Papal election, 1130
Encyclopedia
Pope Honorius II
Pope Honorius II , born Lamberto Scannabecchi, was pope from December 21, 1124, to February 13, 1130. Although from a humble background, his obvious intellect and outstanding abilities saw him promoted through the ecclesiastical hierarchy...
and resulted in a double election. Part of the cardinals
Cardinal (Catholicism)
A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official, usually an ordained bishop, and ecclesiastical prince of the Catholic Church. They are collectively known as the College of Cardinals, which as a body elects a new pope. The duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the College and...
, led by Cardinal-Chancellor Aymeric de la Chatre, elected Gregorio Papareschi as Pope Innocent II
Pope Innocent II
Pope Innocent II , born Gregorio Papareschi, was pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III .-Early years:...
, but the rest of them refused to recognize him and elected Cardinal Pietro Pierleoni, who took the name of Anacletus II. Although Anacletus had the support of the majority of the cardinals, the Catholic Church considers Innocent II as the legitimate Pope, and Anacletus II as Antipope
Antipope
An antipope is a person who opposes a legitimately elected or sitting Pope and makes a significantly accepted competing claim to be the Pope, the Bishop of Rome and leader of the Roman Catholic Church. At times between the 3rd and mid-15th century, antipopes were typically those supported by a...
.
The double election was a result of the growing tensions inside the College of Cardinals
College of Cardinals
The College of Cardinals is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church.A function of the college is to advise the pope about church matters when he summons them to an ordinary consistory. It also convenes on the death or abdication of a pope as a papal conclave to elect a successor...
concerning the policy of the Holy See
Holy See
The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, in which its Bishop is commonly known as the Pope. It is the preeminent episcopal see of the Catholic Church, forming the central government of the Church. As such, diplomatically, and in other spheres the Holy See acts and...
towards the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a realm that existed from 962 to 1806 in Central Europe.It was ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes...
, initiated by the Concordat of Worms
Concordat of Worms
The Concordat of Worms, sometimes called the Pactum Calixtinum by papal historians, was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V on September 23, 1122 near the city of Worms...
(1122), which ended the investiture controversy
Investiture Controversy
The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was the most significant conflict between Church and state in medieval Europe. In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of Popes challenged the authority of European monarchies over control of appointments, or investitures, of church officials such...
. Several, particularly older, cardinals considered the compromise achieved in Worms
Worms, Germany
Worms is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the Rhine River. At the end of 2004, it had 85,829 inhabitants.Established by the Celts, who called it Borbetomagus, Worms today remains embattled with the cities Trier and Cologne over the title of "Oldest City in Germany." Worms is the only...
as desertion of the principles of the Gregorian Reform
Gregorian Reform
The Gregorian Reforms were a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII and the circle he formed in the papal curia, circa 1050–80, which dealt with the moral integrity and independence of the clergy...
, and inclined to accept it only as a tactical move. They supported the traditional alliance of the Papacy with the Normans
Normans
The Normans were the people who gave their name to Normandy, a region in northern France. They were descended from Norse Viking conquerors of the territory and the native population of Frankish and Gallo-Roman stock...
in southern Italy. Some of them were connected to old monastic centers in Southern Italy such as Montecassino. One of their leaders was Cardinal Pierleoni, representative of one of the most powerful families of Rome.
The opposite faction was headed by Aymeric de la Chatre, who was named cardinal and chancellor of the Holy See shortly after signing the Concordat of Worms and was one of the main architects of the new policy. He and his adherents looked at the compromise as a good solution both for the Church and the Emperor, and did not trust the Norman vassals of the Holy See, who expressed some expansionist tendencies. It seems that at least some major representatives of this faction had strong connections to the "new spirituality", meaning the new religious orders such as regular canons. Besides, they were allied with the Roman family of Frangipani, opponents of the Pierleoni family.
In the last weeks of the lifetime of Pope Honorius II the cardinals, fearing the possible schism, made an agreement that the new pope would be elected by the commission of eight of them, including two cardinal-bishops, three cardinal-priests and three cardinal-deacons.
Cardinals
The College of CardinalsCollege of Cardinals
The College of Cardinals is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church.A function of the college is to advise the pope about church matters when he summons them to an ordinary consistory. It also convenes on the death or abdication of a pope as a papal conclave to elect a successor...
had probably 43 (or 42) members in February 1130. It seems that no more than 37 (36) were present at Rome on the death of Honorius II:
| Elector | Faction | Cardinalatial Title | Elevated | Elevator | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pietro Senex Pietro Senex Pietro Senex was Cardinal-Bishop of Porto from 1102 until his death.He was born probably in Rome. He appears for the first time as cardinal in March 1102, when he exercised the legatine duties in Benevento. From 1106 until 1109 he is attested as governor of Benevento... |
Anacletan | Bishop of Porto | 1102 | Paschalis II | Dean of the College of Cardinals Dean of the College of Cardinals The Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals is the president of the College of Cardinals in the Roman Catholic Church, and as such always holds the rank of Cardinal Bishop. The Dean is not necessarily the longest-serving member of the whole College... |
| Guillaume | Innocentine | Bishop of Palestrina | March 1123 | Callixtus II | Committee member |
| Matthieu Matthew of Albano Matthew of Albano was a French Benedictine monk and Cardinal, and papal legate. He is a Catholic saint.He was instrumental in the recognition of the Knights Templar, at the 1129 Council of Troyes.... , O.S.B.Cluny |
Innocentine | Bishop of Albano | December 1126 | Honorius II | |
| Giovanni of Camaldoli, O.S.B.Cam. | Innocentine | Bishop of Ostia Bishop of Ostia The Bishop of Ostia is the head of the Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia, one of the seven suburbicarian sees of Rome. The position is now attached to the post of Dean of the College of Cardinals, as it has been since 1150, with the actual governance of the diocese entrusted to the Vicar General of... |
December 1126 | Honorius II | |
| Corrado della Suburra Pope Anastasius IV Pope Anastasius IV , born Corrado Demetri della Suburra, was Pope from 1153 to 1154.-Early life:He was a Roman, son of Benedictus de Suburra, probably of the family of Demetri, and became a secular clerk. He was created cardinal-priest of S. Pudenziana by Pope Paschal II no later than in 1114... |
Innocentine | Bishop of Sabina | 1113/14 | Paschalis II | Committee member; future Pope Anastasius IV Pope Anastasius IV Pope Anastasius IV , born Corrado Demetri della Suburra, was Pope from 1153 to 1154.-Early life:He was a Roman, son of Benedictus de Suburra, probably of the family of Demetri, and became a secular clerk. He was created cardinal-priest of S. Pudenziana by Pope Paschal II no later than in 1114... (1153–54) |
| Bonifacio | Anacletan | Priest of S. Marco | ca. 1100 | Paschalis II | Protopriest Protopriest Protopriest — in the College of Cardinals, is the first Cardinal-Priest in the order of precedence. This title is always attached to the most senior Cardinal Priest according to date of his creation. From the 17th century until the end of 19th century Protopriest usually opted for the titulus San... |
| Gregorio de Ceccano Antipope Victor IV (1138) Victor IV , antipope for a short time in 1138.He was born in Ceccano as Gregorio Conti. Pope Paschal II created him cardinal-priest of SS. XII Apostoli ca. 1102, but in 1112 deposed him and replaced in his title, because he had severely criticised Victor IV (died after April 1139), antipope for a... |
Anacletan | Priest of SS. XII Apostoli | ca. 1102 (deposed 1112, reinstated in March 1123) | Paschalis II (reinstated by Callixtus II) | Future Antipope Victor IV (1138) Antipope Victor IV (1138) Victor IV , antipope for a short time in 1138.He was born in Ceccano as Gregorio Conti. Pope Paschal II created him cardinal-priest of SS. XII Apostoli ca. 1102, but in 1112 deposed him and replaced in his title, because he had severely criticised Victor IV (died after April 1139), antipope for a... |
| Pietro Pierleoni Antipope Anacletus II Anacletus II , born Pietro Pierleoni, was an Antipope who ruled from 1130 to his death, in a schism against the contested, hasty election of Pope Innocent II.... , O.S.B.Cluny |
Anacletan | Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere | 1111/12 | Paschalis II | Committee member; elected Pope Anacletus II (1130–38) |
| Pietro Pisano | Anacletan | Priest of S. Susanna | 1112/13 | Paschalis II | Committee member |
| Desiderio | Anacletan | Priest of S. Prassede | 1115 | Paschalis II | |
| Giovanni Cremense | Innocentine | Priest of S. Crisogono | ca. 1116/17 | Paschalis II | |
| Saxo de Anagni | Anacletan | Priest of S. Stefano in Celiomonte | 1117 | Paschalis II | |
| Crescenzio di Anagni | Anacletan | Priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro | 1117 | Paschalis II | |
| Sigizo | Anacletan | Priest of S. Sisto | 1117 or 1120 | Paschalis II (or Callixtus II) | |
| Pietro Ruffino | Innocentine | Priest of SS. Silvestro e Martino | March 1118 | Gelasius II | Committee member; nephew of Paschalis II |
| Pietro | Anacletan | Priest of S. Marcello | 1120 | Callixtus II | |
| Gerardo Caccianemici Pope Lucius II Pope Lucius II , born Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso, was pope from March 9, 1144, until his death Feb 15, 1145. His pontificate was notable for the unrest in Rome associated with the Commune of Rome, and its attempts to wrest control of the city from the papacy.-Early life:Gherardo Caccianemici... , C.R.S.F. |
Innocentine | Priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme | March 1123 | Callixtus II | Future Pope Lucius II (1144–45) |
| Matteo | Anacletan | Priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli | March 1123 | Callixtus II | |
| Comes | Anacletan | Priest of S. Sabina | March 1123 | Callixtus II | Several sources erroneously identify him with Cardinal-Deacon Comes of S. Maria in Aquiro (1116–1126) |
| Gregorio | Anacletan | Priest of S. Balbina | 1125 | Honorius II | |
| Alderico | Anacletan | Priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo | 1125 | Honorius II | |
| Petrus | Innocentine | Priest of S. Anastasia | 1126 | Honorius II | |
| Anselmo | Innocentine | Priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina | 1127/28 | Honorius II | |
| Lectifredo | Anacletan | Priest of S. Vitale | ca. 1128 | Honorius II | |
| Joselmo | Innocentine | Priest of S. Cecilia | 1128/29 | Honorius II | |
| Enrico | Anacletan | Priest of S. Prisca | 1129 (?) | Honorius II (?) | Several sources indicate that he was created only by Anacletus II |
| Gregorio, O.S.B. | Anacletan | Deacon of S. Eustachio | Before 1110 | Paschalis II | Protodeacon Protodeacon Protodeacon derives from the Greek proto- meaning 'first' and diakonos, which is a standard ancient Greek word meaning "servant", "waiting-man," "minister" or "messenger." The word in English may refer to various clergymen, depending upon the usage of the particular church in question.-Eastern... (?) |
| Gregorio Papareschi Pope Innocent II Pope Innocent II , born Gregorio Papareschi, was pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III .-Early years:... , C.R.Lat. |
Innocentine | Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria | 1115/16 | Paschalis II | Committee member; elected Pope Innocent II Pope Innocent II Pope Innocent II , born Gregorio Papareschi, was pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III .-Early years:... (1130–43) |
| Romano | Innocentine | Deacon of S. Maria in Portico | 1119 | Callixtus II | |
| Gionata | Anacletan | Deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano | December 1120 | Callixtus II | Committee member |
| Angelo | Anacletan | Deacon of S. Maria in Domnica | March 1123 | Callixtus II | |
| Giovanni Dauferio | Anacletan | Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere | March 1123 | Callixtus II | |
| Gregorio Tarquini Gregorio Tarquini Gregorio Tarquini was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Born in Rome, he was created cardinal deacon of Sts. Sergio e Bacco in December 1122... |
Innocentine | Deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco | March 1123 | Callixtus II | |
| Aymeric de la Chatre, C.R.S.M.R. | Innocentine | Deacon of S. Maria Nuova | March 1123 | Callixtus II | Committee member; Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church |
| Stefano Stornato | Anacletan (?) | Deacon of S. Lucia in Orthea | 1125 | Honorius II | |
| Alberto Teodoli | Innocentine | Deacon of S. Teodoro | September 1127 | Honorius II | |
| Guido del Castello Pope Celestine II Pope Celestine II , born Guido di Castello, was pope from 1143 to 1144.-Early life:Guido di Castello, possibly the son of a local noble, Niccolo di Castello, was born either in Città di Castello, situated in Paterna Santa Felicita upon the Apennines, or at Macerata in the March of Ancona.Guido had... |
Innocentine | Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata | ca. 1128/29 | Honorius II | Future Pope Celestine II Pope Celestine II Pope Celestine II , born Guido di Castello, was pope from 1143 to 1144.-Early life:Guido di Castello, possibly the son of a local noble, Niccolo di Castello, was born either in Città di Castello, situated in Paterna Santa Felicita upon the Apennines, or at Macerata in the March of Ancona.Guido had... (1143–44) |
Probably six cardinals were absent from Rome:
| Elector | Faction | Cardinalatial Title | Elevated | Elevator | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gilles of Paris Gilles de Paris (bishop) Gilles de Paris was a Cardinal-Bishop of Tusculum from 1123 until 1139.He was born in Toucy and became archdeacon at Paris. In 1119 he entered the monastery of Cluny. Pope Callixtus II created him cardinal-bishop of Tusculum probably in March 1123... , O.S.B.Cluny |
Anacletan | Bishop of Tusculum | March 1123 | Callixtus II | Papal legate in Outremer |
| Guido | Innocentine | Bishop of Tivoli | ca. 1124 | Callixtus II | |
| Amico, O.S.B.Cas. | Anacletan | Priest of SS. Nereo ed Achilleo | 1117 | Paschalis II | Abbot of S. Vincenzo al Volturno near Capua |
| Uberto Lanfranchi | Innocentine | Priest of S. Clemente | March 1123 | Callixtus II | Papal legate in Spain; future Archbishop of Pisa (1133–37) |
| Rustico | Innocentine | Priest of S. Ciriaco | 1128 | Honorius II | Archpriest of the Vatican Basilica; papal legate in Upper Italy |
| Oderisio de Sangro, O.S.B.Cas. | Anacletan | Deacon of S. Agata | 1111/12 | Paschalis II | Former Abbot of Montecassino (1123–26) |
Preparations for the election
Both parties of the College of Cardinals were of almost an equal size. The party of Aymeric had 19 members, while that of his opponents 24, but the party of the Chancellor was certainly better organized.One of the undeniable aspects of that division is that the Anacletans were mainly older cardinals, veterans of the investiture controversy, created either by Paschalis II or early in the pontificate of Callixtus II, while Innocentine cardinals with few exceptions were created after Concordat of Worms (1122), which established peace with the Emperor. Out of nineteen cardinals created before 1122, only five supported the Chancellor, while out of twenty four appointed from that time onwards as many as fourteen. The other possible reasons for such radical tensions in the College (e.g. national divisions, connections to different spiritual centres) are widely discussed by historians without final conclusion.
In the elected committee the party of Aymeric had 5 members out 8. This was due to the way of their election – each of the three cardinalatial orders had to elect their own representatives. Although adherents of Aymeric were in the minority in the whole College, they had a majority among cardinal-bishops and cardinal-deacons, while their opponents were mainly cardinal-priests. Therefore, the faction of the Chancellor acquired a majority in the electoral body
- Cardinal-Bishops (two adherents of Aymeric)
- Guillaume, Bishop of Palestrina
- Corrado della Suburra, Bishop of Sabina
- Cardinal-Priests (two opponents and one adherent of Aymeric)
- Pietro Pierleoni, O.S.B.Cluny, Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere †
- Pietro Pisano, Priest of S. Susanna †
- Pietro Ruffino, Priest of SS. Silvestro e Martino
- Cardinal-Deacons (two adherents and one opponent of Aymeric)
- Gregorio Papareschi, C.R.L., Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria
- Aymeric de la Chatre, C.R.S.M.R., Deacon of S. Maria Nuova and Chancellor of the Holy See
- Gionata, Deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano †
Death of Honorius II and the election of Innocent II
Honorius II died in the night 13/14 February 1130 in the Roman monastery of S. Gregorio, after a long illness. Cardinal Aymeric arranged a hasty burial there and immediately called the members of the committee to the monastery to proceed for the election of a new pope. But Cardinals Pierleoni and Gionata, realising that the commission certainly would elect an supporter of the Chancellor, withdrew from it hoping that a lack of quorumQuorum
A quorum is the minimum number of members of a deliberative assembly necessary to conduct the business of that group...
would prevent it from functioning. But Aymeric ignored this fact and the commission assembled with six members only. Despite the protests of Cardinal Pietro Pisano, who was a distinguished canonist, the committee elected one of its members, Cardinal Gregorio Papareschi of S. Angelo, who accepted the election and took the name Innocent II. He was enthroned in the Lateran Basilica early in the morning on February 14. His election was almost immediately recognized by six other cardinals: two bishops (Giovanni of Ostia and Mathieu of Albano) and four priests (Joselmo of S. Cecilia, Petrus of S. Anastasia and Giovanni of S. Crisogono; the identity of the fourth one is uncertain, but most probably it was Gerardo of S. Croce). In a short time they were joined also by the next eight cardinals.
The election of Anacletus II
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San Marco (Rome)
San Marco is a basilica in Rome dedicated to St. Mark located in the small Piazza di San Marco adjoining Piazza Venezia. It was built in 336 by Pope Mark and rebuilt in 833 by Pope Gregory IV.-History:...
to elect the new Pope. Initially, Cardinal Pierleoni proposed the election of the Dean of the College Pietro Senex of Porto, but he refused to accept the papal dignity. Then the cardinals unanimously elected Pierleoni himself, who took the name of Anacletus II.
It is not known how many cardinals elected Anacletus II. The decree proclaiming his election issued on the same day was subscribed by 14 cardinals:
- Bishop Pietro Senex of Porto,
- Priests Gregorio de Ceccano of SS. Apostoli, Saxo of S. Stefano, Pietro of S. Marcello, Comes of S. Sabina, Gregorio of S. Balbina, Crescenzio of SS. Marcellino e Pietro, Lectifredo of S. Vitale, Pietro Pisano of S. Susanna, Matteo of S. Pietro in Vincoli and Enrico of S. Prisca,
- Deacons Gregorio of S. Eustachio, Gionata of SS. Cosma e Damiano and Angelo of S. Maria in Domnica.
To them certainly should be added Archpriest of the College Bonifazio of S. Marco, because the election was held in his titular church, and the elect, Cardinal Pierleoni himself. It is not known whether the remaining four adherents of Pierleoni, who are believed to have been present at Rome, participated in the electoral proceedings. There is no doubt, however, that the lesser clergy of Rome was represented in the election. The electoral decree of Anacletus II bears the subscriptions of some of them, including Subdeacon Gregorio, primicerius scholae cantorum, who was appointed Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro the following February 21, and Rainiero, Archpriest of the Patriarchal Liberian Basilica.
Division of the College of Cardinals
The double election resulted with the open split of the College of Cardinals into two parties. Their compositions can be established in the following way:- Liber PontificalisLiber PontificalisThe Liber Pontificalis is a book of biographies of popes from Saint Peter until the 15th century. The original publication of the Liber Pontificalis stopped with Pope Adrian II or Pope Stephen V , but it was later supplemented in a different style until Pope Eugene IV and then Pope Pius II...
mentions the names of 16 cardinals who supported Innocent II from the very beginning. To them should be added two other cardinals (Guido of Tivoli and Rustico of S. Ciriaco), whose attitude is attested by the fact that they subscribed the bulls of Innocent II. Finally, among the signatories of the bull of Innocent II dated April 3, 1130 appears one new Cardinal, Pietro of S. Marco, who was certainly created only after the election, because the title of S. Marco had been occupied by Cardinal-Protpriest Bonifazio, the adherent of Antipope Anacletus II. The most probable date of his creation is February 21, a Friday of the ember weekEmber daysIn the liturgical calendar of the Western Christian churches, Ember days are four separate sets of three days within the same week — specifically, the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday — roughly equidistant in the circuit of the year, that were formerly set aside for fasting and prayer...
. - The obedience of Anacletus II may be reconstructed basing on the letter addressed to king Lothair III of Germany by his cardinals soon after his coronation. This letter bears the subscriptions of 27 cardinals, including five created by Anacletus II on February 21. To them should be added also cardinal Oderisio of S. Agata, who later subscribed the bulls issued by Anacletus II.
Therefore, at the beginning of the schism 19 cardinals belonged to the College of Innocent II, and 28 to the College of Anacletus II.
The Innocentine cardinals, who are not mentioned by Liber Pontificalis, and the Anacletan, who did not subscribe the letter to king Lothair, are denoted with †.
| Obedience of Innocent II | Obedience of Anacletus II |
|---|---|
| 1. Guillaume, bishop of Palestrina 2. Giovanni of Camaldoli, O.S.B.Cam., bishop of Ostia 3. Matthieu, O.S.B.Cluny, bishop of Albano 4. Corrado della Suburra, bishop of Sabina 5. Guido, bishop of Tivoli † 6. Giovanni Cremense, priest of S. Crisogono 7. Pietro Ruffino, priest of SS. Silvestro e Martino 8. Gerardo Caccianemici, C.R.S.F., priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme 9. Uberto Lanfranchi, priest of S. Clemente 10. Pierre, priest of S. Anastasia 11. Anselmo, priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina 12. Joselmo, priest of S. Cecilia 13. Rustico, priest of S. Ciriaco † 14. Romano, deacon of S. Maria in Portico 15. Gregorio Tarquini, deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco 16. Aymeric, C.R.S.M.R., deacon of S. Maria Nuova 17. Alberto Teodoli, deacon of S. Teodoro 18. Guido del Castello, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata New cardinal elevated probably on February 21, 1130: 1. Pietro, priest of S. Marco † |
1. Pietro Senex, bishop of Porto 2. Gilles de Paris, O.S.B.Cluny, bishop of Tusculum 3. Bonifazio, priest of S. Marco 4. Gregorio de Ceccano, priest of SS. XII Apostoli 5. Comes, priest of S. Sabina 6. Pietro Pisano, priest of S. Susanna 7. Desiderio, priest of S. Prassede 8. Amico, O.S.B.Cas., priest of SS. Nereo ed Achilleo 9. Sasso de’ Anagni, priest of S. Stefano al Monte Celio 10. Sigizo, priest of S. Sisto 11. Crescenzio di Anagni, priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro 12. Pietro, priest of S. Marcello 13. Matteo, priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli 14. Gregorio, priest of S. Balbina 15. Alderico, priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo 16. Lectifredo, priest of S. Vitale 17. Enrico, priest of S. Prisca 18. Gregorio, O.S.B., deacon of S. Eustachio 19. Oderisio di Sangro, O.S.B.Cas., deacon of S. Agata † 20. Gionata, deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano (appointed priest of S. Maria in Trastevere on February 21) 21. Angelo, deacon of S. Maria in Domnica 22. Giovanni Dauferio, deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere (appointed priest of S. Pudenziana probably on March 22) 23. Stefano Stornato, deacon of S. Lucia in Orthea (appointed priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso on February 21) New cardinals elevated on February 21, 1130: 1. Pietro, priest of S. Eusebio 2. Gregorio, deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro 3. Hermann, deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria 4. Silvio, deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio 5. Romano, deacon of S. Adriano |
Stefano Stornato joined the obedience of Innocent II no later than 1132; Lectifredo of S. Vitale and Giovanni Dauferio did the same in 1133, Pietro Pisano in 1137, and Desiderio of S. Prassede shortly before the end of the schism in 1138. It seems that ca. 1135 Comes of S. Sabina also abandoned Anacletus II.
The schism
Santa Francesca Romana
Santa Francesca Romana, previously known as Santa Maria Nova, is a church in Rome, Italy, situated next to the Roman Forum.- History :...
, the titular deaconry of Chancellor Aymeric. Anacletus II was consecrated by Cardinal Pietro of Porto in the Vatican Basilica, which means that Anacletus took the advantage in the city from the very beginning. Almost all Roman aristocracy (with the significant exception of the Frangipani family), the majority of the lesser clergy and the people of Rome recognized Anacletus II and at the end of May Innocent II had to flee to France. After his defection to France even the Frangipani submitted to Anacletus.
In France, however, Innocent II found a strong ally in the person of Bernard of Clairvaux
Bernard of Clairvaux
Bernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian order.After the death of his mother, Bernard sought admission into the Cistercian order. Three years later, he was sent to found a new abbey at an isolated clearing in a glen known as the Val...
. Under Bernard’s influence, almost all European monarchs and episcopates recognized the exiled Innocent II. Anacletus II, although he controlled Rome and the Patrimony of St. Peter, received the support only of the Normans of southern Italy, Scotland
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
, Aquitaine
Aquitaine
Aquitaine , archaic Guyenne/Guienne , is one of the 27 regions of France, in the south-western part of metropolitan France, along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain. It comprises the 5 departments of Dordogne, :Lot et Garonne, :Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Landes...
, some cities in northern Italy (incl. Milan), and perhaps Outremer and probably also Poland.
Both elections were irregular, because they contradicted the rules established by the decree In Nomine Domini
In Nomine Domini
In nomine Domini, named for its Latin incipit , is a papal bull of Pope Nicholas II and canon of the Council of Rome, promulgated on April 13, 1059, establishing cardinal-bishops as the sole electors of the pope, with the consent of cardinal-deacons and cardinal-priests In nomine Domini, named...
in 1059, but both sides defended the legality of the respective pontificates. The adherents of Anacletus argued that he was elected by the majority of the cardinals, lower clergy and the people of Rome. The partisans of Innocent II answered that Innocent II was elected by majority of the cardinal-bishops, who according to the decree In Nomine Domini
In Nomine Domini
In nomine Domini, named for its Latin incipit , is a papal bull of Pope Nicholas II and canon of the Council of Rome, promulgated on April 13, 1059, establishing cardinal-bishops as the sole electors of the pope, with the consent of cardinal-deacons and cardinal-priests In nomine Domini, named...
had to play the preeminent role in the election. Their opponents answered with another version of the decree (false, but very popular at the time), which stated that the pope was elected by "cardinals" (meaning cardinal-priests and deacons), while cardinal-bishops could only express their approval or disapproval. Both parties used, by analogy, the Benedictine
Benedictine
Benedictine refers to the spirituality and consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in the sixth century for the cenobitic communities he founded in central Italy. The most notable of these is Monte Cassino, the first monastery founded by Benedict...
rule, which stated that in the case of a double election for abbot, the valid election was the one made by "the sounder part" (sanior pars) of the electors – but there was no consensus which part of the College was "sounder" in this case.
Decisive for the verdict about the legality of both pontificates were not the legal arguments, but the attitude of the Catholic world, which had almost universally recognized Innocent II. His main supporters were Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux, Archbishop of Magdeburg Norbert of Xanten
Norbert of Xanten
Saint Norbert of Xanten was a Christian saint and founder of the Norbertine or Premonstratensian order of canons regular.- Life and work :...
and King Lothair III of Germany. The few secular lords who had initially supported Anacletus gradually abandoned his cause as lost; only King Roger II of Sicily
Roger II of Sicily
Roger II was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his brother Simon. He began his rule as Count of Sicily in 1105, later became Duke of Apulia and Calabria , then King of Sicily...
, who had received the crown from Anacletus in exchange for support, stood at his side to the very end. Although Anacletus II was able to retain the control of the city of Rome and the Patrimony of St. Peter until his death in January 1138, his successor quickly made his submission to Innocent II, who is now regarded as true Pope.