The Malay languages are a group of closely related languages that developed from Malay outposts across Malaysia and Indonesia

Indonesia

Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...

. They include Malay proper

Malay language

Malay is a major language of the Austronesian family. It is the official language of Malaysia , Indonesia , Brunei and Singapore...

 (Malaysian and Indonesian

Indonesian language

Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia. Indonesian is a normative form of the Riau Islands dialect of Malay, an Austronesian language which has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for centuries....

), Bacanese Malay, Bengkulu

Bengkulu language

Bengkulu , or Central Malay, is a language spoken on Indonesian island of Sumatra, around the city of Bengkulu....

, Berau Malay, Cocos Islands Malay

Cocos Islands Malay

Cocos Islands Malay is a variety of Malay, spoken by the Cocos Malays of Home Island, which amounts to around 500, and those originally from the Cocos Islands currently living in Sabah....

, Jambi Malay

Jambi Malay

Jambi Malay is a variant of the Malay language spoken in the Jambi province of Indonesia....

, Kedah Malay

Kedah Malay

Kedah Malay is a form of Malay spoken in the Malaysian states of Kedah, Penang, Perak, and Perlis. It is also spoken in Thailand's southern province of Satun, where it is called "Satun Malay"....

, Kota Bangun Kutai Malay, Loncong

Orang Laut language

The Orang Laut language, Loncong, is one of the Malay languages. It is a native language of Orang Laut of the Bangka and Belitung islands in Indonesia.-Sources:...

, Pattani Malay, Kelantanese Malay

Kelantanese Malay

Kelantanese Malay is the Malay dialect spoken in Kelantan state of Malaysia, as well as Besut district of Terengganu and the Perhentian Islands. Many people in district of Baling , Sik and Padang Terap in Kedah speak in a language similar to language spoken in Kelantan. It is sometimes...

, Sabah Malay, Terengganese Malay, Tenggarong Kutai Malay, and Kedayan

Kedayan

The Kedayan are an ethnic group residing in Brunei, Labuan, Sabah, and parts of Sarawak on the island of Borneo. They are also known as Kadayan, Kadaian or simply badly spelled as Kadyan by British. The Kedayan language is the de facto national language of Brunei...

/Bukit Malay. (Brunei Malay is quite divergent from standard Malay and the rest of the Malay dialects and is mostly mutually unintelligible.)

See also Malay-based creole languages

Malay-based creole languages

The Malay language, through its history has experienced both pidginization and creolization. This occurred mostly through inter-island trading and interaction where people from various ethnic groups, languages and backgrounds met....

.

History

The extent to which Malay and related Malayan languages are used in the countries where it is spoken varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Bahasa Melayu is the national language in Malaysia by Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia

Constitution of Malaysia

The Federal Constitution of Malaysia, which came into force in 1957, is the supreme law of Malaysia. The Federation was initially called the Federation of Malaya and it adopted its present name, Malaysia, when the States of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore joined the Federation...

, and became the sole official language in West Malaysia in 1968, and in East Malaysia

East Malaysia

East Malaysia, also known as Malaysian Borneo, is the part of Malaysia located on the island of Borneo. It consists of the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, and the Federal Territory of Labuan. It lies to the east from Peninsular Malaysia , which is located on the Malay Peninsula. The two are...

 gradually from 1974. English

English language

English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...

 continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia.

In Singapore, Malay was historically the lingua franca

Lingua franca

A lingua franca is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues.-Characteristics:"Lingua franca" is a functionally defined term, independent of the linguistic...

among people of different nationalities. Although this has largely given way to English, Malay still retains the status of national language and the national anthem

National anthem

A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a nation's government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people.- History :Anthems rose to prominence...

, Majulah Singapura

Majulah Singapura

Majulah Singapura is the national anthem of Singapore. Composed by Zubir Said in 1958 as a theme song for official functions of the City Council of Singapore, the song was selected in 1959 as the island's anthem when it attained self-government. Upon full independence in 1965, Majulah Singapura...

, is entirely in Malay. In addition, parade commands in the military, police and civil defence are given only in Malay.

Most residents of the five southernmost provinces of Thailand

Thailand

Thailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...

 — a region that, for the most part, used to be part of an ancient Malay kingdom called Pattani

Pattani kingdom

Pattani or Sultanate of Pattani was a Malay sultanate that covered approximately the area of the modern Thai provinces of Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat and much of the northern part of modern Malaysia. The King of Patani is believed to have converted to Islam some time during the 11th century...

 — speak a dialect of Malay called Yawi (not to be confused with Jawi), which is similar to Kelantanese Malay, but the language has no official status or recognition.

Owing to earlier contact with the Philippines

Philippines

The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...

, Malay words — such as dalam hati (sympathy), luwalhati (glory), tengah hari (midday), sedap (delicious) — have evolved and been integrated into Tagalog

Tagalog language

Tagalog is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a third of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by most of the rest. It is the first language of the Philippine region IV and of Metro Manila...

 and other Philippine languages

Languages of the Philippines

In the Philippines, there are between 120 and 175 languages, depending on the method of classification. Four languages no longer have any known speakers. Almost all the Philippine languages belong to the Austronesian language family...

.

By contrast, Indonesian has successfully become the lingua franca for its disparate islands and ethnic groups, in part because the colonial language, Dutch, is no longer commonly spoken. (In East Timor

East Timor

The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, commonly known as East Timor , is a state in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island, within Indonesian West Timor...

, which was governed as a province of Indonesia from 1976 to 1999, Indonesian is widely spoken and recognized under its Constitution

Constitution

A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed. These rules together make up, i.e. constitute, what the entity is...

 as a 'working language'.)

Besides Indonesian, which developed from the Riau dialect, there are many Malay dialects spoken in Indonesia Malay-based creole languages

Malay-based creole languages

The Malay language, through its history has experienced both pidginization and creolization. This occurred mostly through inter-island trading and interaction where people from various ethnic groups, languages and backgrounds met....

, divided into western and eastern groups. Western Malay is predominantly spoken in Sumatra

Sumatra

Sumatra is an island in western Indonesia, westernmost of the Sunda Islands. It is the largest island entirely in Indonesia , and the sixth largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 with a population of 50,365,538...

, and known as Sumatran dialects, such as: Riau, Langkat, Palembang

Palembang

Palembang is the capital city of the South Sumatra province in Indonesia. Palembang is one of the oldest cities in Indonesia, and has a history of being a capital of a maritime empire. Located on the Musi River banks on the east coast of southern Sumatra island, it has an area of 400.61 square...

 and Jambi. Minangkabau and Bengkulu

Bengkulu

Bengkulu is a province of Indonesia. It is on the southwest coast of the island of Sumatra, and borders the provinces of West Sumatra, Jambi, South Sumatra and Lampung. The capital and largest city is Bengkulu city. It was formerly the site of a British garrison, which they called Bencoolen...

 are believed to be Sumatran Malay descendants. Meanwhile Jakarta

Jakarta

Jakarta is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Officially known as the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta, it is located on the northwest coast of Java, has an area of , and a population of 9,580,000. Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre...

 dialect (known as Betawi

Betawi language

The Betawi language is the spoken language of the Betawi people in Jakarta, Indonesia. It is the native language of about 2,700,000 people . It is a Malay-based creole, and closely related to Malay language. Betawi vocabulary have large amount of Hokkien Chinese, Arabic, and Dutch loanwords...

) also belongs to the western Malay group.

The eastern dialects are spoken in the easternmost part of the Indonesian archipelago and include: Manado

Manado

Manado is the capital of the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia. Manado is located at the Bay of Manado, and is surrounded by a mountainous area. The city has about 405,715 inhabitants, making it the second-largest city in Sulawesi after Makassar...

 dialect Manado Malay

Manado Malay

Manado Malay is a language spoken in Manado and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is Bahasa Manado, and the name Minahasa Malay is also used, after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used only for spoken communication, there is no standard...

 (in north Sulawesi

Sulawesi

Sulawesi is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the Maluku Islands. In Indonesia, only Sumatra, Borneo, and Papua are larger in territory, and only Java and Sumatra have larger Indonesian populations.- Etymology :The Portuguese were the first to...

) and Maluku, North Maluku

North Maluku

North Maluku is a province of northeastern Indonesia. It covers the northern part of the Maluku Islands, which are split between it and the province of Maluku. Maluku province used to cover the entire group...

 and Papua

Papuan languages

The Papuan languages are those languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. The term does not presuppose a genetic relationship. The concept of Papuan peoples as distinct from Melanesians was first suggested and named by Sidney Herbert Ray in 1892.-The...

 dialects.

The differences among both groups are quite observable. For example the word 'kita' means "we, us" in western, but means "I, me" in Manado, whereas "we, us" in Manado is 'torang' and Ambon 'katong' (originally abbreviated from Malay 'kita orang' (means "we people"). Another difference is the lack of possessive pronouns (and suffixes) in eastern dialects. Manado uses the verb 'pe' and Ambon 'pu' (from Malay 'punya', meaning "to have") to mark possession. So "my name" and "our house" are translated in western Malay as 'namaku' and 'rumah kita' but 'kita pe nama' and 'torang pe rumah' in Manado and 'beta pu nama', 'katong pu rumah' in Ambon dialect.

The pronunciation may vary in western dialects, especially the pronunciation of words ending in the vowel 'a'. For example Malaysian pronounce 'kita' (inclusive we, us, our) as /kitə/, Kelantan and Southern Thailand as /kitɔ/, Riau as /kita/, Palembang as /kito/ and Betawi as /kitɛ/.

Betawi and eastern dialects are sometimes regarded as Malay creole, because the speakers are not ethnically Malay.

Comparison of Malay varieties

A comparison of various varieties of Malay, plus three Para-Malay languages

Para-Malay languages

The Para-Malay languages are a group of languages spoken in central eastern Sumatra. They appear to be the languages left behind by the expansion of the Malayan languages across the Indonesian archipelago....

:

English = Where are you going on this bicycle? May I go with you?

Language	Sentence	Spoken In
Varieties of Malay
Malay language Malay language Malay is a major language of the Austronesian family. It is the official language of Malaysia , Indonesia , Brunei and Singapore...  (informal)	Kau nak pergi mana dengan basikal tu? Boleh aku ikut?	Malaysia
Standard Malaysian Malay Malaysian language Malaysian or Standard Malay is the official language of Malaysia and a standardized form of the Malay language of the Austronesian family. It is over 80% cognate with Indonesian and is spoken natively by over 10 million people...  (formal)	Ke mana kamu mahu/hendak pergi dengan basikal itu? Bolehkah saya ikut?	Malaysia
Standard Indonesian Malay Indonesian language Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia. Indonesian is a normative form of the Riau Islands dialect of Malay, an Austronesian language which has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for centuries....  (formal)	Kamu hendak pergi ke mana dengan sepeda itu? Bisakah/bisa saya ikut?	Indonesia
Indonesian (informal)	Lu mau naik sepeda ke mana? Boleh ikut nggak?	Jakarta (Indonesia)
Johor Johor Johor is a Malaysian state, located in the southern portion of Peninsular Malaysia. It is one of the most developed states in Malaysia. The state capital city and royal city of Johor is Johor Bahru, formerly known as Tanjung Puteri... /Selangor Selangor Selangor also known by its Arabic honorific, Darul Ehsan, or "Abode of Sincerity") is one of the 13 states of Malaysia. It is on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and is bordered by Perak to the north, Pahang to the east, Negeri Sembilan to the south and the Strait of Malacca to the west...  dialect	Kau nak pergi ke mane dengan basikal tu? Boleh saye ikut?	Central and Southern States of Peninsular Malaysia including Pahang and Southern Perak
Bengkulu Bengkulu language Bengkulu , or Central Malay, is a language spoken on Indonesian island of Sumatra, around the city of Bengkulu....  (Central Malay)	Kau ndak pergi mano kek sepedo tu? Aku bulih ikuik idak?	Bengkulu (Indonesia)
Jambi dialect Jambi Malay Jambi Malay is a variant of the Malay language spoken in the Jambi province of Indonesia....	Kau nak pergi ke mano naek sepedo tu? Aku biso ikut dak?	Jambi (Indonesia)
Palembang dialect Palembang language Musi, also known as Palembang and Sekayu, is a Malay language spoken by about 1.4 million residents of the Palembang metropolitan area, Palembang being the capital of South Sumatra, Indonesia, and has about 2.5 million additional speakers in the surrounding area...	Kau nak pergi ke mano naek sepedo tu? Aku pacak melok dak?	South Sumatra (Indonesia)
Bangka Bangka language Bangka is an Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia, specifically on the Island of Bangka in the Bangka-Belitung of Sumatra. There are about 340,000 speakers as of 2000. It is also known as Lom, Belom, Mapor or Maporese, and has a distinct vocabulary, grammar and phonology from other Malayan...  dialect	Ka nek pergi ke mane naek ketangin tu? Ku boleh ngikut dak?	Bangka Island (Indonesia)
Belitung Belitung Belitung, , is an island on the east coast of Sumatra, Indonesia in the Java Sea. The island is known for its pepper and for its tin. It was in the possession of the British from 1812 until the British ceded control of the island to the Dutch in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824...  dialect	Ikam nak pergi ke mane naek ketangin tu? Aku bisak ngikut ndak?	Belitung Island (Indonesia)
Banjar Malay Banjar language Banjar language is the native language used by the Banjarese people of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. As many Banjarese are travelling merchants, they brought their language wherever they went all over Indonesia, even all over the world....	Ikam/kawu handak tulak ka mana basapeda tu? Bulih kada' aku umpat?	South Kalimantan (Indonesia)
Kedah dialect Kedah Malay Kedah Malay is a form of Malay spoken in the Malaysian states of Kedah, Penang, Perak, and Perlis. It is also spoken in Thailand's southern province of Satun, where it is called "Satun Malay"....	Hang nak pi mana naik gerek tu? Aku ikut buleh dak?	Northern States of Peninsular Malaysia, Western part of Southern Thailand
Baling dialect	Mu nok gi mana naik gerek tu? Ku nak ikut buleh dak?	Eastern part of Kedah (Baling, Sik and Padang Terap), Yala, Pattani, Satun
Terengganu Terengganu Terengganu is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia. The state is also known by its Arabic honorific, Darul Iman...  dialect	Mung nok gi mane naik basikal? Buleh ikut?	Terengganu (Malaysia)
Kelantan dialect Kelantan Malay language Kelantanese Malay is the Malay dialect spoken in Kelantan state of Malaysia, as well as Besut district of Terengganu and the Perhentian Islands. Many people in district of Baling , Sik and Padang Terap in Kedah speak in a language similar to language spoken in Kelantan. It is sometimes...	Demo nok gi mano naik gerek tuh? Buleh kawe ikut?	Kelantan (Malaysia), Eastern part of Southern Thailand
Perak Perak Perak , one of the 13 states of Malaysia, is the second largest state in the Peninsular Malaysia bordering Kedah and Yala Province of Thailand to the north, Penang to the northwest, Kelantan and Pahang to the east, Selangor the Strait of Malacca to the south and west.Perak means silver in Malay...  dialect	Mike nak ke mane naik sika tu? Teman nak ngekor buleh?	Perak (Malaysia)
Penang Penang Penang is a state in Malaysia and the name of its constituent island, located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia by the Strait of Malacca. It is bordered by Kedah in the north and east, and Perak in the south. Penang is the second smallest Malaysian state in area after Perlis, and the...  dialect	Hang nak pi mana naik basikal tu? Aku ikut boleh tak?	Penang and Northern Perak (Malaysia)
Brunei Malay	Kan kamana kau babiskal tu? Bulih ku ikut?	Brunei Darussalam and Labuan
Sarawak Malay	Ke sine kitak maok make basikal? Boleh sik kamik ngekot?	Sarawak (Malaysia)
Sabah Malay	Mana ko mo pigi sama itu beskal? Buli sia ikut ka?	Sabah (Malaysia)
Pontianak Pontianak, Indonesia Pontianak is the capital of the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan. It is a medium-size industrial city on the island of Borneo. Pontianak occupies an area of 107.82 km² in the delta of the Kapuas River...  dialect	Mane kitak nak pergi naik sepeda tu? Kamek bulih ikut tadak?	West Kalimantan (Indonesia)
Larantuka Malay Larantuka Malay Larantuka Malay is a contact variety of Malay spoken in and around the city of Larantuka on the island of Flores in Indonesia, and in two enclaves: the village of Wure on the island of Adonara and four villages on Konga Bay, about 40 kilometers south of Larantuka on Flores, and serves more...		Flores
Kutai Malay	Nda pegi kemana besepeda tu ? Kawa umpat ndi ?	East Kalimantan (Indonesia)
Para-Malay languages
Minangkabau Minangkabau language The Minangkabau language is an Austronesian language, spoken by the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, the western part of Riau, South Aceh Regency, the northern part of Bengkulu and Jambi, also in several cities throughout Indonesia by migrated Minangkabau, who often trade or have a restaurant...	Kau andak pai kama naiak kareto angin tu? Den bulih ikuik indak?	West Sumatra (Indonesia), Negeri Sembilan (Malaysia)
Negeri Sembilan Malay Negeri Sembilan Malay language The Negeri Sembilan Malay is an Austronesian language, spoken by the people of Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia. It is closely related to the Minangkabau language of Sumatra, Indonesia....	Ekau nak poie mano naik basikal tu? Boleh den ikut?	Negeri Sembilan (Malaysia)
Rawa Rawa (tribe) Rawa or Rao is a term given to a Malay community living in the Malay Peninsula, now the West Malaysia. It is common for the Rawa to identify themselves as Oghang Rawo or Oghang Rao or even Rao.-History:...	Kao nak poie mano nek basika to? Buleh ikoiyt ko indo?	Gopeng (Malaysia)

Word by word comparison (based on sentences above):

Language/dialect

Ke

Mana

Kamu

Mahu

Pergi

Dengan

Basikal

Itu

Boleh

-kah (atau tidak)

Saya

Ikut

Extra Words

English proximate literal translation

to

where

you

want

to go

with

bicycle

that

can/may

or not

I

follow

1:to ride, 2:"question particle"

Standard Malayan Malay Malay language Malay is a major language of the Austronesian family. It is the official language of Malaysia , Indonesia , Brunei and Singapore...  (formal)

ke

mana

kamu

mahu

pergi

dengan

basikal

itu

boleh

kah

saya

ikut

--

Malay language Malay language Malay is a major language of the Austronesian family. It is the official language of Malaysia , Indonesia , Brunei and Singapore...  (informal)

~omitted~

mane

ko

nak

pegi

ngan

basikal

tu

boleh

~omitted~

aku

ikut

--

Standard Indonesian Malay Indonesian language Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia. Indonesian is a normative form of the Riau Islands dialect of Malay, an Austronesian language which has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for centuries....  (formal)

ke

mana

kamu

mau

pergi

dengan

sepeda

itu

bisa

kah

saya

ikut

--

Indonesian (informal)

ke

mana

lu

mau

~omitted~

~substituted with 'naik'~

sepeda

tu

boleh

nggak

~omitted~

ikut

1:naik

Singapore Malay

ke

mana

awak

hendak

pergi

dengan

basikal

itu

boleh

~omitted~

saya

ikut

--

Johor Johor Johor is a Malaysian state, located in the southern portion of Peninsular Malaysia. It is one of the most developed states in Malaysia. The state capital city and royal city of Johor is Johor Bahru, formerly known as Tanjung Puteri... /Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur is the capital and the second largest city in Malaysia by population. The city proper, making up an area of , has a population of 1.4 million as of 2010. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million...  dialect

ke

mane

kau

nak

pergi

dengan

basikal

itu

boleh

~omitted~

saye

ikut

--

Bengkulu Bengkulu Bengkulu is a province of Indonesia. It is on the southwest coast of the island of Sumatra, and borders the provinces of West Sumatra, Jambi, South Sumatra and Lampung. The capital and largest city is Bengkulu city. It was formerly the site of a British garrison, which they called Bencoolen...  dialect

~omitted~

mano

kau

ndak

pergi

kek

sepedo

tu

bulih

idak

aku

ikuik

--

Jambi dialect

ke

mano

kau

nak

pergi

~substituted with 'naek'~

sepedo

tu

biso

dak

aku

ikut

1:naek

Palembang dialect Palembang language Musi, also known as Palembang and Sekayu, is a Malay language spoken by about 1.4 million residents of the Palembang metropolitan area, Palembang being the capital of South Sumatra, Indonesia, and has about 2.5 million additional speakers in the surrounding area...

ke

mano

kau

nak

pergi

~substituted with 'naek'~

sepedo

tu

pacak

dak

aku

melok

1:naek

Bangka Bangka language Bangka is an Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia, specifically on the Island of Bangka in the Bangka-Belitung of Sumatra. There are about 340,000 speakers as of 2000. It is also known as Lom, Belom, Mapor or Maporese, and has a distinct vocabulary, grammar and phonology from other Malayan...  dialect

ke

mane

ka

nek

pergi

~substituted with 'naek'~

ketangin

tu

boleh

dak

ku

ngikut

1:naek

Belitung Belitung Belitung, , is an island on the east coast of Sumatra, Indonesia in the Java Sea. The island is known for its pepper and for its tin. It was in the possession of the British from 1812 until the British ceded control of the island to the Dutch in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824...  dialect

ke

mane

ikam

nak

pergi

~substituted with 'naek'~

ketangin

tu

bisak

ndak

aku

ngikut

1:naek

Banjar Malay Banjar language Banjar language is the native language used by the Banjarese people of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. As many Banjarese are travelling merchants, they brought their language wherever they went all over Indonesia, even all over the world....

ka-

-mana

ikam/kawu

handak

tulak

ba-

sapeda

tu

bulih

kada'

aku

umpat

-

Kedah dialect Kedah Malay Kedah Malay is a form of Malay spoken in the Malaysian states of Kedah, Penang, Perak, and Perlis. It is also spoken in Thailand's southern province of Satun, where it is called "Satun Malay"....

~omitted~

mana

hang

nak

pi

~substituted with 'naik'~

gerek

tu

buleh

dak

aku

ikut

1:naik

Baling Dialect

~omitted~

mano

mu / dema

nok

gi

~substituted with 'naik'~

gerek

tuh

buleh

dok

ku / ambe

ikut

1:naik

Terengganu Terengganu Terengganu is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia. The state is also known by its Arabic honorific, Darul Iman...  dialect

~omitted~

mane

mung

nok

gi

~substituted with 'naik'~

basikal

~omitted~

buleh

~omitted~

~omitted~

ikut

1:naik

Kelantan dialect Kelantan Malay language Kelantanese Malay is the Malay dialect spoken in Kelantan state of Malaysia, as well as Besut district of Terengganu and the Perhentian Islands. Many people in district of Baling , Sik and Padang Terap in Kedah speak in a language similar to language spoken in Kelantan. It is sometimes...

~omitted~

mano

demo

nok

gi

~substituted with 'naik'~

basika

tuh

buleh

~omitted~

kawe

turuk

1:naik

Perak Perak Perak , one of the 13 states of Malaysia, is the second largest state in the Peninsular Malaysia bordering Kedah and Yala Province of Thailand to the north, Penang to the northwest, Kelantan and Pahang to the east, Selangor the Strait of Malacca to the south and west.Perak means silver in Malay...  dialect

ke

mane

mike

nak

~omitted~

~substituted with 'naik'~

sika

tu

buleh

~omitted~

teman

ngekor

1:naik

Penang Penang Penang is a state in Malaysia and the name of its constituent island, located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia by the Strait of Malacca. It is bordered by Kedah in the north and east, and Perak in the south. Penang is the second smallest Malaysian state in area after Perlis, and the...  dialect

~omitted~

mana

hang

nak

pi

~substituted with 'naik'~

basikal

tu

boleh

tak

aku

ikut

1:naik

Brunei Malay

ka-

-mana

kau

~omitted~

~omitted~

ba-

-biskal

~omitted~

bulih

~omitted~

ku

ikut

2:ah

Sarawak Malay

ke

sine

kitak

maok

~omitted~

make

basikal

~omitted~

boleh

sik

kamik

ngekot

--

Sabah Malay

~omitted~

mana

ko

mo

pigi

sama

beskal

itu

buli

ka

sia

ikut

--

Pontianak Pontianak, Indonesia Pontianak is the capital of the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan. It is a medium-size industrial city on the island of Borneo. Pontianak occupies an area of 107.82 km² in the delta of the Kapuas River...  dialect

~omitted~

mane

kitak

nak

pergi

~substituted with 'naik'~

sepeda

tu

bulih

tadak

kamek

ikut

1:naik

Minangkabau

ka-

-ma

kau

andak

pai

~substituted with 'naiak'~

kareto angin

tu

bulih

indak

den

ikuik

1:naiak

Negeri Sembilan Negeri Sembilan Negeri Sembilan, one of the 13 states that constitutes Malaysia, lies on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia, just south of Kuala Lumpur and borders Selangor on the north, Pahang in the east, and Malacca and Johor to the south....

~omitted~

mano

ekau

nak

poie

~substituted with 'naik'~

basikal

tu

boleh

~omitted~

den

ikut

1:naik

Rawa Rawa (tribe) Rawa or Rao is a term given to a Malay community living in the Malay Peninsula, now the West Malaysia. It is common for the Rawa to identify themselves as Oghang Rawo or Oghang Rao or even Rao.-History:...

~omitted~

mano

kao

nak

poie

~substituted with 'nek'~

basika

to

buleh

ko indo

~omitted~

ikoiyt

1:nek

ISO 639

In ISO 639-1

ISO 639-1

ISO 639-1:2002, Codes for the representation of names of languages — Part 1: Alpha-2 code, is the first part of the ISO 639 series of international standards for language codes. Part 1 covers the registration of two-letter codes. There are 136 two-letter codes registered...

 there is 'ms', ISO 639-2

ISO 639-2

ISO 639-2:1998, Codes for the representation of names of languages — Part 2: Alpha-3 code, is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. The three-letter codes given for each language in this part of the standard are referred to as...

 there are two codes: 'may'/'msa'. In ISO 639-3

ISO 639-3

ISO 639-3:2007, Codes for the representation of names of languages — Part 3: Alpha-3 code for comprehensive coverage of languages, is an international standard for language codes in the ISO 639 series. The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages. It extends the ISO 639-2...

, 'msa' is defined as a "macrolanguage".

Code	Name	Usage
btj	Bacanese Malay
mfb	Bangka Bangka language Bangka is an Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia, specifically on the Island of Bangka in the Bangka-Belitung of Sumatra. There are about 340,000 speakers as of 2000. It is also known as Lom, Belom, Mapor or Maporese, and has a distinct vocabulary, grammar and phonology from other Malayan...
bjn	Banjar Banjar language Banjar language is the native language used by the Banjarese people of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. As many Banjarese are travelling merchants, they brought their language wherever they went all over Indonesia, even all over the world....
bve	Berau Malay
kxd	Brunei Brunei Brunei , officially the State of Brunei Darussalam or the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace , is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, in Southeast Asia...
bvu	Dayak Bukit Malay
pse	Central Malay
coa	Cocos Islands Malay Cocos Islands Malay Cocos Islands Malay is a variety of Malay, spoken by the Cocos Malays of Home Island, which amounts to around 500, and those originally from the Cocos Islands currently living in Sabah....
liw	Col
dup	Duano
hji	Haji
ind	Indonesian Indonesian language Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia. Indonesian is a normative form of the Riau Islands dialect of Malay, an Austronesian language which has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for centuries....	lingua franca in Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an... , also used in East Timor East Timor The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, commonly known as East Timor , is a state in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island, within Indonesian West Timor...
jak	Jakun Jakun language Jakun is an Austronesian language spoken in Malaysia. Specifically it is spoken on the east coast and inland of Peninsular Malaysia, around the Pairang River, from Pekan in Pahang to Sri Gading, east to Benut, northwest to middle Muar river area around the districts of Segamat, Muar and Ledang in...
jax	Jambi Malay Jambi Malay Jambi Malay is a variant of the Malay language spoken in the Jambi province of Indonesia....
vkk	Kaur Kaur Kaur in Sikhism is a mandatory middle name for female Sikhs.-History:Kaur is a name used by Sikh women either as the middle name, or as a last name. It cannot be regarded as a true surname or family name...
-	Kelantan Malay Kelantan Malay language Kelantanese Malay is the Malay dialect spoken in Kelantan state of Malaysia, as well as Besut district of Terengganu and the Perhentian Islands. Many people in district of Baling , Sik and Padang Terap in Kedah speak in a language similar to language spoken in Kelantan. It is sometimes...	Malaysia - Kelantan Kelantan Kelantan is a state of Malaysia. The capital and royal seat is Kota Bharu. The Arabic honorific of the state is Darul Naim, ....
meo	Kedah Malay Kedah Malay Kedah Malay is a form of Malay spoken in the Malaysian states of Kedah, Penang, Perak, and Perlis. It is also spoken in Thailand's southern province of Satun, where it is called "Satun Malay"....
kvr	Kerinci
mqg	Kota Bangun Kutai Malay
kvb	Kubu Kubu Kubu may refer to:* Contraction for Jüdischer Kulturbund* Kubu people, indigenous people in central Sumatra, Indonesia* Kubu Raya Regency, regency in West Kalimantan, Borneo* Kubu Sultanate, a former sultanate in West Kalimantan, Borneo...
lce	Loncong
lcf	Lubu
mly	Malay (individual language)	Code was retired 2008-02-18, Split into: Standard Malay [zsm], Haji [hji], Papuan Malay [pmy] and Malay (individual language) [zlm]. Note: pmy is not part of the .
zlm	Malay (individual language)
xmm	Manado Malay Manado Malay Manado Malay is a language spoken in Manado and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is Bahasa Manado, and the name Minahasa Malay is also used, after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used only for spoken communication, there is no standard...
min	Minangkabau
mui	Musi
zmi	Negeri Sembilan Malay
max	North Moluccan Malay
orn	Orang Kanaq Orang Kanaq language Orang Kanaq language is one of the Aboriginal Malay languages and it is grouped under the Austonesian Language family. It is spoken by the Orang Kanaq, which is one of the 19 Orang Asli groups living in Peninsular Malaysia...
ors	Orang Seletar
mfa	Pattani Malay	Thailand, Pattani Province Pattani Province Pattani is one of the southern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Narathiwat, Yala and Songkhla.-Geography:...
pel	Pekal
msi	Sabah Malay
zsm	Standard Malay
tmw	Temuan Temuan The Temuans are one of indigenous peoples of Malaysia.They speak Temuan, an Austronesian language. Like other indigenous tribes in Malaysia, most Temuans live in poverty.-Flood Legend:...
vkt	Tenggarong Kutai Malay
urk	Urak Lawoi'