Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer
Encyclopedia
Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer (lit. "Saint Marys of the Sea", Provençal Occitan Lei Santei Marias de la Mar) is the capital of the Camargue
(Provençal Occitan Camarga) in the south of France
. It is a commune
in the Bouches-du-Rhône
department by the Mediterranean Sea
. Population: 2,478 (50,000+ during the summer holidays). It has the second-largest area of all communes in Metropolitan France
, smaller only than that of neighboring Arles
.
, a large lagoon. The main industry is tourism. Agriculture is also significant, and the Camargue
's horses and bulls are famous. There is a bus service to Arles, 38 km away.
In 1720 the town was spared by the plague. During the French Revolution
, the church was partially destroyed and the stones recycled.
In 1838, the town obtained its current name, after the three Maries (Marys) of its history. Shortly afterward, the pilgrimage (see below) was instituted. A narrow-gauge railway line to Arles, opened in 1892, ran for more than half a century but closed in 1953.
In the early 20th century, the town was a literary and artistic centre, with visits inter alios from such figures as United States writer Ernest Hemingway
and Spanish painter Picasso. The vicinity was used as setting for various films.
In the second half of the 20th century, the population increased. Retired people and holiday accommodation largely supplanted the fishermen and farmers, with a corresponding political shift to the right in elections.
, Mary Salome and Mary Jacobe, whose relic
s are the focus of the devotions of pilgrim
s, are believed to be the women who were the first witnesses to the empty tomb
at the resurrection of Jesus
. After the Crucifixion of Jesus, Mary Salome, Mary Jacobe, and Mary Magdalene set sail from Alexandria, Egypt with their uncle Joseph of Arimathea
. According to a longstanding French legend, they either sailed to or were cast adrift - either way they arrived off the coast of what is now France, at "a sort of fortress named Oppidum-Râ". The location was known as Notre-Dame-de-Ratis (Râ becoming Ratis, or boat) (Droit, 1963, 19); the name was later changed to Notre-Dame-de-la-Mer, and then in 1838 to Les Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer.
The town is a pilgrimage
destination for Roma (Gypsies), who gather yearly in the town for a religious festival in honor of Saint Sarah
. Dark-skinned Saint Sara is said to have possibly been the Egyptian
servant of the three Marys.
where the last three world sailing speed records were set is on the outskirts of the town.
Camargue
The Camargue is the region located south of Arles, France, between the Mediterranean Sea and the two arms of the Rhône River delta. The eastern arm is called the Grand Rhône; the western one is the Petit Rhône....
(Provençal Occitan Camarga) in the south of France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
. It is a commune
Communes of France
The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. French communes are roughly equivalent to incorporated municipalities or villages in the United States or Gemeinden in Germany...
in the Bouches-du-Rhône
Bouches-du-Rhône
Bouches-du-Rhône is a department in the south of France named after the mouth of the Rhône River. It is the most populous department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its INSEE and postal code is 13.-History of the department:...
department by the Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean surrounded by the Mediterranean region and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Anatolia and Europe, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant...
. Population: 2,478 (50,000+ during the summer holidays). It has the second-largest area of all communes in Metropolitan France
Metropolitan France
Metropolitan France is the part of France located in Europe. It can also be described as mainland France or as the French mainland and the island of Corsica...
, smaller only than that of neighboring Arles
Arles
Arles is a city and commune in the south of France, in the Bouches-du-Rhône department, of which it is a subprefecture, in the former province of Provence....
.
Geography
The town is situated in the Rhône delta, about 1 km east of the mouth of the Petit Rhône distributary. The commune comprises alluvial land and marshland, and includes the Étang de VaccarèsÉtang de Vaccarès
Étang de Vaccarès is a lake, or rather; a salt water lagoon , in the wetlands of the Camargue in the delta of the River Rhône in southern France.- Description:The lake has an area of 65 km², and the depth is less than two meters...
, a large lagoon. The main industry is tourism. Agriculture is also significant, and the Camargue
Camargue
The Camargue is the region located south of Arles, France, between the Mediterranean Sea and the two arms of the Rhône River delta. The eastern arm is called the Grand Rhône; the western one is the Petit Rhône....
's horses and bulls are famous. There is a bus service to Arles, 38 km away.
History
As "Ra" (see below), the town was noted in the 4th century AD by the geographer Rufus Festus Avienus. In the 6th century, the archbishopric of Arles was active and created a monastery or church in the town, from which it first obtained the name St Mary. In the 9th century the town suffered raids from the Vikings and later from the Saracens. "Discovery" of the relics of Mary Jacobé and Mary Salomé first occurred in the 15th century. Their 500th anniversary was celebrated by the future Pope John XXIII.In 1720 the town was spared by the plague. During the French Revolution
French Revolution
The French Revolution , sometimes distinguished as the 'Great French Revolution' , was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France and Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years...
, the church was partially destroyed and the stones recycled.
In 1838, the town obtained its current name, after the three Maries (Marys) of its history. Shortly afterward, the pilgrimage (see below) was instituted. A narrow-gauge railway line to Arles, opened in 1892, ran for more than half a century but closed in 1953.
In the early 20th century, the town was a literary and artistic centre, with visits inter alios from such figures as United States writer Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American author and journalist. His economic and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the...
and Spanish painter Picasso. The vicinity was used as setting for various films.
In the second half of the 20th century, the population increased. Retired people and holiday accommodation largely supplanted the fishermen and farmers, with a corresponding political shift to the right in elections.
Religion
The three saints Mary MagdaleneMary Magdalene
Mary Magdalene was one of Jesus' most celebrated disciples, and the most important woman disciple in the movement of Jesus. Jesus cleansed her of "seven demons", conventionally interpreted as referring to complex illnesses...
, Mary Salome and Mary Jacobe, whose relic
Relic
In religion, a relic is a part of the body of a saint or a venerated person, or else another type of ancient religious object, carefully preserved for purposes of veneration or as a tangible memorial...
s are the focus of the devotions of pilgrim
Pilgrim
A pilgrim is a traveler who is on a journey to a holy place. Typically, this is a physical journeying to some place of special significance to the adherent of a particular religious belief system...
s, are believed to be the women who were the first witnesses to the empty tomb
Empty tomb
Empty tomb most often refers to the tomb of Jesus which was found to be empty by the women who were present at Jesus’ crucifixion. They had come to his tomb to anoint his body with spices...
at the resurrection of Jesus
Resurrection of Jesus
The Christian belief in the resurrection of Jesus states that Jesus returned to bodily life on the third day following his death by crucifixion. It is a key element of Christian faith and theology and part of the Nicene Creed: "On the third day he rose again in fulfillment of the Scriptures"...
. After the Crucifixion of Jesus, Mary Salome, Mary Jacobe, and Mary Magdalene set sail from Alexandria, Egypt with their uncle Joseph of Arimathea
Joseph of Arimathea
Joseph of Arimathea was, according to the Gospels, the man who donated his own prepared tomb for the burial of Jesus after Jesus' Crucifixion. He is mentioned in all four Gospels.-Gospel references:...
. According to a longstanding French legend, they either sailed to or were cast adrift - either way they arrived off the coast of what is now France, at "a sort of fortress named Oppidum-Râ". The location was known as Notre-Dame-de-Ratis (Râ becoming Ratis, or boat) (Droit, 1963, 19); the name was later changed to Notre-Dame-de-la-Mer, and then in 1838 to Les Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer.
The town is a pilgrimage
Pilgrimage
A pilgrimage is a journey or search of great moral or spiritual significance. Typically, it is a journey to a shrine or other location of importance to a person's beliefs and faith...
destination for Roma (Gypsies), who gather yearly in the town for a religious festival in honor of Saint Sarah
Saint Sarah
Saint Sarah, also known as Sara-la-Kali , is the mythic patron saint of the Roma people. The center of her veneration is Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, a place of pilgrimage for Roma in the Camargue, in southern France...
. Dark-skinned Saint Sara is said to have possibly been the Egyptian
Egyptians
Egyptians are nation an ethnic group made up of Mediterranean North Africans, the indigenous people of Egypt.Egyptian identity is closely tied to geography. The population of Egypt is concentrated in the lower Nile Valley, the small strip of cultivable land stretching from the First Cataract to...
servant of the three Marys.
Population
Sport
The windsurfing CanalThe Canal
The Saintes Maries de la Mer Speed Canal, known to windsurfers as The Canal, is a man-made trench near the French Mediterranean coastal town Saintes Maries de la Mer, built especially for speed record breaking sailing by windsurfers....
where the last three world sailing speed records were set is on the outskirts of the town.
Personalities
- Vincent van GoghVincent van GoghVincent Willem van Gogh , and used Brabant dialect in his writing; it is therefore likely that he himself pronounced his name with a Brabant accent: , with a voiced V and palatalized G and gh. In France, where much of his work was produced, it is...
painted Street in Saintes-Maries here in 1888. - Hermann-PaulHermann-PaulRené Georges Hermann-Paul was a French artist. He was born in Paris and died in Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer.Recent efforts to catalog the work of Hermann-Paul reveal an artist of considerable scope. He was a well-known illustrator whose work appeared in numerous newspapers and periodicals...
died here in 1940, two days before the French capitulation to Germany in the Battle of FranceBattle of FranceIn the Second World War, the Battle of France was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries, beginning on 10 May 1940, which ended the Phoney War. The battle consisted of two main operations. In the first, Fall Gelb , German armoured units pushed through the Ardennes, to cut off and...
. - Tori AmosTori AmosTori Amos is an American pianist, singer-songwriter and composer. She was at the forefront of a number of female singer-songwriters in the early 1990s and was noteworthy early in her career as one of the few alternative rock performers to use a piano as her primary instrument...
wrote a song, "Marys of the Sea", inspired by Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, most notably Mary MagdaleneMary MagdaleneMary Magdalene was one of Jesus' most celebrated disciples, and the most important woman disciple in the movement of Jesus. Jesus cleansed her of "seven demons", conventionally interpreted as referring to complex illnesses...
. - Mick SoftleyMick SoftleyMichael 'Mick' Softley is a British singer/songwriter and guitarist. A figurehead during the British folk scene, Softley set up his own folk club, released three albums and has been known to work with Mac MacLeod , Donovan Leitch and Maddy Prior...
wrote a song called "Just Flew In On A Jet Plane" which features on his Sunrise/Streetsinger album where he refers to flying "from Montpellier, from the festival of gypsies, at Les Saintes-Maries-de-la-MerSaintes-Maries-de-la-MerSaintes-Maries-de-la-Mer is the capital of the Camargue in the south of France. It is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department by the Mediterranean Sea. Population: 2,478...
, and in a church in the village, 1000 candles glow, for Magdelene of the sea, from 2000 years ago".
See also
- Bac du Sauvage
- Communes of the Bouches-du-Rhône department
- MyrrhbearersMyrrhbearersIn Eastern Orthodoxy the Myrrhbearers are the individuals mentioned in the New Testament who were directly involved in the burial or who discovered the empty tomb following the resurrection of Jesus...
- Communes of the Bouches-du-Rhône department