Pale (town)
Encyclopedia
Pale is a town and a municipality
in Bosnia and Herzegovina
, located southeast of Bosnia's capital Sarajevo
. The municipality of Pale is one of the six municipalities of the City of Istočno Sarajevo
located in the Republika Srpska
entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Valley and the Drina
River basin. There are preserved ruins of roads and building from the roman times in the neirby villages of Miosici and Ilijak. From early on this area served as a place of trade.
In the late 14th and early 15th century the area surrounding Pale belonged to the Feudal House of Pavlovic. There were several fortified settlements: Pavlovac on the River Praca, Gradina in the Upper Pale and Hodidjed above the junction of the Miljacka rivers. The Hodidjed settlement served as an administrative center for the surrounding area.
The feudal house of Pavlovic belonged to the upper crust of the Bosnian aristocracy, their holdings extended vrom Vrhbosna (today's Sarajevo
) on the West to Dobruna on the east. Pavle Radenovic, the founder of the Pavlovic House, aside from his ancestral holdings around Pale also owned the mines in Olovo, the city of Trebinje, and parts of Konavle and Cavtat
. The area under his control enjoyed prosperous trade between the locals and the Merchants from Dubrovnik
. The main trading center was the town of Praca, part of the Pale Municipality today. After the death of Pavle in 1415 during a duel, his younger son Radoslav Pavlovic (1420–1421) would take over from his father.
After the death of the Bosnian King Tvrtko in 1391 the Bosnian feudals houses struggled to gain the throne. The sons of Pavle, under the threat from other Bosnian aristocrats, asked for the help of their allies the Ottomans. The Ottomans pursued a strategy of divide and conquer that eventually resulted in complete conquest.
Due to the harsh conditions in which the local Christian population found itself, there is very little data about the urban development during the Ottoman rule of this area in the Middle Ages. The area continued to be commercially viable and valuable to the new rulers. The town of Praca continued to grow and expand until the great fire and outbreak of Black Death in the 18th century.
The name "Pavli Vilayet" continued to be used for this area until the beginning of the 19th century and the town eventually came to be known as Pale. One of the earliest recordings of this new name is a map from 1877, where the town itself as well as the entire region are labelled as "Pale".
During the 19th century the Ottoman Empire found itself under the two politically and socially completely different power struggles. The early decades of the 19th century were marked with a series of national and ethnic freedom movements of the many subject people. The Ottoman aristocracy on the other hand was deeply conservative and was resisting any efforts towards reform and development of a centralized state. The aristocracy in Bosnia was among the most dissatisfied in the empire, jealously guarding its right against the powers.
In 1831, Captain Husein Gradaščević
, one of the wealthiest and most powerful members of the Bosnian aristocracy, came to lead the rebel aristocrats. After the conquest of Travnik, the seat of the ottoman Viceroy, the Bosnian aristocracy demanded that the Sultan halt his reform efforts and keep the status quo in Bosnia. In addition they wanted the right to vote for and appoint the Viceroy from among their ranks.
Captain Hussain did not wait for the Sultan to answer their demands and appointed himself the Vice Roy of Bosnia, alienating many of his supporters in the process. The Sultan played the different factions against each other and in 1832 sent an army against the rebels. One of the decisive battles against the rebels took place in the town of Pale itself. Captain Husein did not command sufficient numbers of troops and suffered a defeat. The decisive victory broke the back of the revolt.
The new overlords were favoring the exploitation of the natural resources, primarily mineral and wood products. The town of Pale at this point becomes an important logging and wood products center in the region.
According the to the 1895 census, Pale with the adjacent villages had 483 inhabitants. 440 inhabitants were engaged in agricultural and logging activities while 27 were engaged in clerical work.
Industrial development spurs on supporting activities. New trade shops, hotels and other service activities are brought to the town.
In February 1907 Pale receives the first Elementary School. The school was administered by the school-church board of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Pale. The school admitted students regardless of their faith. Along with eastern orthodox Christians, Catholic and Jewish students also attended the school. These were mostly the children of people who were involved in the town log mill.
According to administrative records of the Austro-Hungarian administration, by 1879 in Pale there were already two modern log mills, and their products were transported to Sarajevo. With the construction of the rail line connecting the Bosnian capital of Sarejevo with its eastern border town Višegrad
the town of Pale received its first railway station.
The railway link enabled Pale to continue to grow and prosper with foreign investment enabling the opening of several additional mills in the town.
the allies requested from the Serbs and their Montenegrin allies to attack the Austro-Hungarians in Bosnia and tie up their forces there.
In October 1914 the Serbo-Montenegrin armies penetrated the areas surrounding Sarajevo and gained control of Mt. Romanija. During that operation, Montenegrin units entered Pale. Soon afterwards, the Montegrins had to withdraw. Along with them a large part of the local Serbian population.
Those who were unable to flee were at the mercy of the Austrian Schutz corps, irregular Austrian police forces tasked with suppressing revolt within the empire. Pale was pillaged and burned down completely after the Austrian forces re-entered the town. 54 local residents were lynched in the town center.
In the town of Goražde
, a refugee column of villagers from nearby villages such as Praca, Vijara, Budj, Podgrab, Vrhpraca, Gorovici, Hotocine, Glasinac, Podromanija and Socica were intercepted by Austrian regular forces and the irregulars before they could cross the Drina
river. 48 adult men were separated from the rest of the group and executed by pistol-shot, while the remaining refugees were forced into detention camps.
Conditions in these detention camps were especially harsh. Among the most infamous was the detention camp in Doboj
. From December 1914 to July 1917 more than 45,000 people (mostly Serbs
) were detained there. While the exact numbers of fatalities will probably never be known, more than 1000 fatalities were identified, 230 of which were from the Pale municipality.
, the town of Pale once again struck out towards growth. The basis for economic recovery and development once again, as before, were based the on the natural resources of the region, in particular forestry.
Newly developed transportation links with Sarajevo
spurred growth. In 1928 the town itself becomes the center of the municipality. By 1939 there were more than 14 log mills in Pale which generated more than 90000 cubic meters of wood products. Increased economic development spurred population growth. Between 1921 and 1931 the number of inhabitants increased from 2,382 to 11,103.
In the 1930 one could already find 30 to 40 large buildings. In 1935 a modern water supply system is put into use.
The town flourishes culturally as well. New and old schools were renovated and built. A community center, completed in 1928, dedicated to the victims of WWI featured gymnastic equipment and from time to time cultural and entertainment events were held three from time to time.Amateur theater and folk dance companies were active there as well.
In 1934 the Soccer club "Vihor" is founded, along with it a new soccer stadium is constructed. The cultural and sport society "Soko" was responsible for a large level of participation by Pale's inhabitants in their athletic programs. The members of this club would go on to successfully compete in faraway places such as Zagreb
, Ljubljana
and Prague
.
Soon after the end of the Great War, in the area of Kalovita Brda, a young adult spa was opened. Kids from nearby Sarajevo would spend time at that spa with their classmates recovering from various ailments that affected city dwellers.
In this period the town also received the first medical facility as well as a library.
By the 1940 Pale already have the looks of a small, but very well arranged city. A significant number of intellectuals as well as affluent and influential people from Sarajevo and other places in the country constructed summer homes in Pale.
жње.
Unfortunately all of this was interrupted with the fascist attack on Yugoslavia in April 1941. After the conquest of Zagreb and Beograd the fascist forces turned their drive towards the center of the country. On April 15, a German motorized division would occupy Sarajevo and capture the Yugoslav Supreme Military command in the town of Pale itself.
By April 1941 a complete surrender was signed. The short April war brought on a full dismemberment of the country. The town of Pale was incorporated into the Nazi Puppet state of Croatia.
The first of act of the newly installed puppet regime in the town of Pale was the demolition of the WWI Victim memorial as well the demolition of the Eastern Orthodox Church. All Serb enterprises were nationalized and taken over by Nazi sympathizers.
The former home to the cultural center was turned into the HQ of the local regiment of Ustashe, which would soon serve as prison and detention center. Mass deportations, executions of prominent Serbs were daily occurrences. During the summer of 1941 the first massacres occurred, the villages of Njemanici and Bjelogorica were completely destroyed and more than sixty people were murdered.
Faced with this kind of mistreatment the local populace started an armed revolt. The initial skirmishes took place in the early morning hours of August 1, 1941. The occupation forces tried to brutally suppress this revolt and during the month of august more than 75 prominent town folk were arrested and deported to death camps.
The Chetniks also did crimes on Croat civilians and they killed even the Catholic
nuns, called the Drina Martyrs
.
In the middle of November 1943 in a retaliatory expedition the Ustashe killed more than 100 inhabitants of the Village Rakovac. After 45 men out of that village reported to the Ustase
administration for the issuance of new identification documents they were all arrested and in pair of two chained to each other. They were transported to the Krivodole stream where they were murdered.
After they killed the men they went towards the village of Rakovac to kill the remaining women, children and the elderly. During this event they Ustashe displayed such bestiality that they came into open conflict with German troops at the nearby Alija Hill.
Once the surviving witnesses, Milan Starcevic, residing today in Pale, testified:" After they say that a part of the village inhabitants was missing the Ustashe sent out search parties and came to the Alija Hill. There they were stopped by the Germans. The Germans did not allow them to go into the Santrac house where about 10 or so women and children had fled. There were even shots exchanged among the Ustashe and the Germans."
The next day Milan's brother would go with the local German troops back to crime area and bury the victims of the Ustashe massacre.
During WWII in the municipality of Pale more than 1200 civilians were murdered, while another 350 freedom fighters were killed in the fighting.
In 1952 a military maintenance facility in the suburb of Koran was constructed. The local economy received the first important building block for the metal industry. Between 1952 and 1960 and additional 300-400 employees were hired in that facility.
With the development of the metal industry there are significant migration into the town, the suburb of Koran is built out with new building and apartment complexes constructed.
In 1968 the Military Maintenance complex in Koran enters is merged with the "FAMOS" corporation and is incorporated as "FAMOS-Koran". This merger brings further development and new work opportunities. Famos-Koran would go on to manufacture parts for heavy engines, transmissions and vehicles.
Towards the end of the 1980s there were more than 2000 employees at Famos-Koran. In addition factories were add for the manufacture of engine turbos and manufacture of parts for the Mercedes Benz OM-360 engine that was built under licence.
, the Pale region became the an administrative center of the nascent breakaway Republika Srpska
. It would remain a center of activity for the Serb forces during the Siege of Sarajevo
.
The town became the nominal administrative headquarters of the Bosnian Serb government, while Banja Luka
became the defacto capital. Pale remained an important cultural center with a collection of cultural and informational institutions such as the news agency SRNA, TV Station Canal S, Newspapers "Javnost" and "Ognjista" based there.
With the war at the end the town return to some sort of normalcy. As the Constitution of Republika Srpska
sets out that Sarajevo
is the capital of Republika Srpska
which was recognized as an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina
by the Dayton Peace Agreement. The administrative capital has now transferred to Banja Luka
.
The town of Pale itself had a population of 6,797, including:
The pre-war Bosniak
part of the Pale municipality known as Pale-Prača
is now in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
(the Bosnian Podrinje Canton
).
and settled here.)
• Bljuštevac
• Bogovići
• Brdarići
• Brdo
• Brezovice
• Brnjica
• Brojnići
• Buđ
• Čeljadinići
• Čemernica
• Ćemanovići
• Datelji
• Donja Ljubogošta
• Donja Vinča
• Gluhovići
• Gornja Ljubogošta
• Gornja Vinča
• Gornje Pale
• Gornji Pribanj
• Gorovići
• Gradac
• Gute
• Hotočina
• Jahorina
• Jasik
• Jelovci
• Kadino Selo
• Kamenica
• Kasidoli
• Komrani
• Kosmaj
• Kostreša
• Kračule
• Luke
• Miošići
• Modrik
• Mokro
• Nehorići
• Pale
• Pavlovac
• Petovići
• Podgrab
• Podloznik
• Podmedenik
• Podvitez
• Ponor
• Prača
• Prutine
• Pustopolje
• Radonjići
• Rakite
• Rakovac
• Renovica
• Rogoušići
• Rosulje
• Saice
• Sinjevo
• Sjetlina
• Srednje
• Stajna
• Stambolčić
• Strane
• Sumbulovac
• Šainovići
• Šip
• Turkovići
• Udež
• Vinograd
• Vlahovići
, Trebevic
and Igman
were used during the 1984 Winter Olympics
.
The Jahorina Ski Center has 8 lifts and over 20 kilometers of ski trails all over the mountain that offer Olympic-style professional trails and novice trails for children and beginners. The high season on Jahorina is mid-December to late January. Around the new year it is almost impossible to get accommodation without advance reservations.
The Hunting Association "Jahorina Pale" administers the "Pale" hunting grounts. These hunting grounds cover more than 37,039 hectares in the Pale and Stari Grad Municipality. The hunting grounds is one of the best kept and equipped hunting grounds in Repuplic of Srpska.
The hunting grounds feature three hunting lodges; two are within the county limits of Palem, the hunting lodge "Srndac" features 35 beds, while the smaller hunting lodge "Lane" features 20 beds. The hunting grounds offer different kinds of game including: Deer, Bear, Boar and Rabbits.
A significant archeological find is located at the Orlovaca cave. The cave is situated only 10 km away from Pale and 15 km away from Sarajevo, at 949 m (3,113.52 ft) above sea level
. In 1975 the first explorers entered the cave. Consisting of 2.5 m (8.2 ft) of explored passages and halls, Orlovaca is the second-longest cave in BH ( after Vjetrenica Cave). During August and September 2002, through the initiative of the Faculty of Philosophy in Pale 500 m (1,640.42 ft) of the total length of the passages with the most beautiful cave ornaments were made accessible for tourist visits.
The cave is characterized by stable microclimate conditions, during the whole year the temperature is only 8 °C (46 °F) and humidity over 90%.
The variety of important signs of life discovered in the cave establishes it among the richest palaeontological sites in the region. The cave bear skeletons discovered in the cave are estimated to be over 16.000 years old.
Signs of prehistoric culture were spotted on the slope leading to the main cave entrance. Dating of the remnants places them in the late Bronze Age, but remnants dating back to neolite and mezolite age are also expected to be found.
Because of its scientific and aesthetic characteristics the cave is destined to become the focus of the research and educational projects of the Faculty of Philosophy in Pale. The center is planned to be built on the banks of the Sinjeva river.
Currently there are too many logging facility around in the area, exceeding the renewal capacity of nearby forests.
with: Smederevo
, Serbia
Municipality
A municipality is essentially an urban administrative division having corporate status and usually powers of self-government. It can also be used to mean the governing body of a municipality. A municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district...
in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina , sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply Bosnia, is a country in Southern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for the...
, located southeast of Bosnia's capital Sarajevo
Sarajevo
Sarajevo |Bosnia]], surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of Southeastern Europe and the Balkans....
. The municipality of Pale is one of the six municipalities of the City of Istočno Sarajevo
Istocno Sarajevo
Istočno Sarajevo is a city in Bosnia and Herzegovina and de jure capital of the Republika Srpska entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina adjacent to Bosnia and Herzegovinas capital Sarajevo to its northeast. East Sarajevo consists of a few pre-war suburbal parts of Sarajevo which are now in the Republika...
located in the Republika Srpska
Republika Srpska
Republika Srpska is one of two main political entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina...
entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Middle Ages
The area of Pale always represented an important junction between east and west that is the SarajevoSarajevo
Sarajevo |Bosnia]], surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of Southeastern Europe and the Balkans....
Valley and the Drina
Drina
The Drina is a 346 kilometer long river, which forms most of the border between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. It is the longest tributary of the Sava River and the longest karst river in the Dinaric Alps which belongs to the Danube river watershed...
River basin. There are preserved ruins of roads and building from the roman times in the neirby villages of Miosici and Ilijak. From early on this area served as a place of trade.
In the late 14th and early 15th century the area surrounding Pale belonged to the Feudal House of Pavlovic. There were several fortified settlements: Pavlovac on the River Praca, Gradina in the Upper Pale and Hodidjed above the junction of the Miljacka rivers. The Hodidjed settlement served as an administrative center for the surrounding area.
The feudal house of Pavlovic belonged to the upper crust of the Bosnian aristocracy, their holdings extended vrom Vrhbosna (today's Sarajevo
Sarajevo
Sarajevo |Bosnia]], surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of Southeastern Europe and the Balkans....
) on the West to Dobruna on the east. Pavle Radenovic, the founder of the Pavlovic House, aside from his ancestral holdings around Pale also owned the mines in Olovo, the city of Trebinje, and parts of Konavle and Cavtat
Cavtat
Cavtat ) is a town in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia. It is on the Adriatic seacoast 15 km south of Dubrovnik and is the centre of the Konavle municipality.-History:...
. The area under his control enjoyed prosperous trade between the locals and the Merchants from Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik is a Croatian city on the Adriatic Sea coast, positioned at the terminal end of the Isthmus of Dubrovnik. It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations on the Adriatic, a seaport and the centre of Dubrovnik-Neretva county. Its total population is 42,641...
. The main trading center was the town of Praca, part of the Pale Municipality today. After the death of Pavle in 1415 during a duel, his younger son Radoslav Pavlovic (1420–1421) would take over from his father.
After the death of the Bosnian King Tvrtko in 1391 the Bosnian feudals houses struggled to gain the throne. The sons of Pavle, under the threat from other Bosnian aristocrats, asked for the help of their allies the Ottomans. The Ottomans pursued a strategy of divide and conquer that eventually resulted in complete conquest.
Ottoman rule
After the fall of Bosnia the feudal holdings of the House of Pavlovic were divided into 11 districts, and renamed the entire area the "Pavli Vilayet. The first Ottoman census in the year 1468–69 the town of Pale is recorded under the name of "Bogazi Yumry" as the seat of one of the 11 districts. The district of "Bogazi Yumry" contained six villages of which two were located on the plane of Pale.Due to the harsh conditions in which the local Christian population found itself, there is very little data about the urban development during the Ottoman rule of this area in the Middle Ages. The area continued to be commercially viable and valuable to the new rulers. The town of Praca continued to grow and expand until the great fire and outbreak of Black Death in the 18th century.
The name "Pavli Vilayet" continued to be used for this area until the beginning of the 19th century and the town eventually came to be known as Pale. One of the earliest recordings of this new name is a map from 1877, where the town itself as well as the entire region are labelled as "Pale".
During the 19th century the Ottoman Empire found itself under the two politically and socially completely different power struggles. The early decades of the 19th century were marked with a series of national and ethnic freedom movements of the many subject people. The Ottoman aristocracy on the other hand was deeply conservative and was resisting any efforts towards reform and development of a centralized state. The aristocracy in Bosnia was among the most dissatisfied in the empire, jealously guarding its right against the powers.
In 1831, Captain Husein Gradaščević
Husein Gradašcevic
Husein-kapetan Gradaščević was a Bosnian Muslim general who fought for Bosnian autonomy in the Ottoman Empire. He is often referred to as "Zmaj od Bosne", meaning "Dragon of Bosnia"...
, one of the wealthiest and most powerful members of the Bosnian aristocracy, came to lead the rebel aristocrats. After the conquest of Travnik, the seat of the ottoman Viceroy, the Bosnian aristocracy demanded that the Sultan halt his reform efforts and keep the status quo in Bosnia. In addition they wanted the right to vote for and appoint the Viceroy from among their ranks.
Captain Hussain did not wait for the Sultan to answer their demands and appointed himself the Vice Roy of Bosnia, alienating many of his supporters in the process. The Sultan played the different factions against each other and in 1832 sent an army against the rebels. One of the decisive battles against the rebels took place in the town of Pale itself. Captain Husein did not command sufficient numbers of troops and suffered a defeat. The decisive victory broke the back of the revolt.
Austrian Rule
With the Berlin Congress Bosnia was placed under the administration of Austria Hungary. During this time significant investment and economic changes were made in Pale and the surrounding areas.The new overlords were favoring the exploitation of the natural resources, primarily mineral and wood products. The town of Pale at this point becomes an important logging and wood products center in the region.
According the to the 1895 census, Pale with the adjacent villages had 483 inhabitants. 440 inhabitants were engaged in agricultural and logging activities while 27 were engaged in clerical work.
Industrial development spurs on supporting activities. New trade shops, hotels and other service activities are brought to the town.
In February 1907 Pale receives the first Elementary School. The school was administered by the school-church board of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Pale. The school admitted students regardless of their faith. Along with eastern orthodox Christians, Catholic and Jewish students also attended the school. These were mostly the children of people who were involved in the town log mill.
According to administrative records of the Austro-Hungarian administration, by 1879 in Pale there were already two modern log mills, and their products were transported to Sarajevo. With the construction of the rail line connecting the Bosnian capital of Sarejevo with its eastern border town Višegrad
Višegrad
Višegrad is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is part of the Republika Srpska entity. It is on the river Drina, located on the road from Goražde and Ustiprača towards Užice, Serbia.-History:...
the town of Pale received its first railway station.
The railway link enabled Pale to continue to grow and prosper with foreign investment enabling the opening of several additional mills in the town.
World War I
In the early months of 1914 after the decisive Serbian victory at the Battle of CerBattle of Cer
The Battle of Cer also known as Battle of Jadar was one of the first battles of World War I, it also marked the first Allied victory in the war. The battle was fought between the Austro-Hungarian Army and Serbian forces. The results improved Serbian standing in the Alliance...
the allies requested from the Serbs and their Montenegrin allies to attack the Austro-Hungarians in Bosnia and tie up their forces there.
In October 1914 the Serbo-Montenegrin armies penetrated the areas surrounding Sarajevo and gained control of Mt. Romanija. During that operation, Montenegrin units entered Pale. Soon afterwards, the Montegrins had to withdraw. Along with them a large part of the local Serbian population.
Those who were unable to flee were at the mercy of the Austrian Schutz corps, irregular Austrian police forces tasked with suppressing revolt within the empire. Pale was pillaged and burned down completely after the Austrian forces re-entered the town. 54 local residents were lynched in the town center.
In the town of Goražde
Goražde
Goražde , is a city and municipality in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Drina river. It is located between Foča, Sokolac and Višegrad, and is administratively part of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the center of the Bosnian Podrinje Canton.-Location:Goražde is situated on the...
, a refugee column of villagers from nearby villages such as Praca, Vijara, Budj, Podgrab, Vrhpraca, Gorovici, Hotocine, Glasinac, Podromanija and Socica were intercepted by Austrian regular forces and the irregulars before they could cross the Drina
Drina
The Drina is a 346 kilometer long river, which forms most of the border between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. It is the longest tributary of the Sava River and the longest karst river in the Dinaric Alps which belongs to the Danube river watershed...
river. 48 adult men were separated from the rest of the group and executed by pistol-shot, while the remaining refugees were forced into detention camps.
Conditions in these detention camps were especially harsh. Among the most infamous was the detention camp in Doboj
Doboj
Doboj is a city and a municipality in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina, situated in the northern part of the Republika Srpska entity on the river Bosna. Doboj is the largest national railway junction; as such, the seats of the Republika Srpska Railways, and the Railways Corporation of Bosnia and...
. From December 1914 to July 1917 more than 45,000 people (mostly Serbs
Serbs
The Serbs are a South Slavic ethnic group of the Balkans and southern Central Europe. Serbs are located mainly in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and form a sizable minority in Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia and Slovenia. Likewise, Serbs are an officially recognized minority in...
) were detained there. While the exact numbers of fatalities will probably never be known, more than 1000 fatalities were identified, 230 of which were from the Pale municipality.
Post WWI
With the end of the war and the absorption of Bosnia into the newly created Kingdom of YugoslaviaYugoslavia
Yugoslavia refers to three political entities that existed successively on the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century....
, the town of Pale once again struck out towards growth. The basis for economic recovery and development once again, as before, were based the on the natural resources of the region, in particular forestry.
Newly developed transportation links with Sarajevo
Sarajevo
Sarajevo |Bosnia]], surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of Southeastern Europe and the Balkans....
spurred growth. In 1928 the town itself becomes the center of the municipality. By 1939 there were more than 14 log mills in Pale which generated more than 90000 cubic meters of wood products. Increased economic development spurred population growth. Between 1921 and 1931 the number of inhabitants increased from 2,382 to 11,103.
In the 1930 one could already find 30 to 40 large buildings. In 1935 a modern water supply system is put into use.
The town flourishes culturally as well. New and old schools were renovated and built. A community center, completed in 1928, dedicated to the victims of WWI featured gymnastic equipment and from time to time cultural and entertainment events were held three from time to time.Amateur theater and folk dance companies were active there as well.
In 1934 the Soccer club "Vihor" is founded, along with it a new soccer stadium is constructed. The cultural and sport society "Soko" was responsible for a large level of participation by Pale's inhabitants in their athletic programs. The members of this club would go on to successfully compete in faraway places such as Zagreb
Zagreb
Zagreb is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Croatia. It is in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately above sea level. According to the last official census, Zagreb's city...
, Ljubljana
Ljubljana
Ljubljana is the capital of Slovenia and its largest city. It is the centre of the City Municipality of Ljubljana. It is located in the centre of the country in the Ljubljana Basin, and is a mid-sized city of some 270,000 inhabitants...
and Prague
Prague
Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city is home to about 1.3 million people, while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of over 2.3 million...
.
Soon after the end of the Great War, in the area of Kalovita Brda, a young adult spa was opened. Kids from nearby Sarajevo would spend time at that spa with their classmates recovering from various ailments that affected city dwellers.
In this period the town also received the first medical facility as well as a library.
By the 1940 Pale already have the looks of a small, but very well arranged city. A significant number of intellectuals as well as affluent and influential people from Sarajevo and other places in the country constructed summer homes in Pale.
жње.
Unfortunately all of this was interrupted with the fascist attack on Yugoslavia in April 1941. After the conquest of Zagreb and Beograd the fascist forces turned their drive towards the center of the country. On April 15, a German motorized division would occupy Sarajevo and capture the Yugoslav Supreme Military command in the town of Pale itself.
By April 1941 a complete surrender was signed. The short April war brought on a full dismemberment of the country. The town of Pale was incorporated into the Nazi Puppet state of Croatia.
The first of act of the newly installed puppet regime in the town of Pale was the demolition of the WWI Victim memorial as well the demolition of the Eastern Orthodox Church. All Serb enterprises were nationalized and taken over by Nazi sympathizers.
The former home to the cultural center was turned into the HQ of the local regiment of Ustashe, which would soon serve as prison and detention center. Mass deportations, executions of prominent Serbs were daily occurrences. During the summer of 1941 the first massacres occurred, the villages of Njemanici and Bjelogorica were completely destroyed and more than sixty people were murdered.
Faced with this kind of mistreatment the local populace started an armed revolt. The initial skirmishes took place in the early morning hours of August 1, 1941. The occupation forces tried to brutally suppress this revolt and during the month of august more than 75 prominent town folk were arrested and deported to death camps.
The Chetniks also did crimes on Croat civilians and they killed even the Catholic
Catholic
The word catholic comes from the Greek phrase , meaning "on the whole," "according to the whole" or "in general", and is a combination of the Greek words meaning "about" and meaning "whole"...
nuns, called the Drina Martyrs
Drina Martyrs
Drina Martyrs are the professed Sisters of the Congregation of the Daughters of Divine Charity, murdered because of their faith in Bosnia and Hercegovina between December 15 and 23, 1941.- Life :...
.
In the middle of November 1943 in a retaliatory expedition the Ustashe killed more than 100 inhabitants of the Village Rakovac. After 45 men out of that village reported to the Ustase
Ustaše
The Ustaša - Croatian Revolutionary Movement was a Croatian fascist anti-Yugoslav separatist movement. The ideology of the movement was a blend of fascism, Nazism, and Croatian nationalism. The Ustaše supported the creation of a Greater Croatia that would span to the River Drina and to the border...
administration for the issuance of new identification documents they were all arrested and in pair of two chained to each other. They were transported to the Krivodole stream where they were murdered.
After they killed the men they went towards the village of Rakovac to kill the remaining women, children and the elderly. During this event they Ustashe displayed such bestiality that they came into open conflict with German troops at the nearby Alija Hill.
Once the surviving witnesses, Milan Starcevic, residing today in Pale, testified:" After they say that a part of the village inhabitants was missing the Ustashe sent out search parties and came to the Alija Hill. There they were stopped by the Germans. The Germans did not allow them to go into the Santrac house where about 10 or so women and children had fled. There were even shots exchanged among the Ustashe and the Germans."
The next day Milan's brother would go with the local German troops back to crime area and bury the victims of the Ustashe massacre.
During WWII in the municipality of Pale more than 1200 civilians were murdered, while another 350 freedom fighters were killed in the fighting.
Pale after WWII
After WWII, the town and municipality of Pale, thanks to the tireless efforts of the local population, slowly recover and resume their economic development. In 1946 on the foundations of the old log mil a new one is constructed. This new mill would produce more than 25000 cubic meters of wood products. The mill itself employed more than 170 in the mill and an addition 150 in the forest.In 1952 a military maintenance facility in the suburb of Koran was constructed. The local economy received the first important building block for the metal industry. Between 1952 and 1960 and additional 300-400 employees were hired in that facility.
With the development of the metal industry there are significant migration into the town, the suburb of Koran is built out with new building and apartment complexes constructed.
In 1968 the Military Maintenance complex in Koran enters is merged with the "FAMOS" corporation and is incorporated as "FAMOS-Koran". This merger brings further development and new work opportunities. Famos-Koran would go on to manufacture parts for heavy engines, transmissions and vehicles.
Towards the end of the 1980s there were more than 2000 employees at Famos-Koran. In addition factories were add for the manufacture of engine turbos and manufacture of parts for the Mercedes Benz OM-360 engine that was built under licence.
War in Bosnia
During 1991 and 1992, as the tensions rose in the run up to the Bosnian WarBosnian War
The Bosnian War or the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between April 1992 and December 1995. The war involved several sides...
, the Pale region became the an administrative center of the nascent breakaway Republika Srpska
Republika Srpska
Republika Srpska is one of two main political entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina...
. It would remain a center of activity for the Serb forces during the Siege of Sarajevo
Siege of Sarajevo
The Siege of Sarajevo is the longest siege of a capital city in the history of modern warfare. Serb forces of the Republika Srpska and the Yugoslav People's Army besieged Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, from 5 April 1992 to 29 February 1996 during the Bosnian War.After Bosnia...
.
The town became the nominal administrative headquarters of the Bosnian Serb government, while Banja Luka
Banja Luka
-History:The name "Banja Luka" was first mentioned in a document dated February 6, 1494, but Banja Luka's history dates back to ancient times. There is a substantial evidence of the Roman presence in the region during the first few centuries A.D., including an old fort "Kastel" in the centre of...
became the defacto capital. Pale remained an important cultural center with a collection of cultural and informational institutions such as the news agency SRNA, TV Station Canal S, Newspapers "Javnost" and "Ognjista" based there.
Post Dayton
The Bosnian War ended with the signing of the Dayton Peace accords on December 14, 1995.With the war at the end the town return to some sort of normalcy. As the Constitution of Republika Srpska
Constitution of Republika Srpska
The Constitution of Republika Srpska is the chief legal act of Republika Srpska, an entity within Bosnia and Herzegovina. The constitution was delivered by the National Assembly of Republika Srpska on 28 February 1992, but had to be revised after the Dayton Agreement was signed....
sets out that Sarajevo
Sarajevo
Sarajevo |Bosnia]], surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of Southeastern Europe and the Balkans....
is the capital of Republika Srpska
Republika Srpska
Republika Srpska is one of two main political entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina...
which was recognized as an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina , sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply Bosnia, is a country in Southern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for the...
by the Dayton Peace Agreement. The administrative capital has now transferred to Banja Luka
Banja Luka
-History:The name "Banja Luka" was first mentioned in a document dated February 6, 1494, but Banja Luka's history dates back to ancient times. There is a substantial evidence of the Roman presence in the region during the first few centuries A.D., including an old fort "Kastel" in the centre of...
.
1971
16.119 total- Serbs - 11.230 (69,66)
- Muslims - 4.508 (27,96)
- Croats - 142 (0,88)
- Yugoslavs - 80 (0,49)
- Others - 159 (1,01)
1991
In the census of 1991, the Municipality of Pale had 16,310 residents, including:- 11,269 SerbsSerbsThe Serbs are a South Slavic ethnic group of the Balkans and southern Central Europe. Serbs are located mainly in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and form a sizable minority in Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia and Slovenia. Likewise, Serbs are an officially recognized minority in...
(See: Serbs of Bosnia and HerzegovinaSerbs of Bosnia and HerzegovinaThe Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina are people of Serb ethnicity inhabiting the Balkan regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, or, since the establishment of Bosnia and Herzegovina as a state in the 1990s, the Serbs who have its citizenship. The Serbs are one of the three constitutive nations of this...
) - 4,356 Muslims by nationalityMuslims by nationalityMuslims by nationality was a term used in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as an official designation of nationality of Slavic Muslims. They were one of the constitutive groups of Bosnia and Herzegovina...
(Bosniaks) - 394 YugoslavsYugoslavsYugoslavs is a national designation used by a minority of South Slavs across the countries of the former Yugoslavia and in the diaspora...
- 126 CroatsCroatsCroats are a South Slavic ethnic group mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. There are around 4 million Croats living inside Croatia and up to 4.5 million throughout the rest of the world. Responding to political, social and economic pressure, many Croats have...
(See: Croats of Bosnia and HerzegovinaCroats of Bosnia and HerzegovinaCroats of Bosnia and Herzegovina form one of the three constitutive nations in Bosnia and Herzegovina.There is no precise data regarding Bosnia and Herzegovina's population since the last war. Ethnic cleansing within Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s saw the vast majority of Croats move and take...
) - 165 others
The town of Pale itself had a population of 6,797, including:
- 4,915 Serbs
- 1,438 Muslims by nationality (Bosniaks)
- 271 Yugoslavs
- 88 Croats
- 85 others
The pre-war Bosniak
Bosniaks
The Bosniaks or Bosniacs are a South Slavic ethnic group, living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a smaller minority also present in other lands of the Balkan Peninsula especially in Serbia, Montenegro and Croatia...
part of the Pale municipality known as Pale-Prača
Pale-Praca
Pale-Prača is one of three municipalities of the Bosnian Podrinje Canton located in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The main town of the municipality is Prača.-Features:...
is now in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the two political entities that compose the sovereign country of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The two entities are delineated by the Inter-Entity Boundary Line...
(the Bosnian Podrinje Canton
Bosnian Podrinje Canton
The Bosnian Podrinje Canton is one of the 10 cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina.-Geography:It is located in the eastern central part of the country, in the region of Podrinje...
).
Nowadays
Today there are about 30,000 inhabitants in the municipality of Pale, 96% of them are estimated to be Bosnian Serbs (most of these people were expelled from SarajevoSarajevo
Sarajevo |Bosnia]], surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of Southeastern Europe and the Balkans....
and settled here.)
Villages
• BjelogorciBjelogorci (Pale)
Bjelogorci is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Bljuštevac
Bljuštevac
Bljuštevac is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina....
• Bogovići
Bogovići
Bogovići is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Brdarići
Brdarići
Brdarići is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina....
• Brdo
Brdo (Pale)
Brdo is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina....
• Brezovice
Brezovice (Pale)
Brezovice is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Brnjica
Brnjica (Pale)
Brnjica is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Brojnići
Brojnići
Brojnići is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Buđ
Buđ
Buđ is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Čeljadinići
Čeljadinići
Čeljadinići is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina....
• Čemernica
Čemernica (Pale)
Čemernica is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Ćemanovići
Ćemanovići
Ćemanovići is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Datelji
Datelji
Datelji is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Donja Ljubogošta
Donja Ljubogošta
Donja Ljubogošta is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Donja Vinča
Donja Vinča
Donja Vinča is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Gluhovići
Gluhovići
Gluhovići is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Gornja Ljubogošta
Gornja Ljubogošta
Gornja Ljubogošta is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Gornja Vinča
Gornja Vinča
Gornja Vinča is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Gornje Pale
Gornje Pale
Gornje Pale is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Gornji Pribanj
Gornji Pribanj
Gornji Pribanj is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Gorovići
Gorovići
Gorovići is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Gradac
Gradac (Pale)
Gradac is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Gute
Gute (Pale)
Gute is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Hotočina
Hotočina
Hotočina is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Jahorina
Jahorina (Pale)
Jahorina is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Jasik
Jasik (Pale)
Jasik is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Jelovci
Jelovci (Pale)
Jelovci is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Kadino Selo
Kadino Selo
Kadino Selo is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Kamenica
Kamenica (Pale)
Kamenica is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina....
• Kasidoli
Kasidoli
Kasidoli is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Komrani
Komrani
Komrani is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Kosmaj
Kosmaj (Pale)
Kosmaj is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Kostreša
Kostreša
Kostreša is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina....
• Kračule
Kračule
Kračule is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Luke
Luke (Pale)
Luke is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina....
• Miošići
Miošići
Miošići is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Modrik
Modrik
Modrik is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Mokro
Mokro (Pale)
Mokro is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina....
• Nehorići
Nehorići (Pale)
Nehorići is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Pale
• Pavlovac
Pavlovac (Pale)
Pavlovac is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Petovići
Petovići
Petovići is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Podgrab
Podgrab
Podgrab is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Podloznik
Podloznik
Podloznik is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Podmedenik
Podmedenik
Podmedenik is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Podvitez
Podvitez
Podvitez is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Ponor
Ponor (Pale)
Ponor is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Prača
• Prutine
Prutine
Prutine is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Pustopolje
Pustopolje
Pustopolje is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Radonjići
Radonjići (Pale)
Radonjići is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Rakite
Rakite
Rakite is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Rakovac
Rakovac (Pale)
Rakovac is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Renovica
Renovica
Hrenovica is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Rogoušići
Rogoušići
Rogoušići is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Rosulje
Rosulje (Pale)
Rosulje is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Saice
Saice
Saice is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Sinjevo
Sinjevo
Sinjevo is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Sjetlina
Sjetlina
Sjetlina is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Srednje
Srednje (Pale)
Srednje is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina....
• Stajna
Stajna
Stajna is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Stambolčić
Stambolčić
Stambolčić is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Strane
Strane (Pale)
Strane is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Sumbulovac
Sumbulovac
Sumbulovac is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Šainovići
Šainovići
Šainovići is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Šip
Šip (Pale)
Šip is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Turkovići
Turkovići (Pale)
Turkovići is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Udež
Udež
Udež is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
• Vinograd
Vinograd
For the Ukrainian village, see Vynohrad Vinograd is a village in Strazhitsa Municipality, Veliko Tarnovo Province, Bulgaria....
• Vlahovići
Vlahovići (Pale)
Vlahovići is a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
Tourism
The local economy has a significant tourism arm. The nearby mountains of JahorinaJahorina
Mount Jahorina , is a mountain in south-eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, located southeast of Sarajevo within Republika Srpska. It borders fellow Olympic mountain Trebević...
, Trebevic
Trebevic
Trebević is a mountain in central Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is found directly to the southeast of Sarajevo, territory of East Sarajevo city, bordering Jahorina mountain. Trebević is 1627 meters tall, making it the second shortest of the Sarajevo mountains.During the Middle Ages, Trebević was...
and Igman
Igman
Igman is a mountain in central Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is found directly to the southwest of Sarajevo, bordering Bjelašnica mountain and the city of Ilidža. Igman's highest point, Vlahinja Ridge, is 1502 meters , making it the shortest of the Sarajevo mountains.Igman is a popular destination...
were used during the 1984 Winter Olympics
1984 Winter Olympics
The 1984 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XIV Olympic Winter Games, was a winter multi-sport event which was celebrated from 8–19 February 1984 in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. Other candidate cities were Sapporo, Japan; and Gothenburg, Sweden...
.
The Jahorina Ski Center has 8 lifts and over 20 kilometers of ski trails all over the mountain that offer Olympic-style professional trails and novice trails for children and beginners. The high season on Jahorina is mid-December to late January. Around the new year it is almost impossible to get accommodation without advance reservations.
The Hunting Association "Jahorina Pale" administers the "Pale" hunting grounts. These hunting grounds cover more than 37,039 hectares in the Pale and Stari Grad Municipality. The hunting grounds is one of the best kept and equipped hunting grounds in Repuplic of Srpska.
The hunting grounds feature three hunting lodges; two are within the county limits of Palem, the hunting lodge "Srndac" features 35 beds, while the smaller hunting lodge "Lane" features 20 beds. The hunting grounds offer different kinds of game including: Deer, Bear, Boar and Rabbits.
A significant archeological find is located at the Orlovaca cave. The cave is situated only 10 km away from Pale and 15 km away from Sarajevo, at 949 m (3,113.52 ft) above sea level
Above mean sea level
The term above mean sea level refers to the elevation or altitude of any object, relative to the average sea level datum. AMSL is used extensively in radio by engineers to determine the coverage area a station will be able to reach...
. In 1975 the first explorers entered the cave. Consisting of 2.5 m (8.2 ft) of explored passages and halls, Orlovaca is the second-longest cave in BH ( after Vjetrenica Cave). During August and September 2002, through the initiative of the Faculty of Philosophy in Pale 500 m (1,640.42 ft) of the total length of the passages with the most beautiful cave ornaments were made accessible for tourist visits.
The cave is characterized by stable microclimate conditions, during the whole year the temperature is only 8 °C (46 °F) and humidity over 90%.
The variety of important signs of life discovered in the cave establishes it among the richest palaeontological sites in the region. The cave bear skeletons discovered in the cave are estimated to be over 16.000 years old.
Signs of prehistoric culture were spotted on the slope leading to the main cave entrance. Dating of the remnants places them in the late Bronze Age, but remnants dating back to neolite and mezolite age are also expected to be found.
Because of its scientific and aesthetic characteristics the cave is destined to become the focus of the research and educational projects of the Faculty of Philosophy in Pale. The center is planned to be built on the banks of the Sinjeva river.
Forestry
There are more than 30 logging and wood production mills in the Pale municipality. The Wood Industry in Pale is an important part of the towns economy and number of people employed there.Currently there are too many logging facility around in the area, exceeding the renewal capacity of nearby forests.
Twin towns - sister cities
Pale is twinnedTown twinning
Twin towns and sister cities are two of many terms used to describe the cooperative agreements between towns, cities, and even counties in geographically and politically distinct areas to promote cultural and commercial ties.- Terminology :...
with: Smederevo
Smederevo
Smederevo is a city and municipality in Serbia, on the right bank of the Danube, about 40 km downstream of the capital Belgrade. According to official results of the 2011 census, the city has a population of 107,528...
, Serbia
Serbia
Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans...