Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6
Encyclopedia
The Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6 is one of the most popular turboprop
aircraft engine
s in history, and is produced by Pratt & Whitney Canada
. The PT6 family is particularly well known for its extremely high reliability, with MTBO's on the order of 9000 hours in some models. In US military use, they are designated as T74 or T101. The main variant, the PT6A, is available in a wide variety of models, covering the power range between 580 and 920 shaft horsepower in the original series, and up to 1940 shp in the "large" lines. The PT6B and PT6C are turboshaft
variants for helicopters.
radial engine
s they were producing at that time. It first flew on 30 May 1961, mounted on a Beech 18 aircraft at de Havilland Canada
's Downsview, Ontario facility. Full-scale production started in 1963, entering service the next year. By its 40th anniversary in 2001 over 36,000 PT6As had been delivered, not including the other versions. The engine is used in over 100 different applications.
The engine consists of two sections that can be easily separated for maintenance. In the gas-generator section air enters through a grill into the low-pressure three-stage axial compressor
, then into a single-stage centrifugal compressor
, through the annular reverse-flow combustion chamber
, and finally through a single-stage turbine that powers the compressors at about 45,000 rpm. Some power is also taken from the compressor end of the shaft to power an accessories section, which also loads the engine when idle to keep it from racing out of control, because the fuel control unit can't prevent that. The hot gas from the gas generator section then flows into a separate power section of the engine, containing a single-stage turbine driving the power take-off
system at about 30,000 rpm. For turboprop use, this powers a two-stage planetary output reduction gearbox, which turns the propeller at a speed of 1,900 to 2,200 rpm. The exhaust gas then escapes through two side mounted ducts in the power turbine housing, and is directed away from the engine in order to provide about 600 lbf (2,668.9 N) of jet thrust. The engine is arranged such that the power turbines are mounted inside the combustion chamber, reducing overall length.
In most aircraft installations the PT6 is mounted backwards in the nacelle, so that the intake side of the engine is facing the rear of the aircraft. This places the power section at the front of the nacelle, where it can drive the propeller directly without the need for a long shaft. Intake air is usually fed to the engine via an underside mounted duct, and the two exhaust outlets are directed rearward. This arrangement also aids maintenance by allowing the entire power section to be removed along with the propeller, exposing the gas-generator section.
Several other versions of the PT6 have appeared over time. The PT6A large added an additional power turbine stage and a deeper output reduction, producing almost twice the power output, between 1,090 and 1920 shp. The PT6B is a helicopter
turboshaft model, featuring an offset reduction gearbox with a freewheeling clutch and power turbine governor, producing 1000 hp at 4,500 rpm. The PT6C is a helicopter model, with a single side-mounted exhaust, producing 2000 hp at 30,000 rpm, which is stepped down in a user-supplied gearbox. The PT6T Twin-Pac
consists of two PT6 engines driving a common output reduction gearbox, producing almost 4000 hp at 6,000 rpm. The ST6 is a version intended for stationary applications, originally developed for the UAC TurboTrain, and now widely used as auxiliary power unit
s on large aircraft, as well as many other roles.
When de Havilland Canada
asked for a much larger engine, roughly twice the power of the PT6 Large, P&WC responded with a new design initially known as the PT7. During development this was renamed to become the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100
.
(433 to 1,447 kW).
PT6A-6
PT6A-11
PT6A-15AG
PT6A-20
PT6A-21
PT6A-25
PT6A-27
PT6A-28
PT6A-29
PT6A-34
PT6A-35
PT6A-36
PT6A-38
PT6A-40
PT6A-41
PT6A-42
PT6A-45
PT6A-50
PT6A-52
PT6A-60
PT6A-61
PT6A-62
PT6A-64
PT6A-65
PT6A-66
PT6A-67
PT6A-68
PT6A-110
PT6A-112
PT6A-114
PT6A-116
PT6A-121
PT6A-135
PT6B
PT6C
PT6D
reduction gearing and output shaft, as the engine is intended for integration with a combining gearbox incorporating power turbine governors and a propeller output shaft.
ST6
ST6B
STN 6/76
T74
T101
Turboprop
A turboprop engine is a type of turbine engine which drives an aircraft propeller using a reduction gear.The gas turbine is designed specifically for this application, with almost all of its output being used to drive the propeller...
aircraft engine
Aircraft engine
An aircraft engine is the component of the propulsion system for an aircraft that generates mechanical power. Aircraft engines are almost always either lightweight piston engines or gas turbines...
s in history, and is produced by Pratt & Whitney Canada
Pratt & Whitney Canada
Pratt & Whitney Canada is a Canadian aircraft engine manufacturer. PWC's headquarters are in Longueuil, Quebec, just outside Montreal. It is a division of the larger US-based Pratt & Whitney , itself a business unit of United Technologies...
. The PT6 family is particularly well known for its extremely high reliability, with MTBO's on the order of 9000 hours in some models. In US military use, they are designated as T74 or T101. The main variant, the PT6A, is available in a wide variety of models, covering the power range between 580 and 920 shaft horsepower in the original series, and up to 1940 shp in the "large" lines. The PT6B and PT6C are turboshaft
Turboshaft
A turboshaft engine is a form of gas turbine which is optimized to produce free turbine shaft power, rather than jet thrust...
variants for helicopters.
Design and development
Development of the PT6 family started in the late 1950s, apparently as a modern replacement for the Pratt & Whitney WaspPratt & Whitney Wasp
-External links:*...
radial engine
Radial engine
The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders point outward from a central crankshaft like the spokes on a wheel...
s they were producing at that time. It first flew on 30 May 1961, mounted on a Beech 18 aircraft at de Havilland Canada
De Havilland Canada
The de Havilland Aircraft of Canada Ltd. company was an aircraft manufacturer with facilities based in what is now the Downsview area of Toronto, Ontario, Canada...
's Downsview, Ontario facility. Full-scale production started in 1963, entering service the next year. By its 40th anniversary in 2001 over 36,000 PT6As had been delivered, not including the other versions. The engine is used in over 100 different applications.
The engine consists of two sections that can be easily separated for maintenance. In the gas-generator section air enters through a grill into the low-pressure three-stage axial compressor
Axial compressor
Axial compressors are rotating, airfoil-based compressors in which the working fluid principally flows parallel to the axis of rotation. This is in contrast with other rotating compressors such as centrifugal, axi-centrifugal and mixed-flow compressors where the air may enter axially but will have...
, then into a single-stage centrifugal compressor
Centrifugal compressor
Centrifugal compressors, sometimes termed radial compressors, are a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work-absorbing turbomachinery.The idealized compressive dynamic turbo-machine achieves a pressure rise by adding kinetic energy/velocity to a continuous flow of fluid through the rotor or impeller...
, through the annular reverse-flow combustion chamber
Combustion chamber
A combustion chamber is the part of an engine in which fuel is burned.-Internal combustion engine:The hot gases produced by the combustion occupy a far greater volume than the original fuel, thus creating an increase in pressure within the limited volume of the chamber...
, and finally through a single-stage turbine that powers the compressors at about 45,000 rpm. Some power is also taken from the compressor end of the shaft to power an accessories section, which also loads the engine when idle to keep it from racing out of control, because the fuel control unit can't prevent that. The hot gas from the gas generator section then flows into a separate power section of the engine, containing a single-stage turbine driving the power take-off
Power take-off
A power take-off or power takeoff is a splined driveshaft, usually on a tractor or truck, that can be used to provide power to an attachment or separate machine. It is designed to be easily connected and disconnected...
system at about 30,000 rpm. For turboprop use, this powers a two-stage planetary output reduction gearbox, which turns the propeller at a speed of 1,900 to 2,200 rpm. The exhaust gas then escapes through two side mounted ducts in the power turbine housing, and is directed away from the engine in order to provide about 600 lbf (2,668.9 N) of jet thrust. The engine is arranged such that the power turbines are mounted inside the combustion chamber, reducing overall length.
In most aircraft installations the PT6 is mounted backwards in the nacelle, so that the intake side of the engine is facing the rear of the aircraft. This places the power section at the front of the nacelle, where it can drive the propeller directly without the need for a long shaft. Intake air is usually fed to the engine via an underside mounted duct, and the two exhaust outlets are directed rearward. This arrangement also aids maintenance by allowing the entire power section to be removed along with the propeller, exposing the gas-generator section.
Several other versions of the PT6 have appeared over time. The PT6A large added an additional power turbine stage and a deeper output reduction, producing almost twice the power output, between 1,090 and 1920 shp. The PT6B is a helicopter
Helicopter
A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by one or more engine-driven rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forwards, backwards, and laterally...
turboshaft model, featuring an offset reduction gearbox with a freewheeling clutch and power turbine governor, producing 1000 hp at 4,500 rpm. The PT6C is a helicopter model, with a single side-mounted exhaust, producing 2000 hp at 30,000 rpm, which is stepped down in a user-supplied gearbox. The PT6T Twin-Pac
Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6T
-External links:* * * *...
consists of two PT6 engines driving a common output reduction gearbox, producing almost 4000 hp at 6,000 rpm. The ST6 is a version intended for stationary applications, originally developed for the UAC TurboTrain, and now widely used as auxiliary power unit
Auxiliary power unit
An auxiliary power unit is a device on a vehicle that provides energy for functions other than propulsion. They are commonly found on large aircraft, as well as some large land vehicles.-Function:...
s on large aircraft, as well as many other roles.
When de Havilland Canada
De Havilland Canada
The de Havilland Aircraft of Canada Ltd. company was an aircraft manufacturer with facilities based in what is now the Downsview area of Toronto, Ontario, Canada...
asked for a much larger engine, roughly twice the power of the PT6 Large, P&WC responded with a new design initially known as the PT7. During development this was renamed to become the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100
Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100
-External links:*...
.
PT6A
The PT6A is a free turbine providing 500 to 1,940 shaft horsepowerHorsepower
Horsepower is the name of several units of measurement of power. The most common definitions equal between 735.5 and 750 watts.Horsepower was originally defined to compare the output of steam engines with the power of draft horses in continuous operation. The unit was widely adopted to measure the...
(433 to 1,447 kW).
PT6A-6
- "Small" engine of 525 equivalent shaft horsepower (eshp) and 500 shaft horsepower (shp)
PT6A-11
- "Small" engine of 528 eshp and 500 shp
PT6A-15AG
- "Small" engine optimised for agricultural aircraft of 715 eshp and 680 shp
PT6A-20
- "Small" engine of 579 eshp and 550 shp
PT6A-21
- "Small" engine of 580 eshp and 550 shp
PT6A-25
- "Small" engine of 580 eshp and 550 shp (-25, -25A) or 783 eshp and 750 shp (-25C)
PT6A-27
- "Small" engine of 715 eshp and 680 shp
PT6A-28
- "Small" engine of 715 eshp and 680 shp
PT6A-29
- "Small" engine of 778 eshp and 750 shp
PT6A-34
- "Small" engine of 783 eshp and 750 shp
PT6A-35
- "Small" engine of 787 eshp and 750 shp
PT6A-36
- "Small" engine of 783 eshp and 750 shp
PT6A-38
- "Medium" engine of 801 eshp and 750 shp
PT6A-40
- "Medium" engine of 749 eshp and 700 shp
PT6A-41
- "Medium" engine of 903 eshp and 850 shp
PT6A-42
- "Medium" engine of 903 eshp and 850 shp
PT6A-45
- "Medium" engine of 1,070 eshp and 1,020 shp
PT6A-50
- "Large" engine of 1,022 eshp and 973 shp
PT6A-52
- "Large" engine of 898 eshp and 850 shp
PT6A-60
- "Large" engine of 1,113 eshp and 1,050 shp (-60, -60A) or 1,081 ehsp and 1,020 shp (-60AG)
PT6A-61
- "Large" engine of 902 eshp and 850 shp
PT6A-62
- "Large" engine of 1,218 eshp and 950 shp
PT6A-64
- "Large" engine of 747 eshp and 700 shp
PT6A-65
- "Large" engine of 1,249 eshp and 1,173 shp (-65B, -65R) or 1,298 eshp and 1,220 shp (-65AG, -65AR)
PT6A-66
- "Large" engine of 905 eshp and 850 shp (-66, -66A, -66D) or 1,010 eshp and 950 shp (-66B)
PT6A-67
- "Large" engine of 1,272 eshp and 1,200 shp (-67, -67A, -67B, -67P), 1,285 eshp and 1,214 shp (-67D), 1,294 eshp and 1,220 shp (-67AF, -67AG, -67R, -67T), or 1,796 eshp and 1,700 shp (-67F)
PT6A-68
- "Large" engine of 1,324 eshp and 1,250 shp
PT6A-110
- "Small" engine of 502 eshp and 475 shp
PT6A-112
- "Small" engine of 528 eshp and 500 shp
PT6A-114
- "Small" engine of 632 eshp and 600 shp (-114) or 725 eshp and 675 shp (-114A)
PT6A-116
- "Small" engine of 736 eshp and 700 shp
PT6A-121
- "Small" engine of 647 eshp and 615 shp
PT6A-135
- "Small" engine of 787 eshp and 750 shp
PT6B
- The PT6B is a 981 horsepower (732 kW) engine designed for helicopters.
PT6C
- The PT6C is a 1600 to 2300 horsepower (1190 to 1720 kW) engine for helicopters and tiltrotors.
PT6D
- The PT6D-114A is based on the PT6A-114A. The main difference is the deletion of the second stage
reduction gearing and output shaft, as the engine is intended for integration with a combining gearbox incorporating power turbine governors and a propeller output shaft.
ST6
- The ST6 is a variant of the PT6 that was originally developed as a powerplant for the UAC TurboTrain power cars, but later developed as a stationary power generator and auxiliary power unitAuxiliary power unitAn auxiliary power unit is a device on a vehicle that provides energy for functions other than propulsion. They are commonly found on large aircraft, as well as some large land vehicles.-Function:...
.
ST6B
- The ST6B-62 was a 550 bhp (410 kW) version of the PT6 developed for use in the STP-Paxton TurbocarSTP-Paxton TurbocarThe STP-Paxton Turbocar was a racing car, designed by Ken Wallis as the STP entry in the Indianapolis 500.- History :Wallis, a distant relative of famed British engineer Barnes Wallis, had developed a workable plan for harnessing a gas turbine to a race car. He first presented the idea to Dan...
, raced in the 1967 Indianapolis 500Indianapolis 500The Indianapolis 500-Mile Race, also known as the Indianapolis 500, the 500 Miles at Indianapolis, the Indy 500 or The 500, is an American automobile race, held annually, typically on the last weekend in May at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana...
.
STN 6/76
- The STN 6/76 was a 500 bhp (370 kW) version of the PT6 developed for use in the Lotus 56Lotus 56The Lotus 56 was a racing car, designed by Maurice Philippe as Team Lotus' 1968 entry in the Indianapolis 500, replacing the successful Lotus 38. The Lotus 56 was not based on the STP-Paxton Turbocar that almost won in 1967, but was an entirely new and more advanced design...
, raced in the 1968 Indianapolis 500Indianapolis 500The Indianapolis 500-Mile Race, also known as the Indianapolis 500, the 500 Miles at Indianapolis, the Indy 500 or The 500, is an American automobile race, held annually, typically on the last weekend in May at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana...
and later in Forumula One races, in 1971.
T74
- United States military designation for the PT6A-20/27, used in the Beechcraft U-21.
T101
- United States military designation for the T101-CP-100 / PT6A-45R, used in the Shorts 330Shorts 330|-See also:-Bibliography:* Barnes C.H. and James Derek N. Shorts Aircraft since 1900. London: Putnam, 1989. ISBN 0-85177-819-4.* Donald, David, ed. The Encyclopedia of Civil Aircraft. London: Aurum, 1999. ISBN 1-85410-642-2....
and Shorts C-23 Sherpa.
PT6A
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- Piaggio P.180 Avanti
- Pilatus PC-6/B Turbo-PorterPilatus PC-6|-See also:-References:* Lambert, Mark. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–1994. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Data Division, 1993. ISBN 0 7106 1066 1.* Taylor, John W. R. Janes's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1965....
- Pilatus PC-7Pilatus PC-7The Pilatus PC-7 Turbo Trainer is a low-wing tandem-seat training aircraft, manufactured by Pilatus Aircraft of Switzerland. The aircraft is capable of all basic training functions including aerobatics, instrument, tactical and night flying. It has been selected by more than twenty air forces as...
- Pilatus PC-9Pilatus PC-9The Pilatus PC-9 is a single-engine, low-wing tandem-seat turboprop training aircraft manufactured by Pilatus Aircraft of Switzerland.-Design and development:...
- Pilatus PC-12Pilatus PC-12The Pilatus PC-12 is a single-engine turboprop passenger and cargo aircraft manufactured by Pilatus Aircraft of Switzerland. The main market for the aircraft is corporate transport and regional airliner operators.-Design and development:...
- Pilatus PC-21Pilatus PC-21|-See also:-External links:*http://www.pilatus-aircraft.com*http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/pc_21**...
- Piper PA-31P (turbine conversion)Piper PA-31 NavajoThe Piper PA-31 Navajo is a family of cabin-class, twin-engine aircraft designed and built by Piper Aircraft for the general aviation market, most using Lycoming engines. It was also licence-built in a number of Latin American countries. Targeted at small-scale cargo and feeder liner operations and...
- Piper PA-31T CheyennePiper PA-31T Cheyenne-See also:-References:*Taylor, John W.R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976-77. London:Jane's Yearbooks, 1976, ISBN 0-354-00538-3.-External links:*...
- Piper PA-42 Cheyenne III
- Piper PA-46-500TP MeridianPiper MalibuThe Piper PA-46 is a family of light aircraft manufactured by Piper Aircraft of the United States. The aircraft is powered by a single engine and has the capacity for one pilot and five passengers...
- Piper T1040Piper PA-31 NavajoThe Piper PA-31 Navajo is a family of cabin-class, twin-engine aircraft designed and built by Piper Aircraft for the general aviation market, most using Lycoming engines. It was also licence-built in a number of Latin American countries. Targeted at small-scale cargo and feeder liner operations and...
- PZL-130T Turbo Orlik and PZL-130TC-II OrlikPZL-130 Orlik-See also :-References :*Lambert, Mark. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993-94. Coulsdon, UK:Jane's Data Division, 1993. ISBN 0 7106 1066 1.*"Orlik…A Polish Fledgeling". Air International, October 1985, Vol 29 No 4. pp. 167–172. ISSN 0306-5634....
- PZL M-18 Dromader (turbine conversion)PZL-Mielec M-18 Dromader|-See also:-References:*Jackson, Paul. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group, 2003. ISBN 0-7106-2537-5....
- PZL M28 Skytruck
- Quest KodiakQuest AircraftQuest Aircraft Company is an American aircraft manufacturing company located in Sandpoint, Idaho. Quest was started in 2001 to design and provide aircraft suitable for domestic and international humanitarian applications.-History:...
- Reims-Cessna F406 Caravan II
- Saunders ST-27/ST-28Saunders ST-27|-References:NotesBibliography* Gerritsma, Joop. "The Saunders ST-27: A Prop-Jet Commuter Liner by Conversion." Canadian Aviation Historical Society – Journal, Vol. 35, No. 4, Winter 1997....
- Scaled Composites ATTTScaled Composites ATTTThe Scaled Composites Model 133-4.62 ATTT, or Advanced Technology Tactical Transport was a technology demonstration project built by Burt Rutan's Scaled Composites in 1986 under contract to DARPA. The aircraft built was a 62% scaled version of a proposed tandem wing STOL transport...
- Shorts 330Shorts 330|-See also:-Bibliography:* Barnes C.H. and James Derek N. Shorts Aircraft since 1900. London: Putnam, 1989. ISBN 0-85177-819-4.* Donald, David, ed. The Encyclopedia of Civil Aircraft. London: Aurum, 1999. ISBN 1-85410-642-2....
- Shorts 360Shorts 360The Short 360 is a commuter aircraft built by Short Brothers. The Short 360 seats up to 36-39 passengers and was introduced into service in 1981. It is a larger version of the Short 330.-Development:...
- Short C-23 SherpaC-23 Sherpa|-C-23B/C:-See also:-External links:*****...
- Socata TBMSocata TBM|-See also:-References:* Jackson, Paul. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Information Group, 2003. ISBN 0 7106 2537 5....
- Spectrum SA-550Spectrum SA-550-External links:**...
- Swearingen SA26-T Merlin IIASwearingen MerlinThe Swearingen Merlin or the Fairchild Aerospace Merlin is a pressurised, twin turboprop business aircraft first produced by Swearingen Aircraft, and later by Fairchild at a plant in San Antonio, Texas.-Design and development:...
- TAI HürkuşTAI Hürkuş-External links:*...
- US Aircraft A-67 Dragon
PT6B
- AgustaWestland AW119 KoalaAgustaWestland AW119|-See also:-External links:* *...
- Changhe Z-8FAérospatiale Super FrelonThe Aérospatiale SA 321 Super Frelon is a three-engined heavy transport helicopter produced by Aérospatiale of France. The helicopter is still in use in China where the locally produced version is known as the Z-8. "Frelon" is French for hornet....
- Avicopter AC313
- Lockheed XH-51Lockheed XH-51-See also:-References:NotesBibliography*Landis, Tony and Jenkins, Dennis R. Lockheed AH-56A Cheyenne - WarbirdTech Volume 27, Specialty Press, 2000. ISBN 1580070272.- External links :* * - All the World's Rotorcraft...
- Sikorsky S-76Sikorsky S-76The Sikorsky S-76 is an American medium-size commercial utility helicopter. The S-76 is powered by two turboshaft engines, which drive both the main and tail rotors, each with four blades...
B - Westland Lynx 606Westland LynxThe Westland Lynx is a British multi-purpose military helicopter designed and built by Westland Helicopters at its factory in Yeovil. Originally intended as a utility craft for both civil and naval usage, military interest led to the development of both battlefield and naval variants...
PT6C
- AgustaWestland AW139AgustaWestland AW139The AgustaWestland AW139 is a 15-seat medium sized twin-engined helicopter manufactured by AgustaWestland. Originally designed and developed jointly by Agusta and Bell Helicopters and marketed as the Agusta-Bell AB139, it was redesignated the AW139 when Bell withdrew from the project...
- Bell/Agusta BA609Bell/Agusta BA609The AgustaWestland AW609, formerly the Bell/Agusta BA609, is a civil twin-engined tiltrotor VTOL aircraft with a configuration similar to the Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey.-Design and development:...
- UH-1 Global Eagle upgrade
- Eurocopter EC175Eurocopter EC175The Eurocopter EC175 is a 7-ton class medium utility helicopter being developed by Eurocopter and AVIC. Formally launched at Heli-Expo in Houston on 24 February 2008, the EC175 is due to be certified in 2011, with Eurocopter aiming to sell approximately 800 to 1,000 EC175s over 20...
/Avicopter Z-15
Specifications
Name | PT6A-11AG | PT6A-50 !! PT6A-68C !! PT6B-36A !! PT6B-37A !! PT6C-67B !! PT6C-67C !! PT6C-67E !! PT6T-6B | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diameter | 483 mm | 483 mm | 483 mm | 825 × 495 mm | 495 mm | 584 mm | 584 mm | 584 mm | 825 × 1105 mm |
Length | 1.58 m | 1.73 m | 1.83 m | 1.5 m | 1.63 m | 1.50 m | 1.50 m | 1.50 m | 1.67 m |
Dry weight | 193 kg | 169 kg | 172 kg | ||||||
Power | 550 kW (748 PS) | 705 kW (958 PS) | 1175 kW (1600 PS) | 732 kW (995 PS) | 747 kW (1015 PS) | 895 kW (1217 PS) | 1252 kW (1702 PS) | 1324 kW (1800 PS) | 1469 kW (2000 PS) |
Specific fuel consumption | 353 g/ekWh | 0.581 lbs/shph | 0.584 lbs/shph | 0,602 lbs/shph |