Political parties of minorities
Encyclopedia
Ethnic parties aim to represent an ethnic group in a political system, be it a sovereign state or a subnational entity. An alternate designation is 'Political parties of minorities', but they should not be mistaken with regionalist
or separatist
parties, whose purpose is territorial autonomy.
see also a comparison of various definitions in: Maxmilián Strmiska, A Study on Conceptualisation of (Ethno)regional Parties, Central European Political Studies Review (Brno), Part 2-3, Volume IV, spring-summer 2002
, World Agudath Israel
, and the Swedish party in Finland
, Svenska Folkpartiet (SFP), all of them founded in the end of the 19th century or in the first decade of the 20th.
For instance, the parties competing for Jewish votes in interwar Poland
and Lithuania
had a range of different political views. There were Zionist parties (themselves divided into Revisionist, General, Religious or Labour parties), there was Agudat Israel
(an Orthodox religious party), the Bund
(Marxist) and the Folkspartei
(liberal).
In some political systems, party politics are mostly based on ethnicity, as in Bosnia-Herzegovina and its federal regions, in Israel
, in Surinam, in Sabah
, in Sarawak
or in Guyana
. In Fiji
, 46 seats out of 71 are elected from ethnically-closed Communal constituencies
, as there was in the pre-Israel Palestine Jewish Assembly, the Asefat ha-Nivharim
with separate 'curiae' for Ashkenaz
, Sepharad and Oriental
, and Yemeni Jews
.
As a consequence, it would be somewhat irrelevant to classify some parties in these systems as 'ideological' (social-democrat, liberal
, christian democratic etc.) and some others as 'purely autonomist', 'purely ethnic' or 'purely minority
' parties.
The Swedish People's Party of Finland (SFP) is a full-fledged member of the Liberal International
, as well as the Movement for Rights and Freedoms
, representing the Turkish minority in Bulgaria
, the South Tyrol People's Party (SVP, grouping German- and Ladin-speaking inhabitants of Italy's South Tyrol
province) is a member of the Christian Democratic European People's Party
, whereas the Social Democratic and Labour Party
(SDLP), an Irish Catholic
party in Northern Ireland
is a member of the Socialist International
, etc.
In interwar Poland, Jewish, German and Ukrainian parties never attracted all Polish Jews, Germans and Ukrainians of whom some were members of 'national' ideological Polish parties, mostly the Socialist and Communist parties, who were considered more open-minded than the conservative or nationalist parties.
's for municipal elections in Brussels or Union des Francophones
in Flemish Brabant
, the coalition for the 2001 parliamentary elections in Bulgaria between the - mostly Turkish - Movement for Rights and Freedoms
and the Roma party Euroroma
) or between two parties having common ideological options beyond ethnic differences, as the Bund and the 'Polish' socialist party PPS
for the municipal elections in 1939.
Some ethnic parties only take part in substatal electoral competition, thus making them somewhat invisible to outside observers: the South Schleswig Voter Federation
in Schleswig-Holstein, the German parties in Denmark
(Schleswigsche Partei) and Poland
(German Minority in Silesia
), the Silesian Autonomy Movement
in Poland, the Roma parties in Slovakia
(Roma Civic Initiative
).
It can occur that a single 'supra-ideological' party achieves, with varying shades of success, the representation of a whole ethnic group, as for the Svenska Folkpartiet in Finland
, the South Schleswig Voter Federation
for Danes and Frisians
in the German Land of Schleswig-Holstein
, the Unity for Human Rights Party
for Greeks in Albania, the Slovene Union
for Slovenes in Northeastern Italy, the Movement for Rights and Freedoms
for Turks in Bulgaria, the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania
.
In most cases, ethnic parties compete inside electoral systems where voters aren't compelled to vote according to ethnic affiliations and may vote too for 'non ethnic', 'transethnic' or 'supraethnic' ideological parties. In most Near Eastern Arab countries, the only such parties were the Communist parties, whose founding fathers and subsequent leaders came mostly from the Jewish, Armenian, Kurdish or Shi'ia minorities. The socialist movement in Thessaloniki
(present Northern Greece) during the last decade of the Ottoman Empire
was divided across ethnic lines between the Sephardi Jews
(who formed the majority of the population), the Bulgarian and Macedonian Slavs and the Greeks, but all groups united when it came to election time.
The Jewish and Armenian (Dashnak
, Ramgavar, or Hentchak
) parties belong to this category, as well as the international sections of national parties, such as the (U.S.) Republicans Abroad
and Democrats Abroad
, the (French) Parti Socialiste's Fédération des Français de l'Etranger or the American and European branches of the Israeli Likud
and of the Kuomintang
(Nationalist Party of China).
There can also be specific political groupings representing members of a national community living abroad, such as the Association démocratique des Français de l'étranger - Français du Monde
(left-wing) and the Union des Français de l'Etranger
(right-wing), both competing for seats in the Assemblée des Français de l'étranger (fr), or the various political lists competing for the Comitati degli italiani all'estero (COMITES).
Regionalism (politics)
Regionalism is a term used in international relations. Regionalism also constitutes one of the three constituents of the international commercial system...
or separatist
Separatism
Separatism is the advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group. While it often refers to full political secession, separatist groups may seek nothing more than greater autonomy...
parties, whose purpose is territorial autonomy.
Scientific definitions
Ethnic party is defined here as an organization authorized to compete in local or national elections; the majority of its leadership and membership identify themselves as belonging to a nondominant ethnic group, and its electoral platform includes demands and programs of an ethnic or cultural nature .
An ethnic party is a party that overtly represents itself as a champion of the cause of one particular ethnic category or set of categories to the exclusion of others, and that makes such a representation central to its strategy of mobilizing voters.
see also a comparison of various definitions in: Maxmilián Strmiska, A Study on Conceptualisation of (Ethno)regional Parties, Central European Political Studies Review (Brno), Part 2-3, Volume IV, spring-summer 2002
Historical ethnic parties
The oldest prototypes of ethnic parties are the Jewish parties of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires, e.g. Bund, FolksparteiFolkspartei
The Folkspartei was founded after the 1905 pogroms in the Russian Empire by Simon Dubnow and Israel Efrojkin. The party took part to several elections in Poland and Lithuania in the 1920s and 1930s and did not survive the Shoah.-Ideology:...
, World Agudath Israel
World Agudath Israel
World Agudath Israel , usually known as the Aguda, was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism, in succession to Agudas Shlumei Emunei Yisroel...
, and the Swedish party in Finland
Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
, Svenska Folkpartiet (SFP), all of them founded in the end of the 19th century or in the first decade of the 20th.
Ethnic parties and political ideologies
Ethnic parties may take different ideological positions.For instance, the parties competing for Jewish votes in interwar Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
and Lithuania
Lithuania
Lithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the biggest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark...
had a range of different political views. There were Zionist parties (themselves divided into Revisionist, General, Religious or Labour parties), there was Agudat Israel
World Agudath Israel
World Agudath Israel , usually known as the Aguda, was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism, in succession to Agudas Shlumei Emunei Yisroel...
(an Orthodox religious party), the Bund
General Jewish Labor Union
The General Jewish Labour Bund of Lithuania, Poland and Russia , generally called The Bund or the Jewish Labour Bund, was a secular Jewish socialist party in the Russian Empire, active between 1897 and 1920. Remnants of the party remain active in the diaspora as well as in Israel...
(Marxist) and the Folkspartei
Folkspartei
The Folkspartei was founded after the 1905 pogroms in the Russian Empire by Simon Dubnow and Israel Efrojkin. The party took part to several elections in Poland and Lithuania in the 1920s and 1930s and did not survive the Shoah.-Ideology:...
(liberal).
In some political systems, party politics are mostly based on ethnicity, as in Bosnia-Herzegovina and its federal regions, in Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
, in Surinam, in Sabah
Sabah
Sabah is one of 13 member states of Malaysia. It is located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. It is the second largest state in the country after Sarawak, which it borders on its southwest. It also shares a border with the province of East Kalimantan of Indonesia in the south...
, in Sarawak
Sarawak
Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo. Known as Bumi Kenyalang , Sarawak is situated on the north-west of the island. It is the largest state in Malaysia followed by Sabah, the second largest state located to the North- East.The administrative capital is Kuching, which...
or in Guyana
Guyana
Guyana , officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, previously the colony of British Guiana, is a sovereign state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana was a former colony of the Dutch and of the British...
. In Fiji
Fijian electoral system
- Historical overview :Fiji's electoral system is the result of complex negotiations, compromises, and experiments conducted over the years leading up to and following independence from British colonial rule in 1970. A number of devices have been tried at various times to accommodate the reality...
, 46 seats out of 71 are elected from ethnically-closed Communal constituencies
Communal constituencies (Fiji)
Communal constituencies have been the most durable feature of the Fijian electoral system. In communal constituencies, electors enrolled as ethnic Fijians, Indo-Fijians, Rotuman Islanders, or General Electors vote for a candidate of their own respective ethnic groups, in constituencies that have...
, as there was in the pre-Israel Palestine Jewish Assembly, the Asefat ha-Nivharim
Asefat ha-Nivharim
The Assembly of Representatives was the elected parliamentary assembly of the Jewish community in British controlled Palestine. It was established on 19 April 1920, and functioned until 13 February 1949, the day before the first Knesset, elected on 25 January, was sworn in.-Composition:The...
with separate 'curiae' for Ashkenaz
Ashkenaz
In the Bible, Ashkenaz is Gomer's first son, brother of Riphath and Togarmah , thereby a Japhetic descendant of Noah. A kingdom of Ashkenaz is called together with Ararat and Minni against Babylon In the Bible, Ashkenaz (Heb. אַשְׁכֲּנָז) is Gomer's first son, brother of Riphath and Togarmah (Gen....
, Sepharad and Oriental
Sephardim and Oriental Communities
Sephardim and Oriental Communities was a political party in Israel and is one of the ancestors of the modern-day Likud party.-History:The Sephardim and Oriental Communities party represented Sephardi Jews and Mizrahi Jews who were already living in Israel at the time of independence, and was part...
, and Yemeni Jews
Yemenite Association
The Yemenite Association was a political party in Israel.-History:The party was founded by Yemenite Jews in 1923. It took part in Israel's first elections in 1949, crossing the electoral threshold by just 53 votes, and winning one seat, which was taken by Zecharia Glosca.Despite the influx of...
.
As a consequence, it would be somewhat irrelevant to classify some parties in these systems as 'ideological' (social-democrat, liberal
Liberalism
Liberalism is the belief in the importance of liberty and equal rights. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally, liberals support ideas such as constitutionalism, liberal democracy, free and fair elections, human rights,...
, christian democratic etc.) and some others as 'purely autonomist', 'purely ethnic' or 'purely minority
Minority group
A minority is a sociological group within a demographic. The demographic could be based on many factors from ethnicity, gender, wealth, power, etc. The term extends to numerous situations, and civilizations within history, despite the misnomer of minorities associated with a numerical statistic...
' parties.
The Swedish People's Party of Finland (SFP) is a full-fledged member of the Liberal International
Liberal International
Liberal International is a political international federation for liberal parties. Its headquarters is located at 1 Whitehall Place, London, SW1A 2HD within the National Liberal Club. It was founded in Oxford in 1947, and has become the pre-eminent network for liberal parties and for the...
, as well as the Movement for Rights and Freedoms
Movement for Rights and Freedoms
The Movement for Rights and Freedoms is an ethnic Turkish party in Bulgaria. The MRF is a member of the Liberal International and considers itself a liberal party, rather like the Swedish People's Party - party of the Swedish-speaking minority of Finland...
, representing the Turkish minority in Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...
, the South Tyrol People's Party (SVP, grouping German- and Ladin-speaking inhabitants of Italy's South Tyrol
South Tyrol
South Tyrol , also known by its Italian name Alto Adige, is an autonomous province in northern Italy. It is one of the two autonomous provinces that make up the autonomous region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. The province has an area of and a total population of more than 500,000 inhabitants...
province) is a member of the Christian Democratic European People's Party
European People's Party
The European People's Party is a pro-European centre-right European political party. The EPP was founded in 1976 by Christian democratic parties, but later it increased its membership to include conservative parties and parties of other centre-right perspectives.The EPP is the most influential of...
, whereas the Social Democratic and Labour Party
Social Democratic and Labour Party
The Social Democratic and Labour Party is a social-democratic, Irish nationalist political party in Northern Ireland. Its basic party platform advocates Irish reunification, and the further devolution of powers while Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom...
(SDLP), an Irish Catholic
Irish Catholic
Irish Catholic is a term used to describe people who are both Roman Catholic and Irish .Note: the term is not used to describe a variant of Catholicism. More particularly, it is not a separate creed or sect in the sense that "Anglo-Catholic", "Old Catholic", "Eastern Orthodox Catholic" might be...
party in Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west...
is a member of the Socialist International
Socialist International
The Socialist International is a worldwide organization of democratic socialist, social democratic and labour political parties. It was formed in 1951.- History :...
, etc.
In interwar Poland, Jewish, German and Ukrainian parties never attracted all Polish Jews, Germans and Ukrainians of whom some were members of 'national' ideological Polish parties, mostly the Socialist and Communist parties, who were considered more open-minded than the conservative or nationalist parties.
Ethnic parties and elections
Common lists or electoral agreements can be organized either between ethnic parties (Flemish parties 'KartelKartel
A kartel is the Dutch term for an electoral alliance between two or more parties in Belgium.In a system of proportional representation in which the country is divided in multiple electoral districts, such as Belgium the threshold to obtain one seat can be very high , which also favours larger parties...
's for municipal elections in Brussels or Union des Francophones
Union des Francophones
The Union of Francophones is a Belgian electoral list which participates in regional, provincial and municipal elections in the Flemish Province of Flemish Brabant...
in Flemish Brabant
Flemish Brabant
Flemish Brabant is a province of Flanders, one of the three regions of Belgium. It borders on the Belgian provinces of Antwerp, Limburg, Liège, Walloon Brabant, Hainaut and East Flanders. Flemish Brabant also completely surrounds the Brussels-Capital Region. Its capital is Leuven...
, the coalition for the 2001 parliamentary elections in Bulgaria between the - mostly Turkish - Movement for Rights and Freedoms
Movement for Rights and Freedoms
The Movement for Rights and Freedoms is an ethnic Turkish party in Bulgaria. The MRF is a member of the Liberal International and considers itself a liberal party, rather like the Swedish People's Party - party of the Swedish-speaking minority of Finland...
and the Roma party Euroroma
Euroroma
Euroroma is the biggest political party engaged with the problems of the Roma in Bulgaria.Established on 12 December 1998, Euroroma is not strictly an ethnic party, as it is open to everybody who shares its ideas and goals. In accordance with the stability pact, over 30% of the leadership of the...
) or between two parties having common ideological options beyond ethnic differences, as the Bund and the 'Polish' socialist party PPS
Polish Socialist Party
The Polish Socialist Party was one of the most important Polish left-wing political parties from its inception in 1892 until 1948...
for the municipal elections in 1939.
Some ethnic parties only take part in substatal electoral competition, thus making them somewhat invisible to outside observers: the South Schleswig Voter Federation
South Schleswig Voter Federation
The South Schleswig Voter Federation is a regional political party in Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany...
in Schleswig-Holstein, the German parties in Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
(Schleswigsche Partei) and Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
(German Minority in Silesia
German Minority (political party)
German Minority is a political party of the German minority in Poland, in the mainly Polish part of Silesia. It is the political arm of the Social-Cultural Association of Germans in Silesian Opole and Social-Cultural Association of Germans in Silesian Voivodeship German Minority is a political...
), the Silesian Autonomy Movement
Silesian Autonomy Movement
The Silesian Autonomy Movement is a movement officially declaring its support for the autonomy of Silesia as part of a unified Europe. The association was founded in January 1990 by Rudolf Kołodziejczyk and is based in the Polish part of Upper Silesia...
in Poland, the Roma parties in Slovakia
Slovakia
The Slovak Republic is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south...
(Roma Civic Initiative
Roma Civic Initiative
The Roma Civic Initiative is a Roma minority political party, now based in Slovakia.The party was originally established in Czechoslovakia on November 21, 1989, immediately following the Velvet Revolution...
).
It can occur that a single 'supra-ideological' party achieves, with varying shades of success, the representation of a whole ethnic group, as for the Svenska Folkpartiet in Finland
Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
, the South Schleswig Voter Federation
South Schleswig Voter Federation
The South Schleswig Voter Federation is a regional political party in Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany...
for Danes and Frisians
Frisians
The Frisians are a Germanic ethnic group native to the coastal parts of the Netherlands and Germany. They are concentrated in the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen and, in Germany, East Frisia and North Frisia, that was a part of Denmark until 1864. They inhabit an area known as Frisia...
in the German Land of Schleswig-Holstein
Schleswig-Holstein
Schleswig-Holstein is the northernmost of the sixteen states of Germany, comprising most of the historical duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig...
, the Unity for Human Rights Party
Unity for Human Rights Party
The Unity for Human Rights Party is a centrist, liberal-inclined party in Albania. Founded in 1992, it represents Albania's minorities and is mainly related to the Greek minority as it is the political continuation of the Democratic Union of the Greek Minority .-Election results:The party usually...
for Greeks in Albania, the Slovene Union
Slovene Union
The Slovene Union is a centrist Italian political party representing the Slovene minority in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Its name in Slovene means literally "The Slovene Community", but the denomination "Slovene Union" is used in other languages....
for Slovenes in Northeastern Italy, the Movement for Rights and Freedoms
Movement for Rights and Freedoms
The Movement for Rights and Freedoms is an ethnic Turkish party in Bulgaria. The MRF is a member of the Liberal International and considers itself a liberal party, rather like the Swedish People's Party - party of the Swedish-speaking minority of Finland...
for Turks in Bulgaria, the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania
Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania
The Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, is the main political organisation representing the ethnic Hungarians of Romania....
.
In most cases, ethnic parties compete inside electoral systems where voters aren't compelled to vote according to ethnic affiliations and may vote too for 'non ethnic', 'transethnic' or 'supraethnic' ideological parties. In most Near Eastern Arab countries, the only such parties were the Communist parties, whose founding fathers and subsequent leaders came mostly from the Jewish, Armenian, Kurdish or Shi'ia minorities. The socialist movement in Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki , historically also known as Thessalonica, Salonika or Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of the region of Central Macedonia as well as the capital of the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace...
(present Northern Greece) during the last decade of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
was divided across ethnic lines between the Sephardi Jews
Sephardi Jews
Sephardi Jews is a general term referring to the descendants of the Jews who lived in the Iberian Peninsula before their expulsion in the Spanish Inquisition. It can also refer to those who use a Sephardic style of liturgy or would otherwise define themselves in terms of the Jewish customs and...
(who formed the majority of the population), the Bulgarian and Macedonian Slavs and the Greeks, but all groups united when it came to election time.
'Intraethnic parties', or political parties inside diasporic communities
There is also a specifically diasporic type of political parties that could be labelled as 'intraethnic parties', i.e. parties that compete only inside the diasporic political sphere.The Jewish and Armenian (Dashnak
Armenian Revolutionary Federation
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation is an Armenian political party founded in Tiflis in 1890 by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian...
, Ramgavar, or Hentchak
Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party , is the oldest of the Armenian political parties and was the first Socialist party in the Ottoman Empire and in Persia...
) parties belong to this category, as well as the international sections of national parties, such as the (U.S.) Republicans Abroad
Republicans Abroad
Republicans Abroad is an organisation for members of the Republican Party who are living outside of the United States. Unlike Democrats Abroad, Republicans Abroad is not considered a "state committee" by the Republican National Committee...
and Democrats Abroad
Democrats Abroad
Democrats Abroad is the official organization of the Democratic Party for United States citizens living permanently or temporarily abroad. The organization is given state-level recognition by the Democratic National Committee....
, the (French) Parti Socialiste's Fédération des Français de l'Etranger or the American and European branches of the Israeli Likud
Likud
Likud is the major center-right political party in Israel. It was founded in 1973 by Menachem Begin in an alliance with several right-wing and liberal parties. Likud's victory in the 1977 elections was a major turning point in the country's political history, marking the first time the left had...
and of the Kuomintang
Kuomintang
The Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...
(Nationalist Party of China).
There can also be specific political groupings representing members of a national community living abroad, such as the Association démocratique des Français de l'étranger - Français du Monde
ADFE-Français du Monde
The Français du Monde - ADFE, also known as Association démocratique des Français de l'étranger - Français du Monde , ADFE-FdM, ADFE and Français du Monde, is a French political and cultural group with a worldwide presence...
(left-wing) and the Union des Français de l'Etranger
Union des Français de l'Etranger
The Union des Français de l'Etranger , or UFE, is a French organization with branches in more than 100 countries around the world in major world cities including New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago and Washington, D.C. where there is a significant French or Francophone population...
(right-wing), both competing for seats in the Assemblée des Français de l'étranger (fr), or the various political lists competing for the Comitati degli italiani all'estero (COMITES).
Scientific articles and papers
- Sonia Alonso, "Enduring Ethnicity: the Political Survival of Incumbent Ethnic Parties in Western Democracies". Estudios/Working Paper 2005/221, Madrid: Juan March Institute
- Nikolaos Biziouras, Ethnic Parties, Collective Action and Resource Mobilization: Evidence from the Balkans and Central Europe, 7th Annual Kokkalis Graduate Student Workshop, February 4, 2005, Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University
- Nikolaos Biziouras, "Why Ethnic Parties? Evidence from Sri Lanka, Bulgaria and Malaysia on Mobilizational Resources, Political Entrepreneurs and Selective Incentives" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, Illinois, 2005-04-07
- Kanchan Chandra, Strategic Voting for Ethnic Parties Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA, Aug 27, 2003
- Kanchan Chandra, “Ethnic Parties and Democratic Stability.”, Perspectives on Politics. Vol 3(2): 235-252, 2005
- Rachel Gisselquist and Kanchan Chandra, "A Cross-National Study of Ethnic Party Performance" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, an Diego, California, USA, 2006-03-22
- Holley Hansen, "Identity and Institutions: Explaining Ethnic Party Success in Eastern Europe" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, San Diego, California, USA, 2006-03-22
- Karleen Jones, "False Opportunity? District Magnitude and Ethnic Parties in Ecuador and Spain" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, Illinois
- Myuen Kim,. "European Integration and Ethnic Voting: Electoral Fortune of Ethnic Parties in Seven European Regions" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, New Orleans, LA, 2004-01-08
- Raul Madrid, "The determinants of the electoral performance of ethnic parties in Latin America: the case of the MAS in Bolivia" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, 2005-09-01
- Benjamin O. Rogus, Ethnic Parties and Center-State Relations: The Case of Assam in Northeast India, he International Relations Journal, Winter 2000-2001, Vol. XX No.1
- Maria Spirova, "Political Representation of EthnicMinorities: Electoral Institutions and Ethnic Parties in EasternEurope" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, Illinois, 2004-04-15