NDF india
Encyclopedia
The National Development Front (NDF) is a militant and extremist
Muslim
organisation in Kerala
. It was established in India
in 1993 and has stated that its objective is to "focus on socio-enonomical issues of minorities giving a focus to Kerala Muslims
, Dalit
s and Other Backward Classes in Kerala".
NDF announced a plan to adhere to the dawa (missionary work) of aggressively propagating Islam among other communities. P. Koya, NDF supreme council member, wrote an article in Thejas, the organization's magazine, magazine, that "many Muslim organisations hold the view that dawa work is fundamental to Muslims. But the same organisations pay scant attention to the work".
Their slogan is Swathantryam – Neethi – Surakrsha which means Freedom, Justice and Security. In 1997 it stood behind the formation of the Confederation of Human Rights Organizations
, founded in Kozhikode
.
The NDF has been accused of being affiliated with Pakistan
-backed Inter-Services Intelligence
(ISI) related activities in Kerala
. The organisation has been categorised as a militant group, and was among the five hardline groups that were under scrutiny of the Union home ministry in 2006 for "fanning fanaticism
".
The National Development Front has 19 Supreme Council members. Among them is Prof P. Koya who was also one of the founding members of the Students Islamic Movement of India
(SIMI).
. Many human rights activists and NDF activists participated. Based on discussions and understanding, a new organisation was formed called Confederation of Human Rights Organisation (CHRO).
NDF aggressively propagandized their claim to "represent the rights of minorities" up to and including launching a "minorities campaign" to gain publicity.
NDF worked closely with journalists associated with Thejas Mukundan C Menon and the CHRO, who is closely tied to Human Rights Watch
International. The organization decided to expand its activities "for the oppressed and the minorities to the rest of the country". They conducted different movements, demonstrations, rallies and other democratic strikes to:
and co-operated in the Empower India Conference, which was held at Bangalore in February 2007. Popular Front of India is an organisation with an agenda to bring the underprivileged and the marginalized sections like dalits, backward classes, and minority communities to come together on one platform. The conference was intended to motivate the underprivileged and marginalized sections like dalits, backward classes and minority communities to work for human rights and social justice.
outfit and members of the organization were implicated in violent incidents such as the 2002 Marad massacre
. The Thomas P Joseph Commission report found that "activists of IUML and NDF, a Muslim outfit, were actively involved in the massacre". The State secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)
in Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan
, said that NDF was involved in the Marad massacre
and referred to them as a "terrorist outfit" that executed a "planned mass murder". NDF was blamed for inciting violence against moderate Muslims in Kerala who are in opposition to liberal and reformist Islamic movements and individuals. The "involvement of fundamentalists and terrorists" was behind the incident.
The Bharatiya Janata Party
(BJP) put forward allegations that NDF maintains links with Pakistan's ISI. The Bharatiya Janata Party
sought an inquiry into NDF-ISI links. The Indian National Congress
(who are politically opposed to the BJP) raised doubts about the true nature of their activities. On 31 October 2006, the Congress launched a campaign against terrorism in Malappuram district in Kerala, simultaneously taking on parties and organizations such as the IUML, the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the NDF, and the People's Democratic Party (PDP).
City Police Commissioner was from 22 March 1997 to 16 May 1999. She told the Inquiry Commission that the police had prepared confidential and authentic reports that ISI and Iran
were fund sponsors of the NDF.
Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) Special Branch, Ernakulam
, A.V. George, who was deposed before the Marad inquiry panel on 29/10/2005, said that a key witness in an illegal arms possession case had given a statement to the police during its investigation that the NDF had been receiving crores of rupees from foreign countries to carry out its training programmes. ACP George quoted the testimony made by arrested NDF cadres that the NDF had been sending people to Pakistan for the last several years.
district in the early hours of 23 March 2007 following the arrest of two senior leaders of the front. The attack was repulsed by the Police and 27 activists were placed in custody.
on 29 April 2007 sparked a controversy, with activists of the BJP and other Sangh Parivar groups staging a march to the hotel where Mohammed was staying. They claimed that leaders of a few Muslim orgainisations, including the NDF, were seen visiting the MP. Mohammed Thaha Mohammed represents Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal
in Pakistan's parliament.
political scientist David Bukay
lists the NDF as a "fundamentalist and subversive group". After the 11 July 2006 Mumbai Train Bombings
, the NDF, along with other Islamist organizations, was closely monitored by authorities for terrorist links. The organization attracted numerous Islamic Fundamentalists to their ranks, and are compared to several more well-known militant Islamist groups such as Lashkar-e-Toiba
, Hizbul Mujahideen
, and others.
code among the moderate and cosmopolitan Muslim society in Kerala, an act viewed by moderate Muslims and secularists as "Talibanization
". NDF was accused of targeting liberals in the community – those who do not strictly follow Islamic laws like abstaining from liquor, fasting during Ramadan
, and wearing the makhna or purdah
. Fakir Uppappa or Siddhan was killed in June for indulging in "un-Islamic spiritualism".
A Muslim was murdered in Punalur for binding with Leftist organization [DYFI]. Media reports about the killing of CPI(M)'s Ashraf in Punalur in Kollam
district points towards this.
organisation, which was intended to convert girls who fall in love with Muslim men.
and other "Fascist Hindus". They made veiled threats implying that there would "be trouble" if "innocent Muslims were persecuted by the police". They declared that they "welcomed the CBI investigation" into the Marad riots.
The NDF criticized the media and the authorities for their portrayal of the organization as a militant outfit. An NDF spokesperson said:
The NDF conducted Parades with the slogan "Be the sentinel of freedom" in major cities of Kerala in 2004, 2005, and in 2006. The parades became one of the regular activities on the Indian Independence Day.
Islamic extremism
Islamic extremism refers to two related and partially overlapping but also distinct aspects of extremist interpretations and pursuits of Islamic ideology:...
Muslim
Muslim
A Muslim, also spelled Moslem, is an adherent of Islam, a monotheistic, Abrahamic religion based on the Quran, which Muslims consider the verbatim word of God as revealed to prophet Muhammad. "Muslim" is the Arabic term for "submitter" .Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable...
organisation in Kerala
Kerala
or Keralam is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was created on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions....
. It was established in India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
in 1993 and has stated that its objective is to "focus on socio-enonomical issues of minorities giving a focus to Kerala Muslims
Islam in India
Islam is the second-most practiced religion in the Republic of India after Hinduism, with more than 13.4% of the country's population ....
, Dalit
Dalit
Dalit is a designation for a group of people traditionally regarded as Untouchable. Dalits are a mixed population, consisting of numerous castes from all over South Asia; they speak a variety of languages and practice a multitude of religions...
s and Other Backward Classes in Kerala".
NDF announced a plan to adhere to the dawa (missionary work) of aggressively propagating Islam among other communities. P. Koya, NDF supreme council member, wrote an article in Thejas, the organization's magazine, magazine, that "many Muslim organisations hold the view that dawa work is fundamental to Muslims. But the same organisations pay scant attention to the work".
Their slogan is Swathantryam – Neethi – Surakrsha which means Freedom, Justice and Security. In 1997 it stood behind the formation of the Confederation of Human Rights Organizations
Confederation of Human Rights Organizations
Confederation of Human Rights Organizations is a human rights organisation based in Kerala, India which watches human rights and human rights violations in Kerala and also all over India....
, founded in Kozhikode
Kozhikode
Kozhikode During Classical antiquity and the Middle Ages, Kozhikkode was dubbed the "City of Spices" for its role as the major trading point of eastern spices. Kozhikode was once the capital of an independent kingdom of the same name and later of the erstwhile Malabar District...
.
The NDF has been accused of being affiliated with Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
-backed Inter-Services Intelligence
Inter-Services Intelligence
The Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence , is Pakistan's premier intelligence agency, responsible for providing critical national security intelligence assessment to the Government of Pakistan...
(ISI) related activities in Kerala
Kerala
or Keralam is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was created on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions....
. The organisation has been categorised as a militant group, and was among the five hardline groups that were under scrutiny of the Union home ministry in 2006 for "fanning fanaticism
Fanaticism
Fanaticism is a belief or behavior involving uncritical zeal, particularly for an extreme religious or political cause or in some cases sports, or with an obsessive enthusiasm for a pastime or hobby...
".
History
Inspired by pan-Islamic reactionary movements across the country after 1992, the NDF gained a firm footing in the Malabar region after the proscription of the Islamic Sevak Sangh (ISS) organization. Kerala police alleged that the National Development Front (NDF) is another re-incarnation of the ISS.The National Development Front has 19 Supreme Council members. Among them is Prof P. Koya who was also one of the founding members of the Students Islamic Movement of India
Students Islamic Movement of India
The Students Islamic Movement of India is an Islamic student organization that was formed in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, in April 1977. The stated mission of SIMI is the ‘liberation of India’ from Western materialistic cultural influence and to convert its Muslim society to live according to Muslim...
(SIMI).
NDF and human rights movements
In 1997 NDF conducted the National Human Rights Conference in KozhikodeKozhikode
Kozhikode During Classical antiquity and the Middle Ages, Kozhikkode was dubbed the "City of Spices" for its role as the major trading point of eastern spices. Kozhikode was once the capital of an independent kingdom of the same name and later of the erstwhile Malabar District...
. Many human rights activists and NDF activists participated. Based on discussions and understanding, a new organisation was formed called Confederation of Human Rights Organisation (CHRO).
NDF aggressively propagandized their claim to "represent the rights of minorities" up to and including launching a "minorities campaign" to gain publicity.
NDF worked closely with journalists associated with Thejas Mukundan C Menon and the CHRO, who is closely tied to Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch is an international non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. Its headquarters are in New York City and it has offices in Berlin, Beirut, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Paris, San Francisco, Tokyo,...
International. The organization decided to expand its activities "for the oppressed and the minorities to the rest of the country". They conducted different movements, demonstrations, rallies and other democratic strikes to:
- Defend human rights atrocities from police, military, government- and non-governmental agencies.
- Fight for special recruitments for jobs and educational posts where they were denied seats according to the governmental rules.
- Implement reservationReservation in IndiaReservation in India is a form of affirmative action designed to improve the well being of socially backward and underrepresented communities of citizens in India. There are laws in place, wherein a certain percentage of total available slots in Jobs and Education are set aside for people from...
and allowances for the backward communities (OBC) to bring them up to the level of mainstream society. - Enforce the rights of OBC minorities by forcing the government and its agencies to help the downtrodden in Indian society.
Relief activities
Along with other organizations, NDF was actively involved in helping tsunami victims of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. They rehabilitated many tsunami victims by providing necessities and shelter. The main focus was to obtain the basic necessities of drinking water and food for the victims.Empower India Conference and Popular Front
NDF is in coalition with Popular Front of IndiaPopular Front of India
The Popular Front of India is a confederation of Muslim organizations in India, including National Development Front, Manitha Neethi Pasarai and Karnataka Forum for Dignity etc...
and co-operated in the Empower India Conference, which was held at Bangalore in February 2007. Popular Front of India is an organisation with an agenda to bring the underprivileged and the marginalized sections like dalits, backward classes, and minority communities to come together on one platform. The conference was intended to motivate the underprivileged and marginalized sections like dalits, backward classes and minority communities to work for human rights and social justice.
Criticism
The NDF was accused of being a communalCommunalism (South Asia)
This article deals with the use of the word communalism in South Asia, as a name for a force separating different communities based on some form of social or sectarian discrimination...
outfit and members of the organization were implicated in violent incidents such as the 2002 Marad massacre
Marad Massacre
The Marad massacre was the killing of eight Hindus by a Muslim mob on 2 May 2003 at the Marad beach of the Kozhikode district, Kerala, India. One attacker, Mohammed Ashker was hit by accident and was also killed. The judicial commission that probed the incident concluded that the Indian Union...
. The Thomas P Joseph Commission report found that "activists of IUML and NDF, a Muslim outfit, were actively involved in the massacre". The State secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
The Communist Party of India is a political party in India. It has a strong presence in the states of Kerala, West Bengal and Tripura. As of 2011, CPI is leading the state government in Tripura. It leads the Left Front coalition of leftist parties in various states and the national parliament of...
in Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan
Pinarayi Vijayan
Pinarayi Vijayan is a politician and a former minister of Kerala, South India. He is currently a politburo member and the state secretary of Kerala State Committee of Communist Party of India .- Early life :...
, said that NDF was involved in the Marad massacre
Marad Massacre
The Marad massacre was the killing of eight Hindus by a Muslim mob on 2 May 2003 at the Marad beach of the Kozhikode district, Kerala, India. One attacker, Mohammed Ashker was hit by accident and was also killed. The judicial commission that probed the incident concluded that the Indian Union...
and referred to them as a "terrorist outfit" that executed a "planned mass murder". NDF was blamed for inciting violence against moderate Muslims in Kerala who are in opposition to liberal and reformist Islamic movements and individuals. The "involvement of fundamentalists and terrorists" was behind the incident.
The Bharatiya Janata Party
Bharatiya Janata Party
The Bharatiya Janata Party ,; translation: Indian People's Party) is one of the two major political parties in India, the other being the Indian National Congress. Established in 1980, it is India's second largest political party in terms of representation in the parliament...
(BJP) put forward allegations that NDF maintains links with Pakistan's ISI. The Bharatiya Janata Party
Bharatiya Janata Party
The Bharatiya Janata Party ,; translation: Indian People's Party) is one of the two major political parties in India, the other being the Indian National Congress. Established in 1980, it is India's second largest political party in terms of representation in the parliament...
sought an inquiry into NDF-ISI links. The Indian National Congress
Indian National Congress
The Indian National Congress is one of the two major political parties in India, the other being the Bharatiya Janata Party. It is the largest and one of the oldest democratic political parties in the world. The party's modern liberal platform is largely considered center-left in the Indian...
(who are politically opposed to the BJP) raised doubts about the true nature of their activities. On 31 October 2006, the Congress launched a campaign against terrorism in Malappuram district in Kerala, simultaneously taking on parties and organizations such as the IUML, the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the NDF, and the People's Democratic Party (PDP).
Foreign connection
Ms Neera Rawat IPS, Senior Superintendent of Police, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, was deposed before the Marad Judicial Inquiry Commission of Justice Thomas P. Joseph. Her tenure as KozhikodeKozhikode
Kozhikode During Classical antiquity and the Middle Ages, Kozhikkode was dubbed the "City of Spices" for its role as the major trading point of eastern spices. Kozhikode was once the capital of an independent kingdom of the same name and later of the erstwhile Malabar District...
City Police Commissioner was from 22 March 1997 to 16 May 1999. She told the Inquiry Commission that the police had prepared confidential and authentic reports that ISI and Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
were fund sponsors of the NDF.
Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) Special Branch, Ernakulam
Ernakulam
Ernakulam refers to the downtown area or the western part of the mainland of Kochi city in Kerala, India. The city is the most urban part of Kochi and has lent its name to the Ernakulam district. Ernakulam is called the commercial capital of the state of Kerala and is a main nerve of business in...
, A.V. George, who was deposed before the Marad inquiry panel on 29/10/2005, said that a key witness in an illegal arms possession case had given a statement to the police during its investigation that the NDF had been receiving crores of rupees from foreign countries to carry out its training programmes. ACP George quoted the testimony made by arrested NDF cadres that the NDF had been sending people to Pakistan for the last several years.
Kottakkal Police station attack
Police accused that NDF activists attacked the Kottakkal police station at Kottakkal in MalappuramMalappuram
Malappuram is a municipality in the South Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 33.61 km2. It serves as the administrative headquarters of Malappuram district. As per the 2011 census Malappuram urban agglomeration is the fourth largest UA in kerala with a total population of...
district in the early hours of 23 March 2007 following the arrest of two senior leaders of the front. The attack was repulsed by the Police and 27 activists were placed in custody.
Modus operandi
Frontline magazine quoted a senior police officer who said that the NDF had successfully exploited the sense of insecurity created in the Muslim community by events that followed the Babri Masjid demolition to find supporters in northern Kerala, irrespective of their political or other allegiances. The report adds: "Initially, no NDF member used to acknowledge openly that he was an NDF member. Always they would say that they were members of other organisations. The truth may be that members of several organisations were members of the NDF also. Now the NDF has several wings and is making a major effort to project itself as a socio-cultural organisation of Muslims."Pakistan MPs visit row
Pakistan MP Mohammed Thaha Mohammed's visit to ThalasseryThalassery
Thalassery , also known as Tellicherry, is a city on the Malabar Coast of Kerala, India. This is the second largest city of North Malabar in terms of population. The name Tellicherry is the anglicized form of Thalassery. Thalassery municipality has a population just less than 100,000. Established...
on 29 April 2007 sparked a controversy, with activists of the BJP and other Sangh Parivar groups staging a march to the hotel where Mohammed was staying. They claimed that leaders of a few Muslim orgainisations, including the NDF, were seen visiting the MP. Mohammed Thaha Mohammed represents Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal
Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal
Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal is a coalition of Islamist parties that was formed in 2002 to electorally challenge the Pakistan Parliament's incumbent parties...
in Pakistan's parliament.
Additional views
University of HaifaUniversity of Haifa
The University of Haifa is a university in Haifa, Israel.The University of Haifa was founded in 1963 by Haifa mayor Abba Hushi, to operate under the academic auspices of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem....
political scientist David Bukay
David Bukay
David Bukay is a Professor of Middle East Studies at the University of Haifa. He is the author of Islamic Fundamentalism and the Arab Political Culture...
lists the NDF as a "fundamentalist and subversive group". After the 11 July 2006 Mumbai Train Bombings
11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings
The 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings were a series of seven bomb blasts that took place over a period of 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway in Mumbai, the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the nation's financial capital. The bombs were set off in pressure cookers on trains...
, the NDF, along with other Islamist organizations, was closely monitored by authorities for terrorist links. The organization attracted numerous Islamic Fundamentalists to their ranks, and are compared to several more well-known militant Islamist groups such as Lashkar-e-Toiba
Lashkar-e-Toiba
Lashkar-e-Taiba – also transliterated as Lashkar-i-Tayyaba, Lashkar-e-Tayyaba, Lashkar-e-Tayyiba, Lashkar-i-Taiba, Lashkar Taiba or LeT – is one of the largest and most active militant Islamist terrorist organizations in South Asia, operating mainly from Pakistan.It was founded by Hafiz Muhammad...
, Hizbul Mujahideen
Hizbul Mujahideen
Hizbul Mujahideen , founded by Ahsan Dar in 1989, is a Kashmiri militant group active in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir since 1989. Their headquarters are located in Muzaffarabad, the capital of Pakistan-administered Kashmir. It is believed the group al-Badr, derived from Hizbul Mujahideen...
, and others.
Implementation of religious code
The NDF is alleged to be involved in efforts to push the Islamic ShariaSharia
Sharia law, is the moral code and religious law of Islam. Sharia is derived from two primary sources of Islamic law: the precepts set forth in the Quran, and the example set by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Sunnah. Fiqh jurisprudence interprets and extends the application of sharia to...
code among the moderate and cosmopolitan Muslim society in Kerala, an act viewed by moderate Muslims and secularists as "Talibanization
Talibanization
Talibanization is a term coined following the rise of the Taliban movement in Afghanistan referring to the process where other religious groups or movements come to follow or imitate the strict practices of the Taliban....
". NDF was accused of targeting liberals in the community – those who do not strictly follow Islamic laws like abstaining from liquor, fasting during Ramadan
Ramadan
Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, which lasts 29 or 30 days. It is the Islamic month of fasting, in which participating Muslims refrain from eating, drinking, smoking and sex during daylight hours and is intended to teach Muslims about patience, spirituality, humility and...
, and wearing the makhna or purdah
Purdah
Purdah or pardeh is the practice of concealing women from men. According to one definition:This takes two forms: physical segregation of the sexes, and the requirement for women to cover their bodies and conceal their form....
. Fakir Uppappa or Siddhan was killed in June for indulging in "un-Islamic spiritualism".
A Muslim was murdered in Punalur for binding with Leftist organization [DYFI]. Media reports about the killing of CPI(M)'s Ashraf in Punalur in Kollam
Kollam
Kollam , often anglicized as ', is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. The city lies on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake on the Arabian sea coast and is situated about north of the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram...
district points towards this.
Love Jihad
NDF supported the Love JihadLove Jihad
Love Jihad also called Romeo Jihad, is an alleged activity under which some young Muslim boys and men reportedly target college girls belonging to non-Muslim communities for conversion to Islam by feigning love. While similar activities have been reported elsewhere, the term has been used to...
organisation, which was intended to convert girls who fall in love with Muslim men.
NDF's response to criticisms
The NDF denied involvement in the Marad massacre. It alleged that the perpetrators arrested for the acts were not members of their organization and blamed the incident on the Rashtriya Swayamsevak SanghRashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh or National Patriotic Organization), also known the Sangh, is a right-wing Hindu nationalist, paramilitary, volunteer, and allegedly militant organization for Hindu males in India...
and other "Fascist Hindus". They made veiled threats implying that there would "be trouble" if "innocent Muslims were persecuted by the police". They declared that they "welcomed the CBI investigation" into the Marad riots.
The NDF criticized the media and the authorities for their portrayal of the organization as a militant outfit. An NDF spokesperson said:
- "Media persons have been misled by Intelligence authorities to believe that the NDF was a militant organisation. They had said the same thing about Congress during the freedom struggle."
NDF Parade
See also
- Confederation of Human Rights OrganizationsConfederation of Human Rights OrganizationsConfederation of Human Rights Organizations is a human rights organisation based in Kerala, India which watches human rights and human rights violations in Kerala and also all over India....
- Students Islamic Organisation of IndiaStudents Islamic Organisation of IndiaStudents Islamic Organization of India is the students' wing of Jamaat-e-Islami Hind. Students Islamic Organisation was formed in 1982. According to its constitution, it aims at presenting Da’wah before students and youth, promote virtues, and moral values in educational institutions.The...
- Popular Front of IndiaPopular Front of IndiaThe Popular Front of India is a confederation of Muslim organizations in India, including National Development Front, Manitha Neethi Pasarai and Karnataka Forum for Dignity etc...
- ThejasThejasThejas is a Malayalam news daily run by Intermedia Publishing Ltd., a Public Limited Company based in Calicut. Thejas is the Malayalam mouthpiece of Popular front of india. It started functioning from Republic Day of India in Feb 2006. Within a short span of three months it started another edition...
- Love JihadLove JihadLove Jihad also called Romeo Jihad, is an alleged activity under which some young Muslim boys and men reportedly target college girls belonging to non-Muslim communities for conversion to Islam by feigning love. While similar activities have been reported elsewhere, the term has been used to...
External links
- Probe into Marad riots, Times of India, September 28, 2006
- Rajeev Pi, In Kerala bastion, CPM fights hardline Muslim violence, Sunday Express, 20 August 2006 accessed at Indianexpress.com 29 December 2006
- Communal tension high in Kerala, BBC, December 10, 2001
- R. Krishnakumar, The Maudany factor, Frontline (magazine), Volume 19, Issue 22, 26 October – 8 November 2002 accessed at Hinduonnet.com, 29 December 2006
- R. Krishnakumar, Concern in Kerala, Frontline (magazine), Vol.15, No.05, 7–20 March 1998 accessed at Hinduonnet.com, 29 December 2006
- In Kerala bastion, CPM fights hardline Muslim violence – The Indian Express
- Islamic Extremism and Subversion in South Asia – Ajai Sahni
- Popular Front Of India Website
- CHRO Website
- Probe into Marad riots, Times of India, September 28, 2006
- Court Rejects Anti-National Charge Against human rights leader PUCL.org
- Empower India Conference 15–17 February