Peter Paret
Encyclopedia
Peter Paret is American
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 military
Military history
Military history is a humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the history of humanity, and its impact on the societies, their cultures, economies and changing intra and international relationships....

, cultural
Cultural history
The term cultural history refers both to an academic discipline and to its subject matter.Cultural history, as a discipline, at least in its common definition since the 1970s, often combines the approaches of anthropology and history to look at popular cultural traditions and cultural...

 & art
Art history
Art history has historically been understood as the academic study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts, i.e. genre, design, format, and style...

 historian
Historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. If the individual is...

 with a particular interest in German history
History of Germany
The concept of Germany as a distinct region in central Europe can be traced to Roman commander Julius Caesar, who referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as Germania, thus distinguishing it from Gaul , which he had conquered. The victory of the Germanic tribes in the Battle of the...

. Paret was born in Berlin
Berlin
Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...

, Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

, the son of Dr. Hans Paret and Suzanne Aimée Cassirer, who divorced in 1932. The mother with her two children left Germany in 1932 to continue her studies with Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud , born Sigismund Schlomo Freud , was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis...

, and in 1934 married Siegfried Bernfeld, a prominent Viennese pyschoanalyst and educational reformer. After two-and-a-half years in France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

 and six months in London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...

, they emigrated to the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 in 1937. Paret's father, who was not Jewish, remained in Germany.

During World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

, Paret served in the United States Army
United States Army
The United States Army is the main branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. It is the largest and oldest established branch of the U.S. military, and is one of seven U.S. uniformed services...

 between 1943–1946 in New Guinea
New Guinea
New Guinea is the world's second largest island, after Greenland, covering a land area of 786,000 km2. Located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, it lies geographically to the east of the Malay Archipelago, with which it is sometimes included as part of a greater Indo-Australian Archipelago...

, the Philippines
Philippines
The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...

, and Korea
Korea
Korea ) is an East Asian geographic region that is currently divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the...

. During the 1950s, Paret worked as a journalist before turning towards writing history
History
History is the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented. Scholars who write about history are called historians...

. Paret received a BA
Bachelor of Arts
A Bachelor of Arts , from the Latin artium baccalaureus, is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both...

 at the University of California
University of California
The University of California is a public university system in the U.S. state of California. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the University of California is a part of the state's three-tier public higher education system, which also includes the California State University...

 in 1949 and a PhD
PHD
PHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...

 at the University of London
University of London
-20th century:Shortly after 6 Burlington Gardens was vacated, the University went through a period of rapid expansion. Bedford College, Royal Holloway and the London School of Economics all joined in 1900, Regent's Park College, which had affiliated in 1841 became an official divinity school of the...

 in 1960, where he studied under Michael Howard
Michael Howard (historian)
Sir Michael Eliot Howard, OM, CH, CBE, MC, FBA is a British military historian, formerly Chichele Professor of the History of War and Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford University, and Robert A...

. Paret was a research associate at Princeton University
Princeton University
Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and is one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution....

 (1960–1962), and taught at the University of California
University of California
The University of California is a public university system in the U.S. state of California. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the University of California is a part of the state's three-tier public higher education system, which also includes the California State University...

, Davis (1962–1968), and at Stanford University
Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university on an campus located near Palo Alto, California. It is situated in the northwestern Santa Clara Valley on the San Francisco Peninsula, approximately northwest of San...

 (1969–1986),as the Raymond A. Spruance Professor of International History. In 1986 he became the Andrew W. Mellon Professor in the Humanities, School of Historical Studies at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton (1986–1997). Among his other appointments, he served as a Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace (1988–1993). At present Paret is an Emeritus Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study
Institute for Advanced Study
The Institute for Advanced Study, located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States, is an independent postgraduate center for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry. It was founded in 1930 by Abraham Flexner...

. He is also the 2008 Lees Knowles Lecturer at Trinity College, Cambridge
Trinity College, Cambridge
Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. Trinity has more members than any other college in Cambridge or Oxford, with around 700 undergraduates, 430 graduates, and over 170 Fellows...

. His wife Isabel Harris Paret is on the faculty of the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in New Brunswick and a child psychoanalyst by whom he has two children, one of whom Paul Paret is a professor of art history at the University of Utah.

Paret belonged to a generation of World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

 veterans who used their experience of the war to better understand military history. Paret’s major interests include the relationship between art of a particular era is related to that era's ideology and social context, and the interactions among politics, intellectual trends, and war. Paret is perhaps best known for his extensive work on the life and thought of the theories of the Prussian military thinker Carl von Clausewitz
Carl von Clausewitz
Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz was a Prussian soldier and German military theorist who stressed the moral and political aspects of war...

. In 1962, Paret launched the "Clausewitz Project" at Princeton University. One product of this project was his 1979 biography Clausewitz and the State (originally published by Oxford in 1976, with revised editions in 1985 and 2007 published by Princeton University Press). The translation of Vom Kriege into English by Paret and the British military historian Michael Howard
Michael Howard (historian)
Sir Michael Eliot Howard, OM, CH, CBE, MC, FBA is a British military historian, formerly Chichele Professor of the History of War and Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford University, and Robert A...

 (with the advice and commentary of Bernard Brodie) in 1976, reissued in a revised version in 1984 with an extensive index, is generally considered to be the best translation into English and is now treated as a standard work.

External links


Work

  • "The French Army and la Guerre Révolutionnaire" from Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, CIV February 1959, reprinted in Survival, I March–April 1959.
  • "An Aftermath of the Plot Against Hitler: The Lehrterstrasse Prison in Berlin, 1944-45," from Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, XXXII May 1959.
  • "Eine totale Waffe im begrenzten Krieg" from Wehrwissenschaftliche Rundschau, IX October 1959; revised version appeared as "A Total Weapon of Limited War," in the Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, CV February 1960.
  • "Internal War and Pacification: The Vendée, 1789-1796"; Research Monograph No. 12, Center of International Studies, Princeton University, Princeton, 1961.
  • Co-written with John Shy "Guerilla War and U.S. Military Policy: A study," from Marine Corps Gazette, XLVI January 1962.
  • Co-written with John Shy Guerrillas in the 1960s, Princeton Studies in World Politics No. 1, Praeger, New York, 1961, revised edition: Praeger, New York, 1962; UK edition: Pall Mall Press, London, 1962.
  • "Jena" from Great Military Battles, edited by Cyril Falls, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1964.
  • French Revolutionary Warfare from Indochina to Algeria, Princeton Studies in World Politics No. 6, Praeger, New York, 1964.
  • "Colonial Experience and European Military Reform at the End of the Eighteenth Century" from Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, XXXVII May 1964.
  • "Clausewitz: A Bibliographical Survey," from World Politics, XVII January 1965.
  • "Clausewitz and the Nineteenth Century" from The Theory and Practice of War edited by Michael Howard
    Michael Howard (historian)
    Sir Michael Eliot Howard, OM, CH, CBE, MC, FBA is a British military historian, formerly Chichele Professor of the History of War and Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford University, and Robert A...

    , Cassels, London, 1965.
  • Innovation and Reform in Warfare, 8th Annual Harmon Memorial Lecture, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado, 1966.
  • Yorck and the Era of Prussian Reform, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1966.
  • "Education, Politics, and War in the Life of Clausewitz" from Journal of the History of Ideas, Volume XXIX, July–September 1968.
  • Editor and translator, Frederick the Great by Gerhard Ritter
    Gerhard Ritter
    Gerhard Georg Bernhard Ritter was a conservative German historian.-Before the Third Reich:...

    , University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1968.
  • "Nationalism and the Sense of Military Obligation" from Military Affairs, XXXIV February 1970.
  • "An Anonymous Letter by Clausewitz on the Polish Insurrection of 1830-31" from Journal of Modern History, XLII, June 1970.
  • "Assignments Old and New" from American Historical Review, Volume LXXVI, February 1971.
  • "The History of War" from Daedalus, Volume C, Spring 1971.
  • Co-written with Gordon A. Craig
    Gordon A. Craig
    Gordon Alexander Craig was a Scottish-American historian of German history and of diplomatic history.-Early life:...

     "The Control of International Violence" from Stanford Journal of International Studies, Volume VII, Spring 1972.
  • Editor: Frederick the Great: A Profile, Hill and Wang, New York, 1972.
  • Editor, Siegfried Bernfeld, Sisyphus or the Limits of Education, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1973.
  • "Introduction" to Antoine-Henri Jomini: A Bibliographical Survey by John Alger, West Point Library Press, West Point, 1975.
  • "Introduction", John Hans Ostwald: Architect by Donald Rae, Greenwood Press, San Francisco, 1975.
  • "Armed Forces and the State: The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze" from War and Society, II 1975.
  • Co-editor and co-translator with Michael Howard
    Michael Howard (historian)
    Sir Michael Eliot Howard, OM, CH, CBE, MC, FBA is a British military historian, formerly Chichele Professor of the History of War and Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford University, and Robert A...

    , On War by Carl von Clausewitz
    Carl von Clausewitz
    Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz was a Prussian soldier and German military theorist who stressed the moral and political aspects of war...

    , Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1976. Revised edition: Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1984.
  • Clausewitz and the State, Oxford University Press, New York, 1976; revised edition Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1985; new revised edition, 2007.
  • "Bemerkungen zu dem Versuch von Clausewitz zum Gesandten in London ernannt zu werden" from Jahrbuch für die Geschichte Mittel- und Ostdeutschlands, XXVI 1977.
  • Editor, Friedrich Meinecke, The Age of German Liberation, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1977.
  • "The Relationship between the American Revolutionary War and European Military Thought and Practice of the Period" in Militärgeschichte, Militär-wissenschaft und Konfliktforschung, edited by Dermot Bradley and Ulrich Marwedel, Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1977.
  • "Art and the National Image: The Conflict Over Germany's Participation in the St. Louis Exposition" from Central European History, XI June 1978.
  • "Die politischen Ansichten von Clausewitz," in Freiheit ohne Krieg, edited by Ulrich de Maizière, Bonn, 1980.
  • "Gleichgewicht als Mittel der Friedenssicherung bei Clausewitz und in der Geschichte der Neuzeit," from Wehrwissenschaftliche Rundschau, XXIX May–June 1980.
  • "Clausewitz's Bicentennial Birthday" from Air University Review, XXXI May–June 1980.
  • The Berlin Secession: Modernism and its Enemies in Imperial Germany, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1980.
  • "The Tschudi Affair" from Journal of Modern History, LIII December 1981.
  • Co-editor with Maria-Luise von Graberg Berliner Secession (Catalogue of the exhibition in the Staatliche Kunsthalle, West Berlin, July 4 - August 23, 1981), Neuer Berliner Kunstverein, Berlin, 1981.
  • "Kleist and Clausewitz: A Comparative Sketch," in Festschrift für Eberhard Kessel, edited by Manfred Schlenke, Fink, Munich, 1982.
  • "Revolutions in Warfare: An Earlier Generation of Interpreters" from National Security and International Stability, edited by Bernard Brodie, Michael Intrilligator, and Roman Kolkowicz, Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain, Cambridge, Mass., 1983.
  • "The Artist as Staatsbürger" from German Studies Review, VI October 1983.
  • "The Enemy Within- Max Liebermann as President of the Prussian Academy of Arts” in the Leo Baeck Memorial Lecture, Leo Baeck Institute, New York, 1984.
  • Co-editor and co-translator with Daniel Moran Two Letters on Strategy by Carl von Clausewitz, Army War College Foundation, Carlisle, Penn., 1984.
  • "Napoleon as Enemy," Banquet Address, Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, 1983, Proceedings, edited by Clarence B. Davis, University of Georgia, 1985.
  • "Between Strategy and Mass Murder: The Third Reich at War" from German Studies Review, VII May 1985.
  • "Literary Censorship as a Source for Historical Understanding" from Central European History, XVIII September–December 1985.
  • Co-written with Beth Irwin Lewis "Art, Society, and Politics in Wilhelmine Germany" from Journal of Modern History, LVII December 1985.
  • "Some Comments on the Continuity Debate in Recent German History" from German-American Interrelations -Heritage and Challenge, edited by James F. Harris, Attempto Verlag, Tübingen, 1985.
  • "The German Revolution of 1848 and Rethel's Dance of Death" from Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XVII Summer 1986.
  • Co-edited with Gordon A. Craig
    Gordon A. Craig
    Gordon Alexander Craig was a Scottish-American historian of German history and of diplomatic history.-Early life:...

     & Felix Gilbert
    Felix Gilbert
    Felix Gilbert was a German-born American historian of early modern and modern Europe. Gilbert was born in Baden-Baden, Germany to a middle-class Jewish family, and part of the Mendelssohn Bartholdy clan. In the latter half of the 1920s, Gilbert studied under Friedrich Meinecke at the University of...

     The Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1986.
  • "Clausewitz" from Military Leadership and Command: The John Biggs Cincinnati Lectures, edited by Henry S. Bausum, The VMI Foundation, Lexington, 1987.
  • "Continuity and Discontinuity in Some Interpretations by Tocqueville and Clausewitz" from Journal of the History of Ideas, XLIX January–March 1988.
  • "Conscription and the End of the Old Regime in France and Prussia" in Geschichte als Aufgabe: Festschrift für Otto Büsch, edited by Wilhelm Treue, Colloquium Verlag, Berlin, 1988.
  • "Introduction" to To Change an Army by Harold R. Winton University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, 1988.
  • Art as History: Episodes in the Culture and Politics of Nineteenth-Century Germany, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1988.
  • "National Identity in a Divided Nation: The New Historical Museum in West Berlin," from Working Papers in International Studies, Hoover Institution, Stanford, 1988.
  • "Commentary on 'Psychoanalysis and History'" in Psychology and Historical Interpretation, edited by. William McKinley Runyan, Oxford University Press, New York, 1988.
  • "Military Power" from The Journal of Military History, LIII July 1989.
  • "John Keegan's The Price of Admiralty and Popular History" from The Journal of Military History, LIV April 1990
  • "An Unknown Letter by Clausewitz" from The Journal of Military History, LV April 1991.
  • "The New Military History," from Parameters, XXXI Fall 1991.
  • "God's Hammer," from Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, CXXXVI, No. 2 June 1992.
  • Understanding War: Essays on Clausewitz and the History of Military Power, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992.
  • Co-written with Beth Irwin Lewis and Paul Paret Persuasive Images, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992.
  • Co-editor and co-translator with Daniel Moran, Carl von Clausewitz, Historical and Political Writings Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1992.
  • "Introduction" to Hitler's Japanese Confidant by Carl Boyd, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, 1993.
  • "Jefferson and the Birth of European Liberalism," from Two Lectures on Jefferson co-edited by Bernard Bailyn
    Bernard Bailyn
    Bernard Bailyn is an American historian, author, and professor specializing in U.S. Colonial and Revolutionary-era History. He has been a professor at Harvard University since 1953. Bailyn has won the Pulitzer Prize for History twice . In 1998 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected...

     and Peter Paret, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 1993
  • Co-editored with Ekkehard Mai, Sammler, Stifter und Museen, Böhlau Verlag: Köln-Weimar-Wien, 1993.
  • "Jüdische Sammler, Mäzene und Kunsthändler" from Sammler, Stifter und Museen, edited by Ekkehard Mai and Peter Paret, Böhlau Verlag, Köln-Weimar-Wien, 1993.
  • Guest editor, "The History of War as Part of General History" from The Journal of Military History, LVII, No. 5 (Special Issue) October 1993.
  • "Justifying the Obligation of Military Service" from "The History of War as Part of General History" from The Journal of Military History, LVII, No. 5 (Special Issue) October 1993.
  • "Introduction" to Austro-Hungarian Aircraft of World War One by Peter Grosz, George Haddow, & Peter Scheimer, Flying Machine Press, Princeton, 1993.
  • "The Recovery of Prussia after Jena" in The Aftermath of Defeat, edited by George J. Andreopoulos and Harold E. Selesky, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1994.
  • "Ernst Cassirer und neuere Richtungen der Kulturgeschichte in den Vereinigten Staaten" from Internationale Zeitschrift für Philosophie, IV September 1994.
  • "Kolberg as Film and as Historical Document" from Historical Journal of Film, Radio, and Television, XIV, 4 1994.
  • "Betrachtungen über deutsche Kunst und Künstler im ersten Weltkrieg" from Kultur und Krieg, edited by Wolfgang J. Mommsen, Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich, 1995.
  • "The Discovery of the Common Soldier in Modern Art" from Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Historical Sciences, Montreal, 1995.
  • "Berlin in Menzel's Time" in Adolph Menzel, 1815-1905, Catalogue of the exhibition of the Berlin Nationalgalerie in Paris, Washington, and Berlin; Yale University Press, New Haven-London, 1996.
  • Witnesses to Life: Women and Infants in some Images of War, 1789-1830, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, 1996.
  • Imagined Battles: Reflections of War in European Art, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1997.
  • “Expressionism in Imperial Germany,” Expressionismo Arte e Società 1909-1923, Catalogue of the exhibition in the Palazzo Grassi, Venice, RCS Libri & Grandi Opere; also in an Italian language edition, 1997.
  • “Max Liebermann als Künstler und Kulturpolitiker” from Jahrbuch Preussischer Kulturbesitz, XXXIV 1998.
  • “La historia de la guerra como historia cultural” from En la Encrucijada de la Ciencia Historica Hoy edited by V. Vazquez de Prada, I. Olabarri, and F.J. Caspistegui, Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 1998.
  • “Das Problem der Darstellung des Krieges in der bildenden Kunst” in Die Wiedererweckung des Krieges edited by Joachim Kunisch and Herfried Münkler, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1999.
  • “Modernism and the ‘Alien Element in German Art’” from Berlin Metropolis: Jews and the New Culture, 1890-1918, edited by Emily Bilski, University of California Press, Berkeley-Los Angeles, 1999.
  • "Wege der Annäherung an das Werk des Generals von Clausewitz” from Sonderheft, Akademie-Information, Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr, Hamburg, August 1999.
  • “Fontane und Liebermann - Versuch eines Vergleiches” from Theodor Fontane. Am Ende des Jahrhunderts edited by Hanna Delf von Wolzogen, Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg, 2000.
  • Fontane und der nicht gegenwärtige Clausewitz” from Fontane Blätter, LXIX 2000.
  • German Encounters with Modernism, 1840-1945, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
  • “Three Perspectives on Art as a Force in German History” from Central European History, January 2001.
  • “The History of Armed Force” in Companion to Historical Thought edited by Lloyd Kramer and Sarah Maza, Blackwell, Oxford, 2002.
  • “Crossing Borders” from Historically Speaking, Volume III, November 2002.
  • An Artist against the Third Reich: Ernst Barlach, 1933-1938, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • “Bemerkungen zu einem ‘seltsamen Freundespaar’” from Berlin SW-Victoriastrasse 35 edited by Volker Probst and Helga Thieme, Güstrow, 2003.
  • “Zehn unbekannte Briefe Barlachs” from Berlin SW-Victoriastrasse 35, edited by Volker Probst and Helga Thieme, Güstrow, 2003.
  • “From Ideal to Ambiguity: Johannes von Müller, Clausewitz, and the People in Arms” from Journal of the History of Ideas Volume LXV, Issue #1, 2004.
  • “Einstein, Freud, and their Pamphlet Why War?” from Historically Speaking, VI, 6 July–August 2005.
  • “Bemerkungen über den Krieg als Thema der Kunst in der frühen Neuzeit,” in Mars und die Musen edited by Jutta Nowosadtko and Matthias Rogg, LIT- Verlag, Hamburg, 2006.
  • “Comment on Gray, The Future of War” from Historically Speaking Volume VII, 3 January–February 2006.
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