2002).
- Reichenbachanthus subulatus(Schltr.)Dressler (1997) was originally published as Scaphyglottis subulata Schltr. (1910). It has also been published as Reichenbachanthus lankesteri (Ames) D.E. Mora-Retana & J.B. García-Castro (1992) and Hexisea lankesteri Ames (1925).
Fractiunguis was published by Schlechter
Schlechter
Schlechter is a family surname of German origin . Notable people with this surname:* Carl Schlechter , chess master* Rudolf Schlechter , taxonomist...
in 1922, and has been considered a synonym of Reichenbachanthus almost from that time. It consisted of three species:
- Fractiunguis reflexus SchlechterSchlechterSchlechter is a family surname of German origin . Notable people with this surname:* Carl Schlechter , chess master* Rudolf Schlechter , taxonomist...
(1922) - Fractiunguis cuniculatus SchlechterSchlechterSchlechter is a family surname of German origin . Notable people with this surname:* Carl Schlechter , chess master* Rudolf Schlechter , taxonomist...
(1923) - Fractiunguis cuniculatus var gracilis SchlechterSchlechterSchlechter is a family surname of German origin . Notable people with this surname:* Carl Schlechter , chess master* Rudolf Schlechter , taxonomist...
(1923)
Hexisea: In 1834, John Lindley
John Lindley
John Lindley FRS was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist.-Early years:Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley was a nurseryman and pomologist and ran a commercial nursery garden...
published Hexisea bidentata.. The generic epithet refers to the six perianth segments being nearly equal in size and shape. Fourteen species have been placed in this genus before it was reduced to synonymy under Scaphyglottis, despite having priority to Scaphyglottis.
The plants are epiphytic or rupicolous (rock dwelling) and caespitose, sometimes hanging down from branches of trees. They grow naturally in tropical and equatorial, humid, low-altitude forests from southern Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
to northern and northwestern South America
South America
South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...
.
The original two species (H. bidentata and H. imbricata, originally published as H. bidentata var. imbricata) are distinguished from Scaphyglottis by small, almost entirely red flowers, with nearly equal perianth segments. It is the only group pollinated by hummingbirds.
The vegative morphology is similar to Scaphyglottis. The pseudobulb
Pseudobulb
The pseudobulb is a storage organ derived from the part of a stem between two leaf nodes.It applies to the orchid family , specifically certain groups of epiphytic orchids, and may be single or composed of several internodes with evergreen or deciduous leaves along its length.In some species, it is...
s are typically cylindrical or fusiform, bear deciduous linear-lanceolate leaves, and grow one from at the apex of another to form articulated chains. The racemose inflorescence is apical or from the nodes of the joints between pseudobulbs, with few flowers open simultaneously (generally only two or three) being produced over several years.
The red or orange flowers have lanceolate sepals and petals. The labellum is simple and flolded down, the same color as the other perianth segments. In some species (e.g. H. bidentata) there is a bright yellow callus in the form of two teeth near the base of the labellum. The pollinarium contains four pollinia.
According to the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, Hexisea is the name that should be used for all Scaphyglottis, because the name Hexisea (for one of these species) was published before Scaphyglottis. However, Dressler suggested that the name Scaphyglottis be retained to avoid changing the names of a large number of well known species. , and that the formally correct name Hexisea be used only when referring to those species which had been traditionally known as Hexisea. On the strength of this recommendation, Kew has made Scaphyglottis the accepted name, and reduced the correct name Hexisea to synonymy.
Euothonaea was published by Reichenbach
Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach
Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach was an ornithologist, botanist and the foremost German orchidologist of the 19th century...
in 1852, but was invalid for technical reasons This genus has always been relegated to synonoymy under Hexisea.
- Euothonea oppositifolia (A.Rich. & Galeotti) Rchb.f. (1852) was previously published as Epidendrum oppositifoliium A.Rich. & Galeotti (1854). In 1850, it was published as Diothonea oppositifolia(A.Rich. & Galeotti) Rchb.f. and in 1862 as Hexisea oppositifolia(A.Rich. & Galeotti) Rchb.f. In 2002, Dressler reduced it to synonymy under Hexisea imbricata by publishing the name Scaphpyglottis imbricata.
Costaricaea was erected by Schlechter
Schlechter
Schlechter is a family surname of German origin . Notable people with this surname:* Carl Schlechter , chess master* Rudolf Schlechter , taxonomist...
in 1923 for Costaricaea amparoana, which was moved to Hexisea amparoana in 1934 and then to Scaphyglottis amparoana in 1964.
Platyglottis was proposed in 1942 by Loius Otto Williams for the new Panama
Panama
Panama , officially the Republic of Panama , is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The...
nian species Platyglottis coriacea. In 2004, Dressler transferred it to Scaphyglottis coriaceae. Although the pseudobulbs of this species grow from the apices of previous pseudobulbs like the rest of the genus Scaphyglottis, this species differs by having wide. flat, coriaceous, alternate leaves, and an apical racemose inflorescence with up to four pale flowers open at once, featuring long ovaries and large bracts at the base of the peduncle
Peduncle (botany)
In botany, a peduncle is a stem supporting an inflorescence, or after fecundation, an infructescence.The peduncle is a stem, usually green and without leaves, though sometimes colored or supporting small leaves...
. Both the vegetative and floral morphology make this species easy to distinguish for the other species of Scaphyglottis.
Helleriella. In 1974 Garay and Sweet transferred Scaphyglottis punctulata (Reichenbach f.) C. Schweinfurth, (Ponera punctulata Reichenbach f., Epidendrum dussii Cogniaux) to the Andean genus Helleriella without any explanation. A comparison of S. punctulata with the two species of Helleriella shows that it fits poorly into that genus. Except for a somewhat unusual habit it is a typical Scaphyglottis. This is also confirmed by molecular data.
Sub-taxa
A study of inner transcribed spacer data has suggested that the illegitimate name Pachystele Schltr. (1923) corresponds to a well-supported clade distinct from the remainder of the modern concept of Scaphyglottis, as does the species S. livida. The authors of the study noted that this "Pachystele clade" corresponds roughly to Hexisea sensu lato:- S. amparoana
- S. arctata
- S. bidentata
- S. chlorantha
- S. confusa
- S. cuniculata
- S. corallorrhiza
- S. densa
- S. fasciculata
- S. gentryi
- S. gigantea
- S. imbricata
- S. jimenezii
- S. reflexa
- S. sigmoidea
The paper did not publish any names for these three suggested sub-taxa of Scaphyglottis, but did publish three new combinations.
Species
- S. acostaei (Schltr.) C.Schweinf. (1941)
- S. amparoana (Schltr.) Dressler (1964)
- S. antillana is not listed by Kew
- S. arctata (Dressler) B.R.Adams (1988)
- S. atwoodii Dressler (1997)
- S. aurea (Rchb.f.) Foldats (1959)
- S. behrii (Rchb.f.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Hemsl. (1884)
- S. bicallosa Dressler (2000)
- S. bicornis (Lindl.) Garay (1967)
- S. bidentataScaphyglottis bidentataScaphyglottis bidentata is a species of orchid found in the American Tropics from Costa Rica to northern Brazil. It is the type species of the genus Hexisea, and was published before the generic epithet Scaphyglottis. In a reversal of the usual rules for taxonomy, the genus Scaphyglotts was...
(Lindl.) Dressler (2002) - S. bifida (Rchb.f.) C.Schweinf. (1941)
- S. bilineata (Rchb.f.) Schltr. (1918)
- S. boliviensisScaphyglottis boliviensisScaphyglottis boliviensis is a species of orchid found from Central America to tropical South America....
(Rolfe) B.R.Adams (1988) - S. brasiliensis (Schltr.) Dressler (2004)
- S. caricalensis (Kraenzl.) Correll (1941)
- S. cernua Dressler (2004)
- S. chlorantha B.R.Adams (1988)
- S. clavata Dressler (2004)
- S. condorana Dodson (1998)
- S. confertaScaphyglottis confertaScaphyglottis conferta is a species of orchid endemic to Peru....
(Ruiz & Pav.) Poepp. & Endl. (1831) - S. confusa (Schltr.) Ames & Correll (1942)
- S. corallorrhiza (Ames) Ames, F.T.Hubb. & C.Schweinf. (1934)
- S. coriacea (L.O.Williams) Dressler (2004)
- S. crurigeraScaphyglottis crurigeraScaphyglottis crurigera is a species of orchid found from Mexico to Ecuador....
(Bateman ex Lindl.) Ames & Correll (1942) - S. cuniculata (Schltr.) Dressler (2002)
- S. densa (Schltr.) B.R.Adams (1988)
- S. dunstervillei (Garay) Foldats (1968)
- S. emarginata (Garay) Dressler (2004)
- S. fasciculata Hook. (1841)
- S. fusiformisScaphyglottis fusiformisScaphyglottis fusiformis is a species of orchid found from Costa Rica to tropical South America....
(Griseb.) R.E.Schult. (1957) - S. geminata Dressler & Mora-Ret. (1993)
- S. gentryi Dodson & Monsalve (1998)
- S. gigantea Dressler (1979)
- S. grandiflora Ames & C.Schweinf. (1931)
- S. hirtzii Dodson (1998)
- S. hondurensis (Ames) L.O.Williams (1950)
- S. imbricataScaphyglottis imbricataScaphyglottis imbricata is a species of orchid found from Mexico to northern and western South America....
(Lindl.) Dressler (2002) - S. jimenezii Schltr. (1918)
- S. laevilabium Ames (1921)
- S. leucantha Rchb.f. (1850)
- S. limonensis B.R.Adams (1988)
- S. lindeniana (A.Rich. & GaleottiGaleottiGaleotti is a surname, and may refer to;* Bethany Joy Galeotti , American singer and actress* Cesare Galeotti , Italian composer and pianist* Henri Guillaume Galeotti , Belgian botanist...
) L.O.Williams (1941) - S. lividaScaphyglottis lividaScaphyglottis livida is a species of orchid found from Mexico to tropical South America....
(Lindl.) Schltr. (1918) - S. longicaulisScaphyglottis longicaulisScaphyglottis longicaulis is a species of orchid found from Central America to northwestern Ecuador. It has been found as an epiphyte growing on Socratea exorrhiza in Panama.-References and external links:...
S.Watson (1888) - S. mesocopis (Endres & Rchb.f.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Hemsl. (1884)
- S. michelangeliorum Carnevali & Steyerm. (1984)
- S. micranthaScaphyglottis micranthaScaphyglottis micrantha is a species of orchid found from Central America to northwestern Ecuador....
(Lindl.) Ames & Correll (1942) - S. minutiflora Ames & Correll (1942)
- S. modestaScaphyglottis modestaScaphyglottis modesta is a species of orchid native to the Neotropics....
(Rchb.f.) Schltr. (1926) - S. monspirrae Dressler (2000)
- S. pachybulbon (Schltr.) Dressler (2000)
- S. panamensis B.R.Adams (1988)
- S. proliferaScaphyglottis proliferaScaphyglottis prolifera is a species of orchid native to the Neotropics....
(R.Br.) Cogn. (1898) - S. propinqua C.Schweinf. (1955)
- S. pulchella (Schltr.) L.O.Williams (1941)
- S. punctulata (Rchb.f.) C.Schweinf. (1955)
- S. reflexaScaphyglottis reflexaScaphyglottis reflexa is a species of orchid occurring from Grenada to Central America and tropical South America....
Lindl. (1939) - S. robusta B.R.Adams (1988)
- S. sessiliflora B.R.Adams (1988)
- S. sickiiScaphyglottis sickiiScaphyglottis sickii is a species of orchid occurring from Grenada to tropical South America....
Pabst (1956) - S. sigmoidea (Ames & C.Schweinf.) B.R.Adams (1988)
- S. spathulata C.Schweinf. (1941)
- S. stellataScaphyglottis stellataScaphyglottis stellata is a species of orchid occurring from Central America to tropical South America....
Lodd. ex Lindl. (1839) - S. sublibera (C.Schweinf.) Dressler (1964)
- S. subulata Schltr. (1910)
- S. summersii L.O.Williams (1940)
- S. tenella L.O.Williams (1941)
- S. tenuis L.O.Williams (1941)
- S. triloba B.R.Adams (1988)
Hybrids
Three gregesGrex (horticulture)
The term grex , derived from the Latin noun grex, gregis meaning flock, has been coined to expand botanical nomenclature to describe horticultural hybrids of orchids, based solely on their specified parentage...
produced by hybridizing Scphyglottis species have been regestered:
- Scaphingoa Little Gem was registered in 1964 by W. W. G. Moir with the Nothogeneric epithet Domindesmia. It was produced by pollinating a DomingoaDomingoaDomingoa is a genus of orchids, , consisting of four species at home on Cuba, Hispaniola and Mona of the Greater Antilles....
haematochila with pollen from a S. pulchella (then known as Hexadesmia pulchella).
- Scaphyglottis (Seahexa) Gold was registered in 1983 by W. W. G. Moir with the Nothogeneric epithet Seahexa. It was produced by pollenizing a S. pulchella (then known as Hexadesmia pulchella) with a S. aurea (then known as Hexisea aurea).
- Epiglottis Rumrill Elf was registered in 1985 by J. rumrill. It was produced by pollenizing a S. crurigera with an Epidendrum radicansEpidendrum radicansThis ground-rooting orchid is a common roadside weed at middle elevations in Central America. A crucifix orchid, it is often confused with many other members of the section Schistochila, including E. calanthe, E. cinnabarinum, E. denticulatum, E. erectum, E. fulgens,...
.
Medical Use
In response to reports of the use of Scaphyglottis species in popular medicine for pain relief, a study was performed which showed that oral administration of certain substances (5alpha-lanosta-24,24-dimethyl-9(11),25-dien-3beta-ol, cyclobalanone, gigantol, and 3,4'-dihydroxy-3',4,5-trimethoxybibenzyl) found in S. lividaScaphyglottis livida
Scaphyglottis livida is a species of orchid found from Mexico to tropical South America....
produced anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in rats
Laboratory rat
A laboratory rat is a rat of the species Rattus norvegicus which is bred and kept for scientific research. Laboratory rats have served as an important animal model for research in psychology, medicine, and other fields.- Origins :...
and mice, apparently (at least partially) by activation of opioid receptors.