Livno field
Encyclopedia
Livanjsko field is the largest Karstic field in Bosnia and Herzegovina
and indeed throughout the world. Although a typical example of karst
plateau
circled by tall peaks and mountain ranges, however, characterize by many unique natural phenomena.
The field is located in the southwest of Bosnia and Herzegovina
, and lies between the karstic mountains of Dinara
and Kamešnica
on the south, Tušnica
mountain on the east, Cincar
and Golija
mountain on the north and Šator
and Staretina
mountain on the west. Buško Blato
(Buško lake
) lies to the southeast, and Ždralovac to the northwest. Ždralovac is a narrow corridor by which the Livno
field is connected to the Grahovsko field, between the slopes of mountains Dinara
, Kamešnica
and Šator
.
age, the field was underwater. On the field itself there remains several lakes, of which Buško Blato
has the largest accumulation in the region. Brežinsko jezero is another lake of note which lies on the northwest part of the field. When the Orlovac
Hydroelectric power-plant was built in the 1960s, it altered the climate
of the entire Livno
region. Long, cold winter months with large snowfalls with the characteristic bura
wind, were replaced by rainy winters and long, warm summers.
, the Brina
, the Plovuča, the Jaruga
and the Ričina
which are all rich in trout
and crab
. An artificial lake, Buško Blato
, was dammed in the polje in 1970s for electric power generation. Additional projects are in planning which could seriously compromise the delicate hydrological balance of the Dinaric karst, which is criss-crossed by underground rivers.
, the Brina
, the Plovuča, the Jaruga
and the Ričina
which are rich in trout
and crab
.
itself, from which the field received its name. The city of Livno
has approximately 12,000 inhabitants. It is located on the northeastern part of the field, beneath mount Bašajkovac
.
The largest villages on the field are Guber, Grborezi
, Podhum, Prolog
, Čuklić, Zabrišće
, Bila, Čelebić
, Lusnić
, Strupnić
, Kovačić
, Vrbica
and Bojmunte
.
culture such as potatoes and cabbage
. Livestock
, especially raising cattle
and sheep, as well as the production of milk
and two famous brend of delicacy
cheese
, simply known as Livanjski cheese and Cincar cheese, employs a good deal of the inhabitants of the field.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina , sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply Bosnia, is a country in Southern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for the...
and indeed throughout the world. Although a typical example of karst
KARST
Kilometer-square Area Radio Synthesis Telescope is a Chinese telescope project to which FAST is a forerunner. KARST is a set of large spherical reflectors on karst landforms, which are bowlshaped limestone sinkholes named after the Kras region in Slovenia and Northern Italy. It will consist of...
plateau
Plateau
In geology and earth science, a plateau , also called a high plain or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain. A highly eroded plateau is called a dissected plateau...
circled by tall peaks and mountain ranges, however, characterize by many unique natural phenomena.
Geography
The field has an area of 45,868 hectare 458.7 km², and an average width of 6 km. It is located at an average height of 720 m above sea level.The field is located in the southwest of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina , sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply Bosnia, is a country in Southern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for the...
, and lies between the karstic mountains of Dinara
Dinara
Dinara is a mountain located on the border of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. One of its summits, also called Dinara, is the highest point in Croatia at 1,831 m and a prominence of 728 m.-Etymology:...
and Kamešnica
Kamešnica
Kamešnica is a mountain in the Dinarides at the border of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia . It is an extension of the Dinara that stretches from the northwest white road pass Vaganj to Buško Blato artificial lake...
on the south, Tušnica
Tušnica
Tušnica is a mountain in the municipality of Livno, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has an altitude of .-References:...
mountain on the east, Cincar
Cincar
Cincar is a mountain in the Dinaric Alps of western Bosnia and Herzegovina, located at between Livno, Kupres and Glamoč. The highest peak is the eponymous Cincar peak at .-External links:*...
and Golija
Golija
Golija is a mountain in southwestern Serbia, between towns of Ivanjica and Novi Pazar. It belongs to the Dinaric mountain range. The mountain is heavily forested, with significant biodiversity and it hosts the Golija-Studenica Biosphere Reserve, the first UNESCO-MAB registered biosphere reserve in...
mountain on the north and Šator
Šator
Šator is a mountain in the Dinaric Alps, in the western regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The name šator means "tent". The highest peak Veliki Šator is a.s.l...
and Staretina
Staretina
Staretina is a mountain in the municipality of Livno, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has an altitude of .-References:...
mountain on the west. Buško Blato
Buško Blato
Buško Blato is an accumulation lake located on the south side of Livanjsko Polje and northwest of Duvajnsko Polje in Bosnia and Herzegovina...
(Buško lake
Buško Blato
Buško Blato is an accumulation lake located on the south side of Livanjsko Polje and northwest of Duvajnsko Polje in Bosnia and Herzegovina...
) lies to the southeast, and Ždralovac to the northwest. Ždralovac is a narrow corridor by which the Livno
Livno
Livno is a town in western Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located between Tomislavgrad, Glamoč, Bosansko Grahovo, Kupres and the Croatian border.- Position :...
field is connected to the Grahovsko field, between the slopes of mountains Dinara
Dinara
Dinara is a mountain located on the border of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. One of its summits, also called Dinara, is the highest point in Croatia at 1,831 m and a prominence of 728 m.-Etymology:...
, Kamešnica
Kamešnica
Kamešnica is a mountain in the Dinarides at the border of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia . It is an extension of the Dinara that stretches from the northwest white road pass Vaganj to Buško Blato artificial lake...
and Šator
Šator
Šator is a mountain in the Dinaric Alps, in the western regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The name šator means "tent". The highest peak Veliki Šator is a.s.l...
.
Climate
In the NeolithicNeolithic
The Neolithic Age, Era, or Period, or New Stone Age, was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 9500 BC in some parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world. It is traditionally considered as the last part of the Stone Age...
age, the field was underwater. On the field itself there remains several lakes, of which Buško Blato
Buško Blato
Buško Blato is an accumulation lake located on the south side of Livanjsko Polje and northwest of Duvajnsko Polje in Bosnia and Herzegovina...
has the largest accumulation in the region. Brežinsko jezero is another lake of note which lies on the northwest part of the field. When the Orlovac
Orlovac
Orlovac is a village in the municipality of Kuršumlija, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 17 people....
Hydroelectric power-plant was built in the 1960s, it altered the climate
Climate
Climate encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elemental measurements in a given region over long periods...
of the entire Livno
Livno
Livno is a town in western Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located between Tomislavgrad, Glamoč, Bosansko Grahovo, Kupres and the Croatian border.- Position :...
region. Long, cold winter months with large snowfalls with the characteristic bura
Bora (wind)
Bora or Bura is a northern to north-eastern katabatic wind in the Adriatic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Italy, Greece, Slovenia, and Turkey....
wind, were replaced by rainy winters and long, warm summers.
Hydrology and hydrography
Across the Livanjsko field flow several rivers, which belong to the Adriatic watershed. The most important of these are the Sturba, the BistricaBistrica
Bistrica is a frequent Slavic toponym. It can refer to the following settlements :-Bosnia and Herzegovina:* Bistrica , a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina...
, the Brina
Brina
The Brina apple is an apple cultivar that was first developed in the Italy in the 1979s by open pollination PRI 2059-101 apples.Resistant to scab...
, the Plovuča, the Jaruga
Jaruga
Jaruga is a village in the municipality of Bosansko Grahovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina....
and the Ričina
Ricina
Ricina is an ancient town of Picenum, Italy, 5 km NW of the modern Macerata, on the banks of the River Potenza, in a fertile valley. It was probably a municipium until it was refounded by Pertinax and Septimius Severus, after which it bore the name Colonia Helvia Ricina Pertinax...
which are all rich in trout
Trout
Trout is the name for a number of species of freshwater and saltwater fish belonging to the Salmoninae subfamily of the family Salmonidae. Salmon belong to the same family as trout. Most salmon species spend almost all their lives in salt water...
and crab
Crab
True crabs are decapod crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail" , or where the reduced abdomen is entirely hidden under the thorax...
. An artificial lake, Buško Blato
Buško Blato
Buško Blato is an accumulation lake located on the south side of Livanjsko Polje and northwest of Duvajnsko Polje in Bosnia and Herzegovina...
, was dammed in the polje in 1970s for electric power generation. Additional projects are in planning which could seriously compromise the delicate hydrological balance of the Dinaric karst, which is criss-crossed by underground rivers.
Springs, streams and lakes
Across the Livanjsko field flow several rivers, which belong to the Adriatic watershed. The most important of these are the Sturba, the BistricaBistrica
Bistrica is a frequent Slavic toponym. It can refer to the following settlements :-Bosnia and Herzegovina:* Bistrica , a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina...
, the Brina
Brina
The Brina apple is an apple cultivar that was first developed in the Italy in the 1979s by open pollination PRI 2059-101 apples.Resistant to scab...
, the Plovuča, the Jaruga
Jaruga
Jaruga is a village in the municipality of Bosansko Grahovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina....
and the Ričina
Ricina
Ricina is an ancient town of Picenum, Italy, 5 km NW of the modern Macerata, on the banks of the River Potenza, in a fertile valley. It was probably a municipium until it was refounded by Pertinax and Septimius Severus, after which it bore the name Colonia Helvia Ricina Pertinax...
which are rich in trout
Trout
Trout is the name for a number of species of freshwater and saltwater fish belonging to the Salmoninae subfamily of the family Salmonidae. Salmon belong to the same family as trout. Most salmon species spend almost all their lives in salt water...
and crab
Crab
True crabs are decapod crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail" , or where the reduced abdomen is entirely hidden under the thorax...
.
Towns and villages
The largest city on the field is LivnoLivno
Livno is a town in western Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located between Tomislavgrad, Glamoč, Bosansko Grahovo, Kupres and the Croatian border.- Position :...
itself, from which the field received its name. The city of Livno
Livno
Livno is a town in western Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located between Tomislavgrad, Glamoč, Bosansko Grahovo, Kupres and the Croatian border.- Position :...
has approximately 12,000 inhabitants. It is located on the northeastern part of the field, beneath mount Bašajkovac
Bašajkovac
Bašajkovac is a kras hill placed northeast from Livno, in Bosnia and Herzegovina....
.
The largest villages on the field are Guber, Grborezi
Grborezi
Grborezi is a village in the municipality of Livno, Bosnia and Herzegovina....
, Podhum, Prolog
Prolog
Prolog is a general purpose logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics.Prolog has its roots in first-order logic, a formal logic, and unlike many other programming languages, Prolog is declarative: the program logic is expressed in terms of...
, Čuklić, Zabrišće
Zabrišće
Zabrišće is a village in the municipality of Livno, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
, Bila, Čelebić
Čelebić
Čelebić is a village in the municipality of Livno, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
, Lusnić
Lusnić
Lusnić is a village in the municipality of Livno, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
, Strupnić
Strupnić
Strupnić is a village in the municipality of Livno, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
, Kovačić
Kovacic
Kovačić, alternatively spelled Kovacic in English or Kovacsics in Hungarian, is a common surname in Croatia. It is also very common in Slovenia where it is usually spelled Kovačič. Etymologically it is a patronymic derivative of the surname Kovač, which is a cognate of the English surname Smith,...
, Vrbica
Vrbica
Vrbica may refer to:Places:* Vrbica , a village near Bileća, Bosnia and Herzegovina* Vrbica , a village near Goražde, Bosnia and Herzegovina* Vrbica , a village near Jajce, Bosnia and Herzegovina...
and Bojmunte
Bojmunte
Bojmunte is a village in the municipality of Livno, Bosnia and Herzegovina.-References:...
.
Organic agriculture and cuisine
The field is home to continental vegetableVegetable
The noun vegetable usually means an edible plant or part of a plant other than a sweet fruit or seed. This typically means the leaf, stem, or root of a plant....
culture such as potatoes and cabbage
Cabbage
Cabbage is a popular cultivar of the species Brassica oleracea Linne of the Family Brassicaceae and is a leafy green vegetable...
. Livestock
Livestock
Livestock refers to one or more domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber and labor. The term "livestock" as used in this article does not include poultry or farmed fish; however the inclusion of these, especially poultry, within the meaning...
, especially raising cattle
Cattle
Cattle are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos primigenius...
and sheep, as well as the production of milk
Milk
Milk is a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for young mammals before they are able to digest other types of food. Early-lactation milk contains colostrum, which carries the mother's antibodies to the baby and can reduce the risk of many...
and two famous brend of delicacy
Delicacy
A delicacy is a food item that is considered highly desirable in certain cultures. Often this is because of unusual flavors or characteristics or because it is rare....
cheese
Cheese
Cheese is a generic term for a diverse group of milk-based food products. Cheese is produced throughout the world in wide-ranging flavors, textures, and forms....
, simply known as Livanjski cheese and Cincar cheese, employs a good deal of the inhabitants of the field.
See also
- LivnoLivnoLivno is a town in western Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located between Tomislavgrad, Glamoč, Bosansko Grahovo, Kupres and the Croatian border.- Position :...
- Buško BlatoBuško BlatoBuško Blato is an accumulation lake located on the south side of Livanjsko Polje and northwest of Duvajnsko Polje in Bosnia and Herzegovina...
(Buško lakeBuško BlatoBuško Blato is an accumulation lake located on the south side of Livanjsko Polje and northwest of Duvajnsko Polje in Bosnia and Herzegovina...
) - Grahovsko field
- Popovo field
- DinaraDinaraDinara is a mountain located on the border of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. One of its summits, also called Dinara, is the highest point in Croatia at 1,831 m and a prominence of 728 m.-Etymology:...
- ŠatorŠatorŠator is a mountain in the Dinaric Alps, in the western regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The name šator means "tent". The highest peak Veliki Šator is a.s.l...
- KamešnicaKamešnicaKamešnica is a mountain in the Dinarides at the border of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia . It is an extension of the Dinara that stretches from the northwest white road pass Vaganj to Buško Blato artificial lake...
- Livanjski cheese
- Cincar cheese
- Bosnian cuisineBosnian cuisineBosnian cuisine is balanced between Western and Eastern influences. The food is closely related to Turkish, Middle Eastern and other Mediterranean cuisines. However, due to years of Austrian rule, there are also many culinary influences from Central Europe....
External links
- REC Transboundary Cooperation Through the Management of Shared Natural Resources
- INWEB Internationally Shared Surface Water Bodies in the Balkan Region
- Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
- Bosnia and Herzegovina Commission for Preservation of National Monuments
- Wine route Herzegovina
- Hutovo Blato Nature Park
- Hutovo Blato Nature Park — Network of Adriatic Parks