Paris Metro Line 14
Encyclopedia
Line 14 of the Paris Métro
system connects the stations Saint Lazare
and Olympiades
on a north-west south-east diagonal across the centre of Paris. It is the twelfth busiest of sixteen lines on the network, and as of 2011, the only one to be operated completely automatically; the second such line in the Île-de-France
after Orlyval
. Before being put into commercial service it was known as project Météor, an acronym of MÉTro Est-Ouest Rapide.
The line is also occasionally used as a showcase for the savoir-faire of the RATP
, its operator, and Systra
and Siemens Transportation Systems, constructors of the rolling stock and automated equipment respectively when they bid internationally to build métro systems.
The original line 14 linked Invalides
with Porte de Vanves
until 1976, when it was merged into the southern section of the current line 13.
Paris's east-west axis across has long been heavily travelled: Line 1 of the Métro began approaching saturation in the 1940s, necessitating the construction of Line A of the RER in the 1960s and '70s; which became the busiest urban routes in the world (by 2010 there were more than a million passengers each working day). To improve service, the SACEM (Système d'aide à la conduite, à l'exploitation et à la maintenance --"Assisted driving, control and maintenance system") was installed on the central run of Line A in September 1989. This improved efficiency and reduced the interval between trains to just two minutes, though an improvement ultimately insufficient to absorb the increasing demand. To cater permanently to demand on the busy artery between Gare Auber
and Gare de Lyon
new rail lines would have to be built.
Two proposals were made by the transport companies: the SNCF
suggested a new tunnel between Châtelet and Gare de Lyon for Line D of the RER allowing traffic to circulate from the north and south-east of Île-de-France
. More importantly it proposed "Project EOLE" ("Est-Ouest Liaison Express"), the creation of a new wide berth line, initially from Paris's eastern suburbs to Saint-Lazare
, then an extension onwards to the western suburbs.
In 1987, the RATP proposed "project Météor", ("MÉTro-Est-Ouest-Rapide") the creation of a new Métro line, from Porte Maillot on the edge of the 16th arrondissement to the Maison Blanche district in the 13th, an area poorly served by transport despite its large population. The project would fit well with the regeneration of the Tolbiac district on the left bank around the new bibliothèque nationale de France
, in that arrondisement.
The plans to go to Porte Maillot were eventually abandoned in favour of a terminus at Saint-Lazare, with the later possibility of extending the line to Clichy and assimilating the Asnières branch of Line 13, thus simplifying its complicated operation.
This new line parallel to Line A took the opportunity to incorporate innovations on the rest of the network: the stations are larger and, at 120 metres, longer and thus can accommodate eight carriages. The runs between stations are longer, allowing a rolling speed of close to 40 km per hour, close to double that of the other lines. Lastly, the line is completely automated and runs without any driver, the first major métropolitain line in a capital to do so.pp. 7-9
Given the pressing need, the council of Ministers of Michel Rocard
's government approved the project in October 1989. However, budgetary constraints forced the reduction of both. In the first stage, EOLE would be but a simple extension of trains from the suburbs to the new underground station at Saint-Lazare and MÉTEOR limited to the central Madeleine - Bibliothèque run, thus leaving the main railway station of Saint-Lazare and the heart of the 13th arrondissement unserved.p. 10 The tunnels were dug between 1993 and 1995. It was opened to the public in 1998 and had its first automatic run in October 1998.
Some features of Line 14's train control system are run under the OpenVMS
Operating System
. Its control system is noted in the field of software engineering
of critical systems because safety properties on some safety-critical parts of the systems were proved using the B-Method
, a formal method
. All trains on line 14 are completely automated. This means that there are no train engineers operating the train.
Line 14 has some unusual design features – its floor tiling is not bitumenised, and platform edge doors at stations prevent passengers from falling onto the track or from committing suicide.
The southern extension of the line to Olympiades
in June 2007, an area of high rise towers in the XIIIe arrondissement that was not served very well, was not a real extension: the tunnel was built at the same time as the rest of the line, but it was used as a train maintenance area, so a new maintenance area was constructed. The building of this extension caused the collapse of the courtyard of an elementary school; fortunately, on that day, no children were present. For various reasons, the underground of much of Paris is quite fragile and considerable care must be exercised before tunnelling work. (See Catacombs of Paris
.)
From November 1989 until the end of 1992 exploratory shafts and galleries were dug, tunnelling proper lasted from July 1993 until early 1995. In September 1993, Sandrine was baptised near la Bastille
; a tunnel boring machine
eighty metres long and eleven wide, she was capable of drilling a tunnel 8.6 metres across. Working twenty-four hours a day, five days a week, she bored twenty five metres below the water table. The terrain, made mostly of loosely packed limestone and marl
was favourable to drilling and the tunnel advanced at a respectable 350 metres a month. The tunnel passes underneath seven Métro lines, the sewers, Clichy-Capucines, four underground carparks and over two RER lines.
Works initially hindered by a fifteen blockage from the bassin de l'Arsenal due to a flood of the Seine, the waterway having been chosen to minimise heavy traffic in the city. The tunnel reached the future station Pyramides
on the 17 January 1995, and Madeleine
on the 15 March; it stopped underneath boulevard Haussmann
in August was brought above ground through shafts there the same month.pp. 69-73
At the other end of the line, from Gare de Lyon to Tolbiac the tunnel was excavated directly from the surface. It crossed the Seine upstream from pont de Tolbiac
, supported by submerged beams the traditional under fluvial support. The last was implanted on 28 September 1994.
As a cost saving measure, the section from Gare de Lyon to the Basson de l'Arsenal was excavated at the same time as the tunnels of Line D of the RER Châtelet — Les Halles. The 816000m3 of debris excavated is about twice the volume of the Tour Montparnasse
, Paris's largest building; and the 19000 tonnes of steel needed for re-inforced concrete and structural support is twice the mass of the Eiffel Tower
.
Traffic on the line grew quickly: in October 2003, after five years in service there were 240 000 daily passengers. The same year service was interrupted several times to allow the installation of material for an extension north from Madeleine to Saint-Lazare. This section was opened on the 16 December 2003, and the line saw a 30% increase in traffic thereafter; after Gare du Nord the northern terminus of Line 14 is the most important node on the network.
The southern extension, in June 2007, from Bibliothèque François-Mitterrand to Olympiades grew traffic again. Initially planned for 2006, work was delayed by the collapse of the courtyard in the primary school at 11, rue Auguste-Perret during the night of 14-15 October 2006.. Since then traffic has grown again: at the end of 2007, on average 450 000 passengers took the line on a working day.
Travellers have been largely satisfied with Line 14's speed and service. However, despite its automation it has not been free of accidents. While the platform doors prevent access to the rails, they are susceptible to electric outages which have halted service entirely. On the 20 September 2004, two trains stopped entirely in the tunnel after a signalling failure. On the 22 December 2006, passengers were trapped for one and a half hours after an electrical failure on the line which arose from a mechinical failure. Technological failures have occurred twice: on 21 March 2007 circulation was interrupted between Gare de Lyon and Bibliothèque François-Mitterrand; and again on 21 August 2007 a technical failure stopped service.
The widespread introduction of platform doors for passenger safety is planned, despite the project's cost. In January 2004, ground level signalling to indicate the doorways was tested on Line 13 at Saint-Lazare station. Several different door models were tested during 2006 and Kaba was chosen to supply them. After testing, platform doors will be rolled out across the network, first in certain stations on Line 13, then on the totality of Line 1 in preparation for its complete automation.(éd. 2004:135-136)
including monitoring from an operations control centre, equipment for 7 stations and equipment for 19 six-car trains, resulting in a headway of 85 seconds.
It was the base for the Trainguard MT CBTC
, which then equipped other rapid transit lines throughout the world.
RATP have confirmed that line 14 will be extended north from Saint-Lazare
, with the principal aim of reducing overcrowding on line 13
. The solution adopted crosses between the branches of line 13 with stations at Porte de Clichy on the Asnières – Gennevilliers branch and Mairie de Saint-Ouen
on the Saint-Denis branch. The third confirmed additional station shall interconnect with the RER C
station Saint-Ouen
, while a decision is yet to be taken on whether a fourth stop, connecting the line 2 station Rome
and Gare de Pont-Cardinet, will be added. Construction on the extension is scheduled to begin in 2013, with the aim of completion in 2017.
Plans have also been mooted to extend the other end of the line eastwards from Olympiades
to Maison Blanche
, with a connection to Line 7
's Villejuif
branch possible.
(line A being today's line 12
and line B being today's line 13
). The Nord-Sud company went bankrupt in 1930 and was taken over by the other company operating Paris metro: the CMP (which later became the RATP). The CMP subsequently implemented Line C as line 14. In the 1970s, the line was incorporated into line 13
.
Line 14 has interchanges with the five lines of the RER, and quickly links Saint-Lazare with Gare de Lyon, via Châtelet. The line begins underneath Saint-Lazare in a two way tunnel-head, after stopping in that station, it heads southwards, descending beneath buildings and winding around Line 12
and RER Line A. It bends eastward and passes underneath Line 12, before entering, straight on, the station Madeleine
, situated on the northern corner of the eponymous church, underneath the narrow rue de Sèze. The tunnel quickly descends on a 40% slope underneath Line 8
, itself nestled underneath the boulevards de la Madeleine and des Capucines, Line 14 continues at this depth underneath the buildings above. The 794 metre journey to the station Pyramides
, finishes with a 45% climb to the station established just below l'avenue de l'Opéra.
The conceptual design of the stations sought to evoke space and openness. The size of stations, their corridors and transfer halls brings the line architecturally closer to those of the RER rather than the existing Métro lines. The RATP opted for a specific style of the new line, for instance lightly coloured tiling rather than bitumen. The use of space was designed in a contemporary manner: voluminous spaces mixed plenty of light with modern materials and overall eased the flow of passengers. According to the designers, the stations should be the reflection of a "noble public space, monumental in spirit, urban in its choice of forms and materials". Four architects designed the first seven stations on the line: Jean-Pierre Vaysse & Bernard Kohn six of them, and Antoine Grumbach
&t Pierre Schall the station Bibliothèque.p. 47
Saint-Lazare benefits from a well of natural light visible on the keys, even though they are five levels below the surface. The station's exit is constructed from a glass bubble designed by Jean-Marie Charpentier
and situated just in front of the Gare de Paris-Saint-Lazare, pointing towards the row of bus-stops.
Pyramides and Madeleine are endowed with a particular lighting, bright sunshine outside falls onto the platforms; a system which evidently does not work at night. Madeleine has several video projectors which allow cultural installations, for example, one on Marlène Dietrich
, an actress, during the autumn of 2003.
Gare de Lyon
offers travellers the view of a tropical garden on the right side of trains towards Olympiades, as one enters the station. This garden is situated underneath RATP House at the foot of which the station was built. It occupies a space originally reserved for the Transport Museum. Moreover, it is the only station equipped with a central platform, the only possible layout in light of the density of underground construction in the area.
Bibliothèque François-Mitterrand
has its own unique design: monumental, fifteen metre pillars and stairs forming a semi-circle seventy metres in diameter.
The station Olympiades
was developed by the architects "ar.thème associés" following the line's guiding principles, defined by Bernard Kohn from 1991. The station thus is in keeping with others in its choice of materials (polished concrete arches, wood on the ceilings, etc.) as much as in its lighting, height of its ceilings, and platforms larger than the average on other lines.
On the other hand, certain stations on the line are notable due to the disagreeable odour of humidity and sulfur that one can sometimes find as far as the changeover halls. Due to the line's relative depth, it runs underneath the water-table, creating a constant risk of seepage, similar to that found on Line E of the RER.
Paris Métro
The Paris Métro or Métropolitain is the rapid transit metro system in Paris, France. It has become a symbol of the city, noted for its density within the city limits and its uniform architecture influenced by Art Nouveau. The network's sixteen lines are mostly underground and run to 214 km ...
system connects the stations Saint Lazare
Saint-Lazare (Paris Metro)
Saint-Lazare is a station on lines 3, 12, 13 and 14 of the Paris Métro on the border of the 8th and 9th arrondissements. It is the second busiest station of the metro system and is the western terminus of line 14....
and Olympiades
Olympiades (Paris Métro)
Olympiades is a station of the Paris Métro. It is the southern terminus of Line 14.The station was formally inaugurated on June 25, 2007 in the presence of the Mayor of Paris, Bertrand Delanoë, and opened to the general public at just before 5.30am on June 26, 2007.It takes its name from the area...
on a north-west south-east diagonal across the centre of Paris. It is the twelfth busiest of sixteen lines on the network, and as of 2011, the only one to be operated completely automatically; the second such line in the Île-de-France
Île-de-France (région)
Île-de-France is the wealthiest and most populated of the twenty-two administrative regions of France, composed mostly of the Paris metropolitan area....
after Orlyval
Orlyval
Orlyval is a small automatic metro which runs a shuttle service to Paris's Orly Airport from the RER network, with which it connects at Antony station on line RER B.It was opened on 2 October 1991, the second line to use the VAL automatic metro....
. Before being put into commercial service it was known as project Météor, an acronym of MÉTro Est-Ouest Rapide.
The line is also occasionally used as a showcase for the savoir-faire of the RATP
RATP
The RATP Group , also known as the Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens is a state-owned public transport operator headquartered in Paris, France. Formed in 1948, the group has its origins as the public transport operator for the city of Paris...
, its operator, and Systra
Systra
SYSTRA is an international engineering and consulting group specializing in rail and public transport. SYSTRA is known worldwide for its work in transport modes that offer a sustainable alternative to cars and trucks...
and Siemens Transportation Systems, constructors of the rolling stock and automated equipment respectively when they bid internationally to build métro systems.
Chronology
- 15 October 1998: The new line 14 was inaugurated between Madeleine and Bibliothèque F. Mitterrand.
- 16 December 2003: Line 14 was extended north from Madeleine to Saint-Lazare.
- 26 June 2007: Line 14 was extended south from Bibliothèque François MitterrandBibliothèque François Mitterrand (Paris Metro and RER)Bibliothèque François Mitterrand is a station of the Paris Métro and RER, named after former French president François Mitterrand and serving the area surrounding the new building of the Bibliothèque nationale de France , whose site near the station is also named after Mitterrand, and the Paris...
to OlympiadesOlympiades (Paris Métro)Olympiades is a station of the Paris Métro. It is the southern terminus of Line 14.The station was formally inaugurated on June 25, 2007 in the presence of the Mayor of Paris, Bertrand Delanoë, and opened to the general public at just before 5.30am on June 26, 2007.It takes its name from the area...
.
The Météor Project
Invalides (Paris Metro and RER)
Invalides is a station on lines 8 and 13 of the Paris Métro and RER in the 7th arrondissement, located near and named after les Invalides.The station was opened on 13 July 1913 as part of the original section of Line 8 between Beaugrenelle and Opéra...
with Porte de Vanves
Porte de Vanves (Paris Metro)
Porte de Vanves is a station on line 13 of the Paris Métro and a stop on tramway line 3.The station was opened on 21 January 1937 on old Line 14, which was absorbed into 13 in 1976. It was the southern terminus of the line until its extension to Châtillon - Montrouge on 9 November 1976. In 2006,...
until 1976, when it was merged into the southern section of the current line 13.
Paris's east-west axis across has long been heavily travelled: Line 1 of the Métro began approaching saturation in the 1940s, necessitating the construction of Line A of the RER in the 1960s and '70s; which became the busiest urban routes in the world (by 2010 there were more than a million passengers each working day). To improve service, the SACEM (Système d'aide à la conduite, à l'exploitation et à la maintenance --"Assisted driving, control and maintenance system") was installed on the central run of Line A in September 1989. This improved efficiency and reduced the interval between trains to just two minutes, though an improvement ultimately insufficient to absorb the increasing demand. To cater permanently to demand on the busy artery between Gare Auber
Auber (Paris RER)
Auber is a station on Line A of the RER in Paris, France. Opened on 23 November 1971 it was at the time the largest underground station in the world, and represents a feat of underground engineering....
and Gare de Lyon
Paris-Gare de Lyon
Paris Lyon is one of the six large railway termini in Paris, France. It is the northern terminus of the Paris–Marseille railway. It is named after the city of Lyon, a stop for many long-distance trains departing here, most en route to the south of France. In general the station's SNCF services run...
new rail lines would have to be built.
Two proposals were made by the transport companies: the SNCF
SNCF
The SNCF , is France's national state-owned railway company. SNCF operates the country's national rail services, including the TGV, France's high-speed rail network...
suggested a new tunnel between Châtelet and Gare de Lyon for Line D of the RER allowing traffic to circulate from the north and south-east of Île-de-France
Île-de-France (région)
Île-de-France is the wealthiest and most populated of the twenty-two administrative regions of France, composed mostly of the Paris metropolitan area....
. More importantly it proposed "Project EOLE" ("Est-Ouest Liaison Express"), the creation of a new wide berth line, initially from Paris's eastern suburbs to Saint-Lazare
Saint-Lazare
Saint-Lazare, French name of Lazarus of Bethany, may refer to:*Saint-Lazare, Quebec*Gare Saint-Lazare** Réseau Saint-Lazare*Prison Saint-Lazare, north of Paris, France*Autun Cathedral in Autun, France...
, then an extension onwards to the western suburbs.
In 1987, the RATP proposed "project Météor", ("MÉTro-Est-Ouest-Rapide") the creation of a new Métro line, from Porte Maillot on the edge of the 16th arrondissement to the Maison Blanche district in the 13th, an area poorly served by transport despite its large population. The project would fit well with the regeneration of the Tolbiac district on the left bank around the new bibliothèque nationale de France
Bibliothèque nationale de France
The is the National Library of France, located in Paris. It is intended to be the repository of all that is published in France. The current president of the library is Bruno Racine.-History:...
, in that arrondisement.
The plans to go to Porte Maillot were eventually abandoned in favour of a terminus at Saint-Lazare, with the later possibility of extending the line to Clichy and assimilating the Asnières branch of Line 13, thus simplifying its complicated operation.
This new line parallel to Line A took the opportunity to incorporate innovations on the rest of the network: the stations are larger and, at 120 metres, longer and thus can accommodate eight carriages. The runs between stations are longer, allowing a rolling speed of close to 40 km per hour, close to double that of the other lines. Lastly, the line is completely automated and runs without any driver, the first major métropolitain line in a capital to do so.pp. 7-9
Given the pressing need, the council of Ministers of Michel Rocard
Michel Rocard
Michel Rocard is a French politician, member of the Socialist Party . He served as Prime Minister under François Mitterrand from 1988 to 1991, during which he created the Revenu minimum d'insertion , a social minimum welfare program for indigents, and led the Matignon Accords regarding the status...
's government approved the project in October 1989. However, budgetary constraints forced the reduction of both. In the first stage, EOLE would be but a simple extension of trains from the suburbs to the new underground station at Saint-Lazare and MÉTEOR limited to the central Madeleine - Bibliothèque run, thus leaving the main railway station of Saint-Lazare and the heart of the 13th arrondissement unserved.p. 10 The tunnels were dug between 1993 and 1995. It was opened to the public in 1998 and had its first automatic run in October 1998.
Some features of Line 14's train control system are run under the OpenVMS
OpenVMS
OpenVMS , previously known as VAX-11/VMS, VAX/VMS or VMS, is a computer server operating system that runs on VAX, Alpha and Itanium-based families of computers. Contrary to what its name suggests, OpenVMS is not open source software; however, the source listings are available for purchase...
Operating System
Operating system
An operating system is a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and provide common services for application software. The operating system is the most important type of system software in a computer system...
. Its control system is noted in the field of software engineering
Software engineering
Software Engineering is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software, and the study of these approaches; that is, the application of engineering to software...
of critical systems because safety properties on some safety-critical parts of the systems were proved using the B-Method
B-Method
The B method is method of software development based on B, a tool-supported formal method based around an abstract machine notation, used in the development of computer software. It was originally developed by Jean-Raymond Abrial in France and the UK. B is related to the Z notation and supports...
, a formal method
Formal methods
In computer science and software engineering, formal methods are a particular kind of mathematically-based techniques for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systems...
. All trains on line 14 are completely automated. This means that there are no train engineers operating the train.
Line 14 has some unusual design features – its floor tiling is not bitumenised, and platform edge doors at stations prevent passengers from falling onto the track or from committing suicide.
The southern extension of the line to Olympiades
Olympiades (Paris Métro)
Olympiades is a station of the Paris Métro. It is the southern terminus of Line 14.The station was formally inaugurated on June 25, 2007 in the presence of the Mayor of Paris, Bertrand Delanoë, and opened to the general public at just before 5.30am on June 26, 2007.It takes its name from the area...
in June 2007, an area of high rise towers in the XIIIe arrondissement that was not served very well, was not a real extension: the tunnel was built at the same time as the rest of the line, but it was used as a train maintenance area, so a new maintenance area was constructed. The building of this extension caused the collapse of the courtyard of an elementary school; fortunately, on that day, no children were present. For various reasons, the underground of much of Paris is quite fragile and considerable care must be exercised before tunnelling work. (See Catacombs of Paris
Catacombs of Paris
The Catacombs of Paris or Catacombes de Paris are an underground ossuary in Paris, France. Located south of the former city gate , the ossuary holds the remains of about 6 million people and fills a renovated section of caverns and tunnels that are the remains of Paris' stone mines...
.)
Construction begins
Place de la Bastille
The Place de la Bastille is a square in Paris, where the Bastille prison stood until the 'Storming of the Bastille' and its subsequent physical destruction between 14 July 1789 and 14 July 1790 during the French Revolution; no vestige of it remains....
; a tunnel boring machine
Tunnel boring machine
A tunnel boring machine also known as a "mole", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from a metre to almost 16 metres to date...
eighty metres long and eleven wide, she was capable of drilling a tunnel 8.6 metres across. Working twenty-four hours a day, five days a week, she bored twenty five metres below the water table. The terrain, made mostly of loosely packed limestone and marl
Marl
Marl or marlstone is a calcium carbonate or lime-rich mud or mudstone which contains variable amounts of clays and aragonite. Marl was originally an old term loosely applied to a variety of materials, most of which occur as loose, earthy deposits consisting chiefly of an intimate mixture of clay...
was favourable to drilling and the tunnel advanced at a respectable 350 metres a month. The tunnel passes underneath seven Métro lines, the sewers, Clichy-Capucines, four underground carparks and over two RER lines.
Works initially hindered by a fifteen blockage from the bassin de l'Arsenal due to a flood of the Seine, the waterway having been chosen to minimise heavy traffic in the city. The tunnel reached the future station Pyramides
Pyramides (Paris Metro)
Pyramides is a station of the Paris Métro. It is named after the Rue des Pyramides, which commemorates the victory in 1798 of Napoleon Bonaparte's Armée d’Orient over the Mamluks of Murad Bey in the Battle of the Pyramids in Egypt. The line 7 station opened in 1916 and the line 14 station was...
on the 17 January 1995, and Madeleine
Madeleine (Paris Metro)
Madeleine is a station on lines 8, 12 and 14 of the Paris Métro in central Paris and the 8th arrondissement.The station was opened on 5 November 1910 as part of the original section of the Nord-Sud Company's line A between Porte de Versailles and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. On 27 March 1931 line A...
on the 15 March; it stopped underneath boulevard Haussmann
Boulevard Haussmann
Boulevard Haussmann, running from the 8th to the 9th arrondissement,is one of the wide tree-lined boulevards created in Paris during the Second French Empire by Baron Haussmann, with enthusiastic support from Napoleon III....
in August was brought above ground through shafts there the same month.pp. 69-73
At the other end of the line, from Gare de Lyon to Tolbiac the tunnel was excavated directly from the surface. It crossed the Seine upstream from pont de Tolbiac
Pont de Tolbiac
The pont de Tolbiac is a bridge across the Seine in Paris built between 1879 and 1882 by H.P. Bernard, and J.D.A. Pérouse. It crosses from the 12th to the 13th arrondissement, linking quai de Bercy to rue Neuve Tolbiac...
, supported by submerged beams the traditional under fluvial support. The last was implanted on 28 September 1994.
As a cost saving measure, the section from Gare de Lyon to the Basson de l'Arsenal was excavated at the same time as the tunnels of Line D of the RER Châtelet — Les Halles. The 816000m3 of debris excavated is about twice the volume of the Tour Montparnasse
Tour Montparnasse
Tour Maine-Montparnasse , also commonly named Tour Montparnasse, is a tall office skyscraper located in Paris, France, in the area of Montparnasse. Constructed from 1969 to 1972, it was the tallest skyscraper in France until 2011, when it was surpassed in height by the Tour First...
, Paris's largest building; and the 19000 tonnes of steel needed for re-inforced concrete and structural support is twice the mass of the Eiffel Tower
Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower is a puddle iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris. Built in 1889, it has become both a global icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world...
.
Extensions and incidents
The southern extension, in June 2007, from Bibliothèque François-Mitterrand to Olympiades grew traffic again. Initially planned for 2006, work was delayed by the collapse of the courtyard in the primary school at 11, rue Auguste-Perret during the night of 14-15 October 2006.. Since then traffic has grown again: at the end of 2007, on average 450 000 passengers took the line on a working day.
Travellers have been largely satisfied with Line 14's speed and service. However, despite its automation it has not been free of accidents. While the platform doors prevent access to the rails, they are susceptible to electric outages which have halted service entirely. On the 20 September 2004, two trains stopped entirely in the tunnel after a signalling failure. On the 22 December 2006, passengers were trapped for one and a half hours after an electrical failure on the line which arose from a mechinical failure. Technological failures have occurred twice: on 21 March 2007 circulation was interrupted between Gare de Lyon and Bibliothèque François-Mitterrand; and again on 21 August 2007 a technical failure stopped service.
Impact
The experience in automated control and doors has inspired several new projects. In 1998, the RATP began planning to automate several lines, despite the heavy cost. The automation of Line 1 began in 2007, along with the introduction of doors on the platform. The upgrade should be finished in 2012.The widespread introduction of platform doors for passenger safety is planned, despite the project's cost. In January 2004, ground level signalling to indicate the doorways was tested on Line 13 at Saint-Lazare station. Several different door models were tested during 2006 and Kaba was chosen to supply them. After testing, platform doors will be rolled out across the network, first in certain stations on Line 13, then on the totality of Line 1 in preparation for its complete automation.(éd. 2004:135-136)
Signaling system
Météor as CBTC (Communication-based Train Control) system was supplied by Siemens Transportation SystemsSiemens Transportation Systems
Siemens Mobility is a division of the German Siemens AG conglomerate. The Mobility sub-division brings together Siemens competencies in rail, road, and air traffic solutions....
including monitoring from an operations control centre, equipment for 7 stations and equipment for 19 six-car trains, resulting in a headway of 85 seconds.
It was the base for the Trainguard MT CBTC
Trainguard MT CBTC
Trainguard MT CBTC is a communication-based train control developed by Siemens Transportation Systems which allows fully automated circulation of rapid transit trains, and thanks to mobile block system, less time between trains.- Rapid transit lines using Trainguard MT CBTC :* Paris Métro Line 14,...
, which then equipped other rapid transit lines throughout the world.
Future
Saint-Lazare (Paris Metro)
Saint-Lazare is a station on lines 3, 12, 13 and 14 of the Paris Métro on the border of the 8th and 9th arrondissements. It is the second busiest station of the metro system and is the western terminus of line 14....
, with the principal aim of reducing overcrowding on line 13
Paris Metro Line 13
Line 13 is one of the sixteen lines of the Paris Métro rapid transit system. The result of the fusion of the now-extinct Line B of the Nord-Sud Company and the old Line 14 of the CMP. Their creation was destined to be replaced by a north-south RER line before the reorganisation of the...
. The solution adopted crosses between the branches of line 13 with stations at Porte de Clichy on the Asnières – Gennevilliers branch and Mairie de Saint-Ouen
Mairie de Saint-Ouen (Paris Métro)
Mairie de Saint-Ouen is a station on line 13 of the Paris Métro in the commune of Saint-Ouen. The station opened on 30 June 1952 when the line was extended from Porte de Saint-Ouen to Carrefour Pleyel. It is named after the nearby town hall of Saint-Ouen....
on the Saint-Denis branch. The third confirmed additional station shall interconnect with the RER C
RER C
The RER C is one of the five lines in the RER rapid transit system serving :Paris, France. It is operated by SNCF.The line runs from the northwestern terminuses Pontoise , Versailles – Rive Gauche and Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines to the southeastern terminuses Massy-Palaiseau , Dourdan-la-Forêt , ...
station Saint-Ouen
Saint-Ouen (Paris RER)
Saint-Ouen is a station in Paris' express suburban rail system, the RER. It is situated in Saint-Ouen, in the département of Seine-Saint-Denis.- Lines serving this station :- See also :* List of stations of the Paris RER...
, while a decision is yet to be taken on whether a fourth stop, connecting the line 2 station Rome
Rome (Paris Metro)
Rome is a station on Paris Métro Line 2 on the border of the 8th and 17th arrondissement of Paris.The station was opened on 7 October 1902 as part of the extension of line 2 from Étoile to Anvers...
and Gare de Pont-Cardinet, will be added. Construction on the extension is scheduled to begin in 2013, with the aim of completion in 2017.
Plans have also been mooted to extend the other end of the line eastwards from Olympiades
Olympiades (Paris Métro)
Olympiades is a station of the Paris Métro. It is the southern terminus of Line 14.The station was formally inaugurated on June 25, 2007 in the presence of the Mayor of Paris, Bertrand Delanoë, and opened to the general public at just before 5.30am on June 26, 2007.It takes its name from the area...
to Maison Blanche
Maison Blanche (Paris Metro)
Maison Blanche is a station of the Paris Métro, serving Line 7. South of this station, the line forks into two branches, one leading to Villejuif – Louis Aragon and the other to Mairie d'Ivry...
, with a connection to Line 7
Paris Metro Line 7
Paris Métro Line 7 is one of sixteen lines of the Paris Métro system. Crossing the capital from its north-eastern to south-eastern sections via a moderately curved path, it links La Courneuve – 8 Mai 1945 in the north with Mairie d'Ivry and Villejuif – Louis Aragon in the south, while passing...
's Villejuif
Villejuif – Louis Aragon (Paris Metro)
Villejuif – Louis Aragon is a station of the Paris Métro, located in the commune of Villejuif. It is the terminus station on the south branch of Line 7. It serves the commune of Villejuif...
branch possible.
The former line 14
The first line 14 was planned as line C of the Nord-Sud CompanyNord-Sud Company
The Nord-Sud Company was an operator of underground trains in Paris established in 1904, which built two lines and had a concession to build a third...
(line A being today's line 12
Paris Metro Line 12
Paris Métro Line 12 is one of sixteen metro lines in Paris, France. It links Issy-les-Moulineaux in southern Paris to Porte de la Chapelle in the north. With 72 million journeys per year, Line 12 is the eleventh busiest on the Parisian Métropolitan system...
and line B being today's line 13
Paris Metro Line 13
Line 13 is one of the sixteen lines of the Paris Métro rapid transit system. The result of the fusion of the now-extinct Line B of the Nord-Sud Company and the old Line 14 of the CMP. Their creation was destined to be replaced by a north-south RER line before the reorganisation of the...
). The Nord-Sud company went bankrupt in 1930 and was taken over by the other company operating Paris metro: the CMP (which later became the RATP). The CMP subsequently implemented Line C as line 14. In the 1970s, the line was incorporated into line 13
Paris Metro Line 13
Line 13 is one of the sixteen lines of the Paris Métro rapid transit system. The result of the fusion of the now-extinct Line B of the Nord-Sud Company and the old Line 14 of the CMP. Their creation was destined to be replaced by a north-south RER line before the reorganisation of the...
.
Chronology
- 21 January 1937: line 14 was inaugurated between Bienvenüe and Porte de Vanves.
- 27 July 1937: The line was extended northbound from Bienvenüe to Duroc. The section between Invalides and Duroc which used to be served by line 10Paris Metro Line 10Paris Métro Line 10 is one of 16 metro lines in Paris, France. The line links the Boulogne – Pont de Saint Cloud metro station in Boulogne in the west with the Gare d'Austerlitz, travelling under the neighborhoods situated on the Rive Gauche in the southern half of Paris and the commune of...
was transferred to line 14. - 9 November 1976: Line 14 was incorporated into line 13Paris Metro Line 13Line 13 is one of the sixteen lines of the Paris Métro rapid transit system. The result of the fusion of the now-extinct Line B of the Nord-Sud Company and the old Line 14 of the CMP. Their creation was destined to be replaced by a north-south RER line before the reorganisation of the...
, which became a complete north-south line.
Stations renamed
- 6 October 1942: Bienvenüe was renamed as Montparnasse – Bienvenüe (today on line 13).
Routemap
Line 14 has interchanges with the five lines of the RER, and quickly links Saint-Lazare with Gare de Lyon, via Châtelet. The line begins underneath Saint-Lazare in a two way tunnel-head, after stopping in that station, it heads southwards, descending beneath buildings and winding around Line 12
Paris Metro Line 12
Paris Métro Line 12 is one of sixteen metro lines in Paris, France. It links Issy-les-Moulineaux in southern Paris to Porte de la Chapelle in the north. With 72 million journeys per year, Line 12 is the eleventh busiest on the Parisian Métropolitan system...
and RER Line A. It bends eastward and passes underneath Line 12, before entering, straight on, the station Madeleine
Madeleine
The madeleine or petite madeleine is a traditional small cake from Commercy and Liverdun, two communes of the Lorraine region in northeastern France....
, situated on the northern corner of the eponymous church, underneath the narrow rue de Sèze. The tunnel quickly descends on a 40% slope underneath Line 8
Paris Metro Line 8
Paris Métro Line 8 is one of 16 metro lines in Paris, France. It connects the Balard station in southwestern Paris, to Créteil – Préfecture station in Créteil, a town south-east of the French capital, following a parabolic route on the right bank of Seine River...
, itself nestled underneath the boulevards de la Madeleine and des Capucines, Line 14 continues at this depth underneath the buildings above. The 794 metre journey to the station Pyramides
Pyramides (Paris Metro)
Pyramides is a station of the Paris Métro. It is named after the Rue des Pyramides, which commemorates the victory in 1798 of Napoleon Bonaparte's Armée d’Orient over the Mamluks of Murad Bey in the Battle of the Pyramids in Egypt. The line 7 station opened in 1916 and the line 14 station was...
, finishes with a 45% climb to the station established just below l'avenue de l'Opéra.
List of stations
| Station | Connections | observations |
|---|---|---|
| Saint-Lazare Saint-Lazare (Paris Metro) Saint-Lazare is a station on lines 3, 12, 13 and 14 of the Paris Métro on the border of the 8th and 9th arrondissements. It is the second busiest station of the metro system and is the western terminus of line 14.... |
Lines 3 Paris Metro Line 3 Line 3 is one of the sixteen lines of the Paris Métro rapid transit system in Paris, France. Connecting Pont de Levallois - Bécon station in the near western suburbs to Gallieni in the east, the location of Paris' international bus station... , 9 Paris Metro Line 9 Paris Métro Line 9 is one of 16 lines of the Paris Métro. The line links Pont de Sèvres in Boulogne in the west with Montreuil in the east. It is the fourth busiest line on the network.... , 12 Paris Metro Line 12 Paris Métro Line 12 is one of sixteen metro lines in Paris, France. It links Issy-les-Moulineaux in southern Paris to Porte de la Chapelle in the north. With 72 million journeys per year, Line 12 is the eleventh busiest on the Parisian Métropolitan system... , 13 Paris Metro Line 13 Line 13 is one of the sixteen lines of the Paris Métro rapid transit system. The result of the fusion of the now-extinct Line B of the Nord-Sud Company and the old Line 14 of the CMP. Their creation was destined to be replaced by a north-south RER line before the reorganisation of the... RER E RER E The RER E is one of the five lines in the RER rapid transit system serving :Paris, France. The line runs from the western terminus Haussmann St-Lazare to the eastern terminuses Chelles-Gournay and Tournan... Transilien Saint-Lazare Réseau Saint-Lazare Réseau Saint-Lazare is the network of railway lines originating from Saint Lazare Station in Paris. The network stretches from Paris to Normandy and encompasses suburban services... Gare Saint-Lazare Gare Saint-Lazare Paris Saint-Lazare is one of the six large terminus train stations of Paris. It is the second busiest in Paris, behind the Gare du Nord, handling 274,000 passengers each day.-History:... grande Line |
|
| Madeleine Madeleine (Paris Metro) Madeleine is a station on lines 8, 12 and 14 of the Paris Métro in central Paris and the 8th arrondissement.The station was opened on 5 November 1910 as part of the original section of the Nord-Sud Company's line A between Porte de Versailles and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. On 27 March 1931 line A... |
Lines 8 Paris Metro Line 8 Paris Métro Line 8 is one of 16 metro lines in Paris, France. It connects the Balard station in southwestern Paris, to Créteil – Préfecture station in Créteil, a town south-east of the French capital, following a parabolic route on the right bank of Seine River... and 12 Paris Metro Line 12 Paris Métro Line 12 is one of sixteen metro lines in Paris, France. It links Issy-les-Moulineaux in southern Paris to Porte de la Chapelle in the north. With 72 million journeys per year, Line 12 is the eleventh busiest on the Parisian Métropolitan system... |
near the Église de la Madeleine Église de la Madeleine L'église de la Madeleine is a Roman Catholic church occupying a commanding position in the 8th arrondissement of Paris. It was designed in its present form as a temple to the glory of Napoleon's army... |
| Pyramides Pyramides (Paris Metro) Pyramides is a station of the Paris Métro. It is named after the Rue des Pyramides, which commemorates the victory in 1798 of Napoleon Bonaparte's Armée d’Orient over the Mamluks of Murad Bey in the Battle of the Pyramids in Egypt. The line 7 station opened in 1916 and the line 14 station was... |
Line 7 Paris Metro Line 7 Paris Métro Line 7 is one of sixteen lines of the Paris Métro system. Crossing the capital from its north-eastern to south-eastern sections via a moderately curved path, it links La Courneuve – 8 Mai 1945 in the north with Mairie d'Ivry and Villejuif – Louis Aragon in the south, while passing... |
named after Battle of the Pyramids Battle of the Pyramids The Battle of the Pyramids, also known as the Battle of Embabeh, was fought on July 21, 1798 between the French army in Egypt under Napoleon Bonaparte, and local Mamluk forces. It occurred during France's Egyptian Campaign and was the battle where Napoleon put into use one of his significant... and actually matching with the glass pyramids built in the Cour du Louvre |
| Châtelet Châtelet (Paris Metro) Châtelet is a station on lines 1, 4, 7, 11 and 14 of the Paris Métro in the centre of medieval Paris and the 1st arrondissement. The station is made up of two parts connected by a long corridor:... |
Lines 1 Paris Metro Line 1 Paris Métro Line 1 is one of the sixteen lines composing the Paris Métro . It connects the La Défense – Grande Arche and Château de Vincennes stations. With a 16.5 km length, it constitutes an "East-West" route transportation important for the City of Paris... , 4 Paris Metro Line 4 Line 4 is one of the sixteen lines of the Paris Métro rapid transit system. Situated entirely within the boundaries of the City of Paris, it connects Porte de Clignancourt in the north and Porte d'Orléans in the south, travelling across the heart of the city. As a result, it is sometimes called... , 7 Paris Metro Line 7 Paris Métro Line 7 is one of sixteen lines of the Paris Métro system. Crossing the capital from its north-eastern to south-eastern sections via a moderately curved path, it links La Courneuve – 8 Mai 1945 in the north with Mairie d'Ivry and Villejuif – Louis Aragon in the south, while passing... and 11 Paris Metro Line 11 Paris Métro Line 11 is one of 16 Paris métro lines. It links Les Lilas in the North East of the city to Châtelet in the center of Paris. It is the shortest of the 14 metro lines having independent management... RER A RER A The RER A is one of the five lines in the RER rapid transit system serving :Paris, France.The line runs from the western terminuses Saint-Germain-en-Laye , Cergy Le Haut , and Poissy to the eastern terminuses Boissy-Saint-Léger and Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy .* First inauguration: 12 December 1969*... , B RER B The RER B is one of the five lines in the RER rapid transit system serving :Paris, France.The line runs from the northern termini Aéroport Charles de Gaulle and Mitry-Claye to the southern termini Robinson and Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse .... and D RER D The RER D is one of the five lines in the RER rapid transit system serving :Paris, France.The line officially runs from the northern terminus Orry-la-Ville – Coye to the southern terminuses Melun and Malesherbes... |
named after Place du Châtelet Place du Châtelet The Place du Châtelet is a public square in Paris, on the right bank of the river Seine, on the borderline between the 1st and 4th arrondissements... |
| Gare de Lyon Gare de Lyon (Paris Metro) Gare de Lyon is a station on lines 1 and 14 of the Paris Métro. It is connected to the Gare de Lyon mainline rail and RER stations and is the third busiest station on the network with 30.91 million entering passengers in 2004, made up of 15.78 on line 1 and 15.13 on line 14.-Line 1:The line 1... |
Line 1 Paris Metro Line 1 Paris Métro Line 1 is one of the sixteen lines composing the Paris Métro . It connects the La Défense – Grande Arche and Château de Vincennes stations. With a 16.5 km length, it constitutes an "East-West" route transportation important for the City of Paris... RER A RER A The RER A is one of the five lines in the RER rapid transit system serving :Paris, France.The line runs from the western terminuses Saint-Germain-en-Laye , Cergy Le Haut , and Poissy to the eastern terminuses Boissy-Saint-Léger and Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy .* First inauguration: 12 December 1969*... and D RER D The RER D is one of the five lines in the RER rapid transit system serving :Paris, France.The line officially runs from the northern terminus Orry-la-Ville – Coye to the southern terminuses Melun and Malesherbes... Transilien Lyon Gare de Lyon Gare de Lyon Paris Lyon is one of the six large railway termini in Paris, France. It is the northern terminus of the Paris–Marseille railway. It is named after the city of Lyon, a stop for many long-distance trains departing here, most en route to the south of France. In general the station's SNCF services run... (national rail) |
named after railway station to Lyon Lyon Lyon , is a city in east-central France in the Rhône-Alpes region, situated between Paris and Marseille. Lyon is located at from Paris, from Marseille, from Geneva, from Turin, and from Barcelona. The residents of the city are called Lyonnais.... |
| Bercy Bercy (Paris Metro) Bercy is a station of the Paris Métro, serving lines 6 and 14 at the intersection of the Boulevard de Bercy and the Rue de Bercy in the neighbourhood of Bercy and the 12th arrondissement.-History:... |
Line 6 Paris Metro Line 6 Line 6 is one of the sixteen lines of the Paris Métro rapid transit system. Following a semi-circular route around the southern half of the city above boulevards formed by ancient city walls , it runs from Charles de Gaulle – Étoile in the west and Nation in the east.Opened between 1900 and 1906... Gare de Bercy Gare de Bercy Paris Bercy is a railway station and terminus in Paris, France, run by the SNCF. It specialises in auto-trains, which transport travelers' vehicles, such as cars, motorbikes, scooters and so on, to another station which also specialises in auto-trains... (national rail) |
|
| Cour Saint-Émilion Cour Saint-Émilion (Paris Metro) Cour Saint-Émilion is a station of the Paris Métro, located on the Line 14, which opened in 1998.It is named after the French wine Saint-Émilion because it was built at the old railway station of Bercy where wine from south of France arrived in Paris.... |
||
| Bibliothèque François Mitterrand Bibliothèque François Mitterrand (Paris Metro and RER) Bibliothèque François Mitterrand is a station of the Paris Métro and RER, named after former French president François Mitterrand and serving the area surrounding the new building of the Bibliothèque nationale de France , whose site near the station is also named after Mitterrand, and the Paris... |
RER C RER C The RER C is one of the five lines in the RER rapid transit system serving :Paris, France. It is operated by SNCF.The line runs from the northwestern terminuses Pontoise , Versailles – Rive Gauche and Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines to the southeastern terminuses Massy-Palaiseau , Dourdan-la-Forêt , ... |
named after François Mitterrand François Mitterrand François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand was the 21st President of the French Republic and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra, serving from 1981 until 1995. He is the longest-serving President of France and, as leader of the Socialist Party, the only figure from the left so far elected President... |
| Olympiades Olympiades (Paris Métro) Olympiades is a station of the Paris Métro. It is the southern terminus of Line 14.The station was formally inaugurated on June 25, 2007 in the presence of the Mayor of Paris, Bertrand Delanoë, and opened to the general public at just before 5.30am on June 26, 2007.It takes its name from the area... |
named after Les Olympiades Les Olympiades Les Olympiades is a district of residential towers located in the 13th arrondissement of Paris, France. Built from 1969 to 1974, the district consists of a dozen towers built along a huge esplanade, elevated eight meters from the ground, that is dedicated to pedestrians. A shopping mall, known as... |
Architecture
Antoine Grumbach
Antoine Grumbach is a French architect who amongst others designed Disney's Sequoia Lodge hotel at Disneyland Resort Paris.-References:...
&t Pierre Schall the station Bibliothèque.p. 47
Saint-Lazare benefits from a well of natural light visible on the keys, even though they are five levels below the surface. The station's exit is constructed from a glass bubble designed by Jean-Marie Charpentier
Jean-Marie Charpentier
Jean-Marie Charpentier was a French architect and urban planner.He founded "ARTE Charpentier" in Paris in 1969. The agency comprises four practices: urban planning & design, landscape design, architecture, interior design....
and situated just in front of the Gare de Paris-Saint-Lazare, pointing towards the row of bus-stops.
Pyramides and Madeleine are endowed with a particular lighting, bright sunshine outside falls onto the platforms; a system which evidently does not work at night. Madeleine has several video projectors which allow cultural installations, for example, one on Marlène Dietrich
Marlene Dietrich
Marlene Dietrich was a German-American actress and singer.Dietrich remained popular throughout her long career by continually re-inventing herself, professionally and characteristically. In the Berlin of the 1920s, she acted on the stage and in silent films...
, an actress, during the autumn of 2003.
Gare de Lyon (Paris Metro)
Gare de Lyon is a station on lines 1 and 14 of the Paris Métro. It is connected to the Gare de Lyon mainline rail and RER stations and is the third busiest station on the network with 30.91 million entering passengers in 2004, made up of 15.78 on line 1 and 15.13 on line 14.-Line 1:The line 1...
offers travellers the view of a tropical garden on the right side of trains towards Olympiades, as one enters the station. This garden is situated underneath RATP House at the foot of which the station was built. It occupies a space originally reserved for the Transport Museum. Moreover, it is the only station equipped with a central platform, the only possible layout in light of the density of underground construction in the area.
Bibliothèque François-Mitterrand
Bibliothèque François Mitterrand (Paris Metro and RER)
Bibliothèque François Mitterrand is a station of the Paris Métro and RER, named after former French president François Mitterrand and serving the area surrounding the new building of the Bibliothèque nationale de France , whose site near the station is also named after Mitterrand, and the Paris...
has its own unique design: monumental, fifteen metre pillars and stairs forming a semi-circle seventy metres in diameter.
The station Olympiades
Olympiades (Paris Métro)
Olympiades is a station of the Paris Métro. It is the southern terminus of Line 14.The station was formally inaugurated on June 25, 2007 in the presence of the Mayor of Paris, Bertrand Delanoë, and opened to the general public at just before 5.30am on June 26, 2007.It takes its name from the area...
was developed by the architects "ar.thème associés" following the line's guiding principles, defined by Bernard Kohn from 1991. The station thus is in keeping with others in its choice of materials (polished concrete arches, wood on the ceilings, etc.) as much as in its lighting, height of its ceilings, and platforms larger than the average on other lines.
On the other hand, certain stations on the line are notable due to the disagreeable odour of humidity and sulfur that one can sometimes find as far as the changeover halls. Due to the line's relative depth, it runs underneath the water-table, creating a constant risk of seepage, similar to that found on Line E of the RER.
Tourism
Metro line 14 passes near several places of interest:- Two 19th-century train stations: Saint-LazareGare Saint-LazareParis Saint-Lazare is one of the six large terminus train stations of Paris. It is the second busiest in Paris, behind the Gare du Nord, handling 274,000 passengers each day.-History:...
and Gare de LyonGare de LyonParis Lyon is one of the six large railway termini in Paris, France. It is the northern terminus of the Paris–Marseille railway. It is named after the city of Lyon, a stop for many long-distance trains departing here, most en route to the south of France. In general the station's SNCF services run...
. - The Church of the MadeleineÉglise de la MadeleineL'église de la Madeleine is a Roman Catholic church occupying a commanding position in the 8th arrondissement of Paris. It was designed in its present form as a temple to the glory of Napoleon's army...
. - At Bercy, the Ministry of Finance, Paris-Bercy sports ArenaPalais Omnisports de Paris-BercyOpened in 1984, Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy, often abbreviated as POPB or Bercy, is an indoor sports arena on boulevard de Bercy located in the 12th arrondissement of Paris...
and its gardens. - Bercy village.
- The Bibliothèque nationale de FranceBibliothèque nationale de FranceThe is the National Library of France, located in Paris. It is intended to be the repository of all that is published in France. The current president of the library is Bruno Racine.-History:...
National Library of France and Paris' largest library.
External links
RATP official website RATP english speaking website Interactive Map of the RER (from RATP's website) Interactive Map of the Paris métro (from RATP's website) Mobidf website, dedicated to the RER (unofficial) Metro-Pole website, dedicated to Paris public transports (unofficial)- Paris Metro - Line 14 - St Lazare to Olympiades A passenger's video recording of a trip down the length of the line