Pawura
Encyclopedia
Pawura, and also: Pauru, Piwure, Puuru/Puwuru was an Egyptian
official of the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters
correspondence
. As mentioned in letter no. 171, he was also an Egyptian "archer
–commander". In letter no. 289 he is called an "irpi–official". In Egyptian
his name means 'the Great One', (Pa-wr/Pa-ur).
Pawura's name is referenced in the following letters: (EA for 'el Amarna
')
Pawura's death is mentioned in the Rib-Hadda letters except EA 117, and 124, along with the demise of others, or the warring with the Habiru
, or the leaders of Ammuru: (Abdi-Ashirta
, or his son, Aziru
).
)
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh...
official of the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters
Amarna letters
The Amarna letters are an archive of correspondence on clay tablets, mostly diplomatic, between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru during the New Kingdom...
correspondence
Text corpus
In linguistics, a corpus or text corpus is a large and structured set of texts...
. As mentioned in letter no. 171, he was also an Egyptian "archer
Archers (Egyptian pítati)
The Pítati were a contingent of archers in the Egyptian Empire, often requested and dispatched, to support the Egyptian vassalage in Canaan, or northern Canaan...
–commander". In letter no. 289 he is called an "irpi–official". In Egyptian
Egyptian language
Egyptian is the oldest known indigenous language of Egypt and a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. Written records of the Egyptian language have been dated from about 3400 BC, making it one of the oldest recorded languages known. Egyptian was spoken until the late 17th century AD in the...
his name means 'the Great One', (Pa-wr/Pa-ur).
Pawura's name is referenced in the following letters: (EA for 'el Amarna
Amarna
Amarna is an extensive Egyptian archaeological site that represents the remains of the capital city newly–established and built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten of the late Eighteenth Dynasty , and abandoned shortly afterwards...
')
-
- Rib-Haddi–The Rib-HaddaRib-HaddaRib-Hadda was king of Byblos during the mid fourteenth century BCE. He is the author of some sixty of the Amarna letters all to Akhenaten...
sub-corpusText corpusIn linguistics, a corpus or text corpus is a large and structured set of texts...
of 68 letters: EA 117, 124, 129, 131, 132, and 362. - Aziru–EA 171, by AziruAziruAziru was the Canaanite ruler of Amurru, modern Lebanon, in the fourteenth century BC. He was the son of Abdi-Ashirta, the previous Egyptian vassal of Amurru and a direct contemporary of Akhenaten.The dealings of Aziru are well-known from the Amarna letters...
of Ammuru, Title: "Eager to serve". - EA 263–EA 263, a short letter. Title: "Robbed of everything." (author unknown)
- Abdi-Heba–EA 287 and EA 289, letters by Abdi-HebaAbdi-HebaAbdi-Heba was a local chieftain of Jerusalem during the Amarna period . Abdi-Heba's name can be translated as "servant of Hebat", a Hurrian goddess. Some scholars believe the correct reading is Ebed-Nob...
to pharaohPharaohPharaoh is a title used in many modern discussions of the ancient Egyptian rulers of all periods. The title originates in the term "pr-aa" which means "great house" and describes the royal palace...
.
- Rib-Haddi–The Rib-Hadda
Pawura's death is mentioned in the Rib-Hadda letters except EA 117, and 124, along with the demise of others, or the warring with the Habiru
Habiru
Habiru or Apiru or ˁpr.w was the name given by various Sumerian, Egyptian, Akkadian, Hittite, Mitanni, and Ugaritic sources to a group of people living as nomadic invaders in areas of the Fertile Crescent from Northeastern Mesopotamia and Iran to the borders of Egypt in Canaan...
, or the leaders of Ammuru: (Abdi-Ashirta
Abdi-Ashirta
Abdi-Ashirta was the ruler of Amurru, a new kingdom in southern Syria subject to nominal Egyptian control, that was in conflict with King Rib-Hadda of Byblos....
, or his son, Aziru
Aziru
Aziru was the Canaanite ruler of Amurru, modern Lebanon, in the fourteenth century BC. He was the son of Abdi-Ashirta, the previous Egyptian vassal of Amurru and a direct contemporary of Akhenaten.The dealings of Aziru are well-known from the Amarna letters...
).
EA 171, by Aziru of Ammuru--(no. 13 of 13)
EA 171, Title: "Eager to serve", + (YanhamuYanhamu
Yanhamu, also Yenhamu, and Enhamu, was an Egyptian commissioner of the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence.Yanhamu is referenced in 16 of the 60–letter "Rib-Hadda of Gubla"- sub-corpus, and also 12 additional letters....
)
- "[To the king ...: Message of AziruAziruAziru was the Canaanite ruler of Amurru, modern Lebanon, in the fourteenth century BC. He was the son of Abdi-Ashirta, the previous Egyptian vassal of Amurru and a direct contemporary of Akhenaten.The dealings of Aziru are well-known from the Amarna letters...
...] ... I fall a[t the fee]tProstration formulaIn the 1350 BC correspondence of 382–letters, called the Amarna letters, the Prostration formula is usually the opening subservient remarks to the addressee, the Egyptian pharaoh. The formula is based on Prostration, namely reverence and submissiveness...
of the king, the Sun, my [lord]. [From the very first I ch]ose to enter [the servi]ce of the ki[ng], the [Su]n, my lord, [but Ya]nhamuYanhamuYanhamu, also Yenhamu, and Enhamu, was an Egyptian commissioner of the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence.Yanhamu is referenced in 16 of the 60–letter "Rib-Hadda of Gubla"- sub-corpus, and also 12 additional letters....
would not a[ll]ow me. [I s]ent my mes[sen]gersCourierA courier is a person or a company who delivers messages, packages, and mail. Couriers are distinguished from ordinary mail services by features such as speed, security, tracking, signature, specialization and individualization of express services, and swift delivery times, which are optional for...
[to] the king, my lord, [but] Yanhamu [stopped th]em on the way, and [they have not got away. May] the gods of the king, my lord, grant that my messengers get away [fr]om Yanhamu. I would enter the service of the king, the god, the Sun, my lord, but Yanhamu has not allowed me. And now O king, my lord, [Pu]wuru, [the archer ]–comman[derArchers (Egyptian pítati)The Pítati were a contingent of archers in the Egyptian Empire, often requested and dispatched, to support the Egyptian vassalage in Canaan, or northern Canaan...
of the king, my lord, has reach]ed me. [Pu]wuru [knows] my [lo]yalty, and [may] the Sun, the king, my lord, [inquire from him] ... [...] May he tell them. For I am a servant of [the Sun, the king, my lord, and] wh[at]ever the ki[ng, the Sun, the king, my lord, orders], I d[o it ... May] the Sun, the king, my lord, [know: I am a loyal servant] of the king, my lord. - Moreover, my lord [...] Yanhamu when ... [...] ... I do not deviate from [his] orders or from th[is] servant of the Sun, the king, my lord." -EA 171, lines 1-37 (complete, with lacunaeLacuna (manuscripts)A lacunaPlural lacunae. From Latin lacūna , diminutive form of lacus . is a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or a musical work...
)
EA 289, by Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem--(no. 5 of 6)
EA 289, Title: "A reckoning demanded"- "[Say t]o the king, my lord: Message of Abdi-HebaAbdi-HebaAbdi-Heba was a local chieftain of Jerusalem during the Amarna period . Abdi-Heba's name can be translated as "servant of Hebat", a Hurrian goddess. Some scholars believe the correct reading is Ebed-Nob...
, your servant. I f[all] at the feetProstration formulaIn the 1350 BC correspondence of 382–letters, called the Amarna letters, the Prostration formula is usually the opening subservient remarks to the addressee, the Egyptian pharaoh. The formula is based on Prostration, namely reverence and submissiveness...
of my lord, the k[ing], 7 times and 7 times. MilkiluMilkiluMilkilu, and more properly Milk-ilu, or Milku-ilu, with an alternate version of Ili-Milku-, was the mayor/ruler of Gazru- of the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence...
does not break away from the sons of Lab'ayuLabayaLabaya was a Habiru, possibly Canaanite, warlord who lived contemporaneously with Pharaoh Akhenaten . Labaya is mentioned in several of the Amarna Letters , which is practically all scholars know about him...
and from the sons of Arsawa, as they desire the land of the king for themselves. As for a mayor who does such a deed, why does the king not (c)all him to account? Such was the deed that Milkilu and TagiTagi (Ginti mayor)Tagi was the ruler/mayor of ancient Ginti–, of the 14th century BC Amarna letters. Tagi's name is a Hurrian hypocoristicon for the word beautiful....
did: –they took RubutuRubutuRubutu was a city, or city-state located in ancient northern Israel, between the city of Gazru-, and Jerusalem during the time of the Amarna letters correspondence, a 15-20 year period at about 1350-1335 BC...
. And now as for Jerusalem-(called "Uru-salim")(City-Salim), if this land belongs to the king, why is it (not) of concern to the king like HazzatuGazaGaza , also referred to as Gaza City, is a Palestinian city in the Gaza Strip, with a population of about 450,000, making it the largest city in the Palestinian territories.Inhabited since at least the 15th century BC,...
-(modern GazaGazaGaza , also referred to as Gaza City, is a Palestinian city in the Gaza Strip, with a population of about 450,000, making it the largest city in the Palestinian territories.Inhabited since at least the 15th century BC,...
)? Gintikirmil belongs to Tagi, and men of Gintu are the garrisonGarrisonGarrison is the collective term for a body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it, but now often simply using it as a home base....
in Bitsanu. Are we to act like Lab'ayu when he was giving the land of Šakmu-(ShechemShechemShechem was a Canaanite city mentioned in the Amarna letters, and is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as an Israelite city of the tribe of Manasseh and the first capital of the Kingdom of Israel...
) to the HapiruHabiruHabiru or Apiru or ˁpr.w was the name given by various Sumerian, Egyptian, Akkadian, Hittite, Mitanni, and Ugaritic sources to a group of people living as nomadic invaders in areas of the Fertile Crescent from Northeastern Mesopotamia and Iran to the borders of Egypt in Canaan...
? Milkilu has written to Tagi and the sons (of Lab'ayu)—"Be the both of you a protection. Grant all their demands to the men of QiltuKeilahKeilah was a city in the lowlands of Judah . In 1 Samuel, David rescued it from the attack of the Philistines but the inhabitants proved unfaithful to him, in that they sought to deliver him up to Saul . He and his men "departed from Keilah, and went whithersoever they could go.” They fled to the...
-(KeilahKeilahKeilah was a city in the lowlands of Judah . In 1 Samuel, David rescued it from the attack of the Philistines but the inhabitants proved unfaithful to him, in that they sought to deliver him up to Saul . He and his men "departed from Keilah, and went whithersoever they could go.” They fled to the...
), and let us isolate Urusalim." AddayaAddayaAddaya was an Egyptian commissioner during the period of the Amarna letters correspondence . The majority of the Amarna letters were written to the pharaoh of Egypt during a 15-20 year time period....
has taken the garrison that you sent in the charge of Haya, the son of Miyare; he has stationed it in his own house in Hazzatu and has sent 20–men to Egypt (called 'Mizri'-(MizraimMizraimMizraim is the Hebrew name for the land of Egypt, with the dual suffix -āyim, perhaps referring to the "two Egypts": Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt....
)). May the king, my lord, know (that) no garrison of the king is with me. Accordingly, as truly as the king lives, his irpi-official, Pu'uru, has left me–and is in Hazzatu. (May the king call (this) to mind when he arrives.) And so may the king send 50–men as a garrison to protect the land. The entire land of the king has deser[ted]. (See: UpuUpuUpu, also called Apu , was the region surrounding Damascus of the 1350 BC Amarna letters. Damascus was named Dimašqu/Dimasqu/ etc. Upu, also called Apu (and Ubi or Upi by some authors), was the region surrounding Damascus of the 1350 BC Amarna letters. Damascus was named Dimašqu/Dimasqu/ etc. Upu,...
). Send Ye(eh)enhamuYanhamuYanhamu, also Yenhamu, and Enhamu, was an Egyptian commissioner of the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence.Yanhamu is referenced in 16 of the 60–letter "Rib-Hadda of Gubla"- sub-corpus, and also 12 additional letters....
that he may know about the land of the king, [my lord]. —To the scribeScribeA scribe is a person who writes books or documents by hand as a profession and helps the city keep track of its records. The profession, previously found in all literate cultures in some form, lost most of its importance and status with the advent of printing...
of the king, [my lord: M]essage of Abdi-Heba, [your] servant. Offer eloq[uent] words to the king: I am always, utterly yours. I am your servant." -EA 289, lines 1-51 (complete)
See also
- Amarna lettersAmarna lettersThe Amarna letters are an archive of correspondence on clay tablets, mostly diplomatic, between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru during the New Kingdom...
- Text corpusText corpusIn linguistics, a corpus or text corpus is a large and structured set of texts...
- Rib-HaddaRib-HaddaRib-Hadda was king of Byblos during the mid fourteenth century BCE. He is the author of some sixty of the Amarna letters all to Akhenaten...
- Archers (Egyptian pítati)Archers (Egyptian pítati)The Pítati were a contingent of archers in the Egyptian Empire, often requested and dispatched, to support the Egyptian vassalage in Canaan, or northern Canaan...
- UpuUpuUpu, also called Apu , was the region surrounding Damascus of the 1350 BC Amarna letters. Damascus was named Dimašqu/Dimasqu/ etc. Upu, also called Apu (and Ubi or Upi by some authors), was the region surrounding Damascus of the 1350 BC Amarna letters. Damascus was named Dimašqu/Dimasqu/ etc. Upu,...
- AddayaAddayaAddaya was an Egyptian commissioner during the period of the Amarna letters correspondence . The majority of the Amarna letters were written to the pharaoh of Egypt during a 15-20 year time period....
, Egyptian commissioner - YanhamuYanhamuYanhamu, also Yenhamu, and Enhamu, was an Egyptian commissioner of the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence.Yanhamu is referenced in 16 of the 60–letter "Rib-Hadda of Gubla"- sub-corpus, and also 12 additional letters....
, Egyptian commissioner